Foundations of
Individual Behavior
©Prentice Hall, 2001
Chapter 2
1
Biographical
Characteristics
Age
Gender
Tenure
Marital
Status
©Prentice Hall, 2001
Chapter 2
2
Intellectual Abilities
• Number aptitude
• Verbal comprehension
• Perceptual speed
• Inductive reasoning
• Deductive reasoning
• Spatial visualization
• Memory ability
©Prentice Hall, 2001
Chapter 2
3
Basic Physical Abilities
Strength
Factors
©Prentice Hall, 2001
Other
Factors
Chapter 2
Flexibility
Factors
4
The Ability-Job Fit
• Abilities of the
employee
• Requirements of
the job
©Prentice Hall, 2001
Chapter 2
5
What Is Learning?
Social
Learning
Classical
Conditioning
©Prentice Hall, 2001
Operant
Conditioning
Chapter 2
6
Positive
Reinforcement
Negative
Reinforcement
Methods of
Shaping Behavior
Punishment
©Prentice Hall, 2001
Extinction
Chapter 2
7
Low
Schedules of Reinforcement
Interval
Ratio
FixedInterval
FixedRatio
VariableInterval
VariableRatio
©Prentice Hall, 2001
Chapter 2
8
Values, Attitudes,
and Job Satisfaction
©Prentice Hall, 2001
Chapter 3
9
The Importance of Values
Judgment
Content
Stability
Intensity
©Prentice Hall, 2001
Chapter 3
10
Types of Values
Terminal
Values
©Prentice Hall, 2001
Instrumental
Values
Chapter 3
11
Unique Values
of Today’s Workforce
Career
Stage
Entered the
Workforce
Approximate
Current Age
1. Protestant
Mid-1940s to
Late 1950s
60 to 75
Hard working; loyal to
firm; conservative
2. Existential
1960s to
Mid-1970s
45 to 60
Nonconforming; seeks
autonomy; loyal to self
3. Pragmatic
Mid-1970s to
Mid-1980s
35 to 45
Ambitious, hard worker;
loyal to career
4. Generation X
Mid-1980s
through 1990s
Under 35
Flexible, values leisure;
loyal to relationships
©Prentice Hall, 2001
Chapter 3
Dominant
Work Values
12
Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions
•
•
•
•
•
©Prentice Hall, 2001
Power distance
Uncertainty avoidance
Individualism or Collectivism
Quantity or Quality of Life
Long-term or Short-term
Chapter 3
13
Selected Countries on the
Uncertainty Avoidance & Masculinity Scales
• Uncertainty Avoidance Index
Status Quo
Risk-taking
Fem
SWE
Masculinity Index
YUG
FRAN
SPN
SING
GRE
SO
So
AMER
Masc
©Prentice Hall, 2001JAPAN
GER
Chapter 3
HK
USA
GB
14
Selected Countries on the
Uncertainty Avoidance & Power Distance Scales
•Uncertainty Avoidance Index
High - Status Quo
Risk-taking -Low
Power Distance Index
Low
SWE
GER
GB
USA
JAPAN
SPN
GRE
YUG
High
©Prentice Hall, 2001
FRAN SO
AMER
IND
HK
SING
PHIL
Chapter 3
15
What Are Attitudes?
• Cognitive component
• Affective component
• Behavioral component
©Prentice Hall, 2001
Chapter 3
16
Types of Attitudes
• Job satisfaction
• Job involvement
• Organizational
commitment
©Prentice Hall, 2001
Chapter 3
17
Importance
of the Elements
Cognitive
Dissonance
Degree of
Personal Influence
Rewards
Involved
©Prentice Hall, 2001
Chapter 3
18
Attitude-Behavior Relationship
Moderating Variables
Behavioral Influence
• Importance
High
• Specificity
• Accessibility
• Social pressures
• Direct experience
©Prentice Hall, 2001
Low
Chapter 3
19
Self-Perception Theory
Behavior-Attitude Relationship
After
the Fact
©Prentice Hall, 2001
Casual
Statements
Chapter 3
Plausible
Answers
20
Measuring Job
Satisfaction
Single
Global
Rating
©Prentice Hall, 2001
Summing
up Job
Facets
Chapter 3
21
Productivity
Job
Satisfaction
and Employee
Absenteeism
Performance
Turnover
©Prentice Hall, 2001
Chapter 3
22
Responses to Job Dissatisfaction
Active
Exit
Voice
Destructive
Constructive
Neglect
Loyalty
Passive
©Prentice Hall, 2001
Chapter 3
23
Job Satisfaction and OCB
Perceptions of Fairness
Outcomes
©Prentice Hall, 2001
Treatment
Chapter 3
Procedures
24