If progress is the advancement of society, what is congress?

Legislative Branch – “makes laws”
US CAPITOL BUILDING

1. Strongest branch
2. Separation of lawmaking power from executive
3. Bicameralism balances large/small states
• House – more connected to people (2 yr term)
• Senate – allows for independent thinking (6 yr term)

House
• 435 members
• 2 year term
• 7 year citizen
Senate
• 100 members
• 6 year term
• 9 year citizen
• Initiate impeachment
• Revenue bills
• Strict debate rules
• Tries impeachment
• Approve presidential appointments
• Approve treaties’
• Loose debate rules

Article I, Section 8
• To lay and collect taxes, duties, imports
• To borrow money
• To regulate commerce (states and foreign)
• To establish rules for naturalization
• To coin money
• To create courts (except Supreme Court)
• To declare war
• To raise and support an army and navy

Elastic clause has extended Congress powers
• Oversight of budget – can restrict the fed. budget prepared by executive branch
• Appropriations – set amount of money made available for various activity in a fiscal year
• Investigation – Congress can launch investigations (Watergate, Clinton-Lewinski hearings, Steroids in baseball)

MINORITY
LEADER
MINORITY
WHIP
SPEAKER
OF THE
HOUSE
MAJORITY
LEADER
MAJORITY
WHIP

PRESIDENT of the
SENATE
(VICE PRESIDENT)
PRES. PRO
TEMPORE
MINORITY
LEADER
MINORITY
WHIP
MAJORITY LEADER
(MOST POWERFUL)
MAJORITY
WHIP

• Majority party controls the most significant leadership positions
• House - Speaker of the House
• Allows people to speak on floor
• Assigns bills to committees
• Influences which bills are brought to a vote
• Appoints members of special and select committees
• Senate – Majority Leader
• Schedules Senate business
• Prioritizes bills

• House members directly elected
• Senators directly elected after 17 th Amend
• House Incumbent advantage – Why?
– Name recognition
– Proven track record
– Franking privileges – free mailing

• Malapportionment – unequal population in districts
– Wesberry v. Sanders (1963) – found unequal district pop. unconstitutional – 14 th amend
• Gerrymandering – district boundaries are redrawn in strange ways to make it easy for candidate of one party to win
– Easley v. Cromartie (2001) – redistricting for political ideology was constitutional, led to increase in minority reps

• Create legislation, make laws
• Founders believed in a SLOW process
• Founders believed efficiency was a trait of an oppressive government

• Introduced in Senate or House (except tax bills which always start in the House)
• Single or multiple reps can introduce bills
• Ideas come from constituents, representatives, senators, the President, special interest groups

1. Bill is assigned to a particular committee by topic (Ex. Tax bill – Ways and Means
Committee, Farm bill – Agriculture Committee)
2. Bill is then placed in sub-committee (smaller group of reps/senators to study the bill more closely)
3.
Bills are debated and “marked up”
4. Most bills die in committee, committee can vote to “report out” a bill, if not it just dies out

• Before bill can go to floor in House, it must first set time limits and amendment regulations.
– Closed rule – sets time limits, restricts amendments
– Open rule – permits amendments
– Restrictive rule – permits some amendments

Senate Debate
• Less formal, no speaking limit
• Filibuster – practice of stalling a bill w/ debate – Senator can talk his/her head off
• Cloture – 3/5 of the Senate votes to stop debate a filibuster
House Debate
• More formal, no filibuster, strict rules

• Majority passes a bill
• If the bill passes, it must go through the same process in the opposite chamber
• If the bill passes one house and fails the other, it must start over (or dies in that chamber)
• If the Senate and House cannot come to agreement over two versions of same bill, it goes to Conference Committee to iron out all differences so the bill can go on to executive for signature

President can:
1. Sign bill – bill becomes law!
2. Veto bill – bill returns to Congress
3. Pocket Veto – President has 10 days to act on a piece of legislation. If he receives the bill within
10 days of the end of the Congressional session, and doesn’t sign, it dies
Note: Congress can vote to Override a veto with
2/3 vote in both houses. This is part of Checks and Balances of the 3 branches system

• Most real work happens here
• Bills are passed, changed, ignored, or killed
• http://www.house.gov/committees/
• http://www.senate.gov/pagelayout/committ ees/d_three_sections_with_teasers/commi ttees_home.htm

• Standing committee
– handle bills in different policy areas
– (ex. Appropriations, Agriculture, Armed
Services, Science, etc.)
– most important and have been “standing”
(existing) for a long time
• Select committee
– formed for specific purposes and usually temporary – run investigations (ex. Aging,
Intelligence)

• Joint committee
– consist of both House and Senate members
– similar in purpose to Select committee
– Meant to draw attention to issues
• Conference committee
– consist of both House reps and Senators
– formed to hammer out differences between
House and Senate versions of similar bills
• Congressional Committees and
Subcommittees

• Controlled by majority party, committee membership divided proportionally
• Committee Chairman
– Senior member of committee
– Controls membership and debate

• 11,000 bills introduced yearly, most die
• Committees can…
– Report out favorably/unfavorably
– Pigeonholed/table (do not discuss)
– Amend / “mark up” (change or rewrite)

• Groupings of members pushing for similar interests
• Ex. – Sunbelt, Northeast-Midwest,
Congressional Black, Women’s,
Democratic Study Group, Boll Weevils,
Steel

• “Pork” – aka “pork-barrel legislation” – bills to benefit constituents in hope of gaining their votes
• Logrolling – Congress members exchange votes, bills might pass for frivolous reasons
• Christmas-tree bill –bill with many riders (pork)
– in Senate, no limit exists on amendments, so
Senators try to attach riders that will benefit their home state

• No current limit on how many terms members of Congress can serve
1. Some argue this has weakened popular control of Congress, reps might be unresponsive to their constituents
2. Some argue most experienced reps have the expertise to bring home more benefits (pork, riders, etc.)