Age of Ideologies
Nineteenth Century in the West
Revolution of 1830
• Louis XVIII died in
1824, leaving his
brother Charles X
heir to the throne
• Charles X was a firm
believer in rule by
divine right.
• Historical mistakes
lead to blood shed.
Reactionary Policies
• Gave land back to the emigres
• Restored the primogeniture rule
• Made Roman Catholicism the official and
only religion of France
• In 1827, denied the Chamber of Deputies
constitutionality.
The July Revolution
• In 1830, the liberals won the
majority vote for seats in the
Chamber of Deputies
• Charles attempted a royalist seizure
of power.
• Royalist victory in Algeria
Four Ordinances
1.
2.
3.
4.
July 25, 1830
Restricted freedom of the press
Dissolved the recently elected Chamber
of Deputies
Restricted the franchise to the
wealthiest people in France
Call for new elections.
Down goes Charles!!!
• The royal army could not gain control of
Paris.
• On August 2, 1830 Charles abdicated and
fled to England
• The Chamber of Deputies named Louis
Philippe “King of the French”
Fit for a King?
July Monarchy
• The July Monarchy established under
Louis Philippe was politically liberal
• Socially, however, he was a conservative.
• Money was the path to power, and the
working class was downtrodden
• A series of revolts broke out between
1832-1834.
Les Miserables
Belgium Becomes Independent
• August 25, 1830 disturbances broke out in
Brussels following the performance of
Salvatore Rosa.
• Belgium – Catholic and Dutch – Calvinist
• A rebellion broke out and Belgium defeated
the Dutch.
• In 1831, Leopold of Saxe-Coburg was declared
King of Belgians
Toward an Industrial Society
• Industrialization was one of the final
steps in making Europe modern.
• Great Britain led the charge for the
Industrial Revolution.
• Society becomes transformed.
Great Britain
• Industrialism started in Great
Britain in 18th century.
• By the turn of the century Britain
had successful factories all over the
world.
• Textiles, ironmaking, shipbuilding,
china production.
Textile Inventions
• 1733- John Kay invented the “fly shuttle”
allowed one person to operate a loom.
• 1765- James Hargreaves created the
“spinning jenny”, which spun 16 spindles
of thread at a time.
• 1769 – Richard Arkwright applied
waterpower to the spinning process.
Proletariat
• Proletariat meant the workers of the
means of production.
• Workers contribute their labor for a
wage…no longer own the means to
production.
• The emergence of factories
The Great Reform Bill
• 1830 – George IV died and his brother
William IV became king.
• Whigs took control of Parliament and
William insisted on coming to an
agreement.
• 1832 – Great Reform Bill increased the
voting rights to all middle-class men.
Political & Economic Reform
• Commercial and industrial class was larger
in Britain … prosperity required attention to
economic interests.
• Liberal Whig aristocrats regarded as the
protectors of constitutional liberty.
• Reaction to conservative policies, such as
the Six Acts
Take “ACT”ion
• 1833 – Factory Act: limited hours that
children under 9 could work.
• 1838 – Anti-Corn League
• 1842 – Mines Act: Forbade women and
children to work as hurriers.
• 1847 – Ten Hours Act: Work shifts were
confined to 10 hours a day.
A Bleak Time
• “It is a melancholy truth that even great
men have their poor relations.”
• England was able to put off revolution
because of the process of reformation. But
what about the politicians? Factory owners?
Economics
• Classical Economics - Adam Smith
• Laissez-Faire - “hands off”
• Rise of the bourgeoisie
- stable government
- competition
- industriousness
Classical Economics
–
The Dismal Science:
• The new working class created
problems over population & wages
• Thomas Malthus (1766-1834): Essay
on the Principle of Population
• David Ricardo (1772-1823): Principles
of Political Economy
Thomas Malthus
• Need to contain
population
• Conditions could not be
improved
• Population must
eventually outstrip the
food supply.
• Contraceptive or Higher
standard of living
David Ricardo
• “Iron law of wages”
• Raise wages = More
children
• Expanded market =
Lower wages
• Lower wages =
Fewer children
• Wages would always
tend toward the
minimum
Utilitarianism
• Nature has placed man between the
two sovereign master of pain and
pleasure
• That which is ethical is that which
promotes the greatest happiness of the
greatest number.
Socialism
• Early socialist applauded the new
productive industrialism.
• Opposed the classical economists
• Mismanagement, low wages, poor
distribution of goods arose from
unregulated industrial system
Utopian Socialism
•
•
•
•
Henri de Saint-Simon: 1760-1825
Robert Owen: 1771-1858
Charles Fourier: 1772-1837
Louis Blanc: 1811-1882
Marxism
• 1818-1883
• German middle
class family
• University of Berlin
• Communist
Manifesto
Communist Manifesto
• Marx and Engels wrote the manifesto
in 1848.
• Communism implied the outright
abolition of private property
• Combination of German Hegelianism,
French Socialism, and British classical
economics.
Marx’s Revolution
• Revolution through class conflict
• Bourgeoisie and Proletariat
• Proletariat and Communist
“All that is solid melts into air, all that is holy is
profaned, and man is at last compelled to face
with sober senses, his real conditions of life, and
his relations with his kind.”
1848 Revolutions
• Severe food shortages
• Commercial and Industrial economy
was depressed.
• Unemployment & poor living
conditions.
• Discontent of the working classes
France
• Liberal opposition to the corrupt
regime -> July Monarchy
• February 23rd Guizot resigned, on
February 24th Louis Philippe
abdicated.
National Assembly & Paris
Workers
• Alphonse de
Lamartine (17901869)
• Re-write a new
constitution -> 2nd
Republic
• But workers wanted
social revolution too!
Rise & Fall of the Second
Republic
• Revolution heats up during June in
Paris… “June Days” (Flaubert)
• Social order & protection of property.
• The election of “Little Napoleon”
Déjà Vu ???
• Like 1795, France turned to a strong
leader….Louis Napoleon.
• With the popular vote Louis Napoleon
becomes the President of the Republic
Little Napoleon
• December 2, 1851
seized power to call
for a reelection.
• December 2, 1852
declared the 2nd
Empire
• Napoleon III
Habsburg Empire
• The Habsburg Empire cut across
national lines.
• Nationalism was preached throughout
the Empire.
• 1848 rebellions broke out in Vienna,
Prague, Hungary, and Italy.
Louis Kossuth (1802-1894)
• Magyar Nationalist
• March 1848 made
moving speeches at
the Hungarian Diet
• Independence of
Hungary and a
responsible gov’t.
Vienna Uprising
• Kossuth speeches influence student
organizations … riots break out in Vienna.
• Metternich resigned and fled the country
• May 17, 1848 Ferdinand agreed to a
moderately liberal constitution.
• Hungarian Diet abolished serfdom.
Magyar Revolt
• The incident in Vienna encouraged Magyar
leaders in Hungary.
• Magyars wished to have a separate
Hungarian state within the Habsburg
domains.
• Forcing Romanians, Serbs, & Croatians to
abide by Magyar policy a revolt broke out!
Czech Nationalism
• At the same time of the Hungarian revolt,
Czech nationalism also pique in the spring
of 1848.
• Czech nationalist demanded Bohemia and
Moravia to be permitted to the Slavic state.
• Pan-Slavic Congress called for Slavic
recognition.
Divide and Conquer
• Gen. Alfred WindischGraetz
• June 17, 1848 moved
against the Czech
Nationalists
• Germans and Middle
Classes approved
• Radicals suppressed
Rebellion in North Italy
• March 18, 1848 in Milan a group of Italian
Nationalists rebelled against the Habsburg
rule in North Italy.
• General Radetzky retreated, until July and
quelled the rebellion.
Habsburg Victory
• Franz-Joseph takes
over the Habsburg
Empire
• Supported by Tsar
Nicholas I, the
Habsburgs put down
every revolt and
returned order.
Italy
• The Italian Revolution was rooted in
deep republican ideals.
• Nationalists wanted a unified Italy
• Rally under Pope Pius IX
• Radicalism led to downfall for
republican ideals.
Republicanism Defeated
• November 15, 1848
radicals assassinate the
minister of the Papal
States Count Rossi
• Pius IX fled to Naples for
refuge.
• February 1849 declare the
Roman Republic
• Mazzini and Garibaldi
Arrivederci!!!
• In March 1849, radicals forced Piedmont to
renew war with Austria.
• Piedmont defeated and the new Republic
was on its own.
• June 1849, Napoleon III sends 10,000
troops to put down the radical rebellion
• Pius IX renounces liberalism and returns
Germany
• 1848 brought liberalism to the forefront of German states.
• Numerous states such as Wurttemberg,
Saxony, Hanover, and Bavaria called
for a liberal government and German
unity.
Revolution in Prussia
• March 15, 1848 large popular disturbances
had erupted in Berlin.
• Frederick William IV called for an
assembly to write a constitution.
• Appointed a liberal minister to head the
cabinet -> David Hansemann
Frankfurt Parliament
• May 18, 1848 representatives from all over
Germany met in St. Paul’s Church.
• Revise the organization of the German
Confederation and write a constitution for
all Germany.
• Grossdeutsch vs. Kleindeutsch Solution
The Frankfurt Flounder
• Frederick William IV rejected the constitution
because …
1. There was nothing legal or binding about the
actions
2. Junker support was not interested in Germany
unity
3. He feared opposition from Austria
4. He did not want “a crown picked up from the
gutter.”
Frederick William IV
• By April 1849, a
conservative ministry
replaced the liberal
one in the Assembly
• Frederick William IV
dissolved the
Assembly and
proclaimed its own
constitution.
Questions ???
• Why did the revolutions of 1848 fail
throughout Europe?
• What roles did liberals and nationalists
play in the revolutions?
• Why did they sometimes clash?
• Idealism vs. Realism  Flaubert
Next Week
• Compare and contrast the Italian and
German unification movements in the late
nineteenth century.