14/15 Academic Year
Energy
(TKK-2129)
Instructor: Rama Oktavian
Email: rama.oktavian86@gmail.com
Office Hr.: M - F.13-15,
oktavianrama.lecture.ub.ac.id
Outlines
1. Natural gas: Intro and sources
2. Natural gas: Properties
3. Natural gas: Exploration
4. Natural gas processing (overview)
Natural gas: Intro
What is Natural Gas?
• Gas obtained from natural underground reservoir
• Contains mostly methane (CH4)
• Usually contains some impurities such as H2S and CO2
• As one of primary energy sources in Indonesia
Natural gas: Intro
What is Natural Gas?
Natural gas: Intro
What is Natural Gas?
http://www.naturalgas.com.au/about/references.html
Natural gas: Intro
Pollution comparison
http://www.propane.ca/en/about-propane/environmental-benefits
Natural gas: Intro
Natural gas reserves
Natural gas: Intro
Natural gas production
http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=4790
Natural gas: Intro
Natural gas production
http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=5810
Natural gas: Intro
Natural gas reserves in Indonesia
Natural gas: Intro
Natural gas reserves in Indonesia
Natural gas: Intro
Natural gas: Intro
http://www.eia.gov/countries/cab.cfm?fips=id
Natural gas: Intro
Natural gas industry in Indonesia
The largest of these are found in:
1. Arun, Aceh (Sumatra)
2. Bontang (East Kalimantan)
3. Tangguh (Papua)
4. Natuna Island
Natural gas: Intro
PT. ARUN
ARUN
KAPASITAS : 12,85 MMTPA
PT. MARUTA BUMI PRIMA
PT. BADAK
LANGKAT
CHEVRON
BONTANG
KAPASITAS : 17 MTPA
TJ. SANTAN
KAPASITAS LNG: 21,64 MMTPA
KAPASITAS : 90 MMTPA
KAPASITAS LPG: 1 MMTPA
PT. PERTAMINA (PERSERO)
UP I PANGKALAN BRANDAN
KAPASITAS : 44 MTPA
CONOCO PHILLIPS
BELANAK
PT. PERTAMINA (PERSERO)
KAPASITAS : 525 MTPA
UP V BALIKPAPAN
PETROCHINA
KAPASITAS : 91 MTPA
PT. PERTAMINA (PERSERO)
ARAR
UP II DUMAI
PETROCHINA
KAPASITAS : 14 MTPA
KAPASITAS : 68 MTPA
TJ. JABUNG
PT. PERTAMINA (PERSERO)
KAPASITAS : 600 MTPA
UP III MUSI
PT. MEDCO LPG KAJI
KAPASITAS : 131 MTPA
KAJI
KAPASITAS : 73 MTPA
PT. E1 PERTAGAS
PT. SURYA ESA PERKASA
HESS
LEMBAK
UJUNG PANGKAH, JATIM
KAPASITAS : 46 MTPA
SUNGAI GERONG
KAPASITAS 259 MTPA
PT. TITS SAMPURNA
PRABUMULIH
KAPASITAS : 113 MTPA
PT. MEDIA KARYA SENTOSA
BP
GRESIK, JATIM
TANGGUH
KAPASITAS : 58 MTPA
KAPASITAS : 7,6 MMTPA
PT. TUBAN LPG INDONESIA
KAPASITAS : 73 MTPA
TUBAN
KAPASITAS : 131 MTPA
PT. PERTAMINA (PERSERO)
UP VI BALONGAN DAN MUNDU
PT. GASUMA FEDERAL INDONESIA
KAPASITAS : 584 MTPA
TUBAN
KAPASITAS : 22 MTPA
PT. SUMBER DAYA KELOLA
TUGU BARAT
PT. WAHANA INSANNUGRAHA
KAPASITAS : 7 MTPA
PT. PERTAMINA (PERSERO)*
TAMBUN
PT. YUDISTIRA ENERGY
KAPASITAS : 55 MTPA
PONDOK TENGAH
KAPASITAS 50 MTPA
* Hak Pengelolaan Sementara
CEMARA, JABAR
KILANG LNG (42,09 MMTPA)
KAPASITAS : 37 MTPA
KILANG LPG (4,12 MMTPA)
PT. YUDHISTIRA HAKA P.
PT. PERTAMINA (PERSERO)
CILAMAYA, JABAR
UP IV CILACAP
KAPASITAS : 44 MTPA
KAPASITAS : 318 MTPA
RENCANA PEMBANGUNAN
Natural gas: Intro
Natural gas based on its source
1. Conventional natural gas is usually obtained from Deep reservoir
2. Natural gas usually presents in crude oil (Associated gas)
3. Natural gas in reservoirs that contain little or no crude oil (Non-associated gas)
4. Associated gas is produced with the oil and separated at the casinghead or
wellhead
5. Non-associated gas is sometimes referred to as gas-wellgas or dry gas
Natural gas: Intro
Natural gas based on its source
Natural gas: Intro
Natural gas compositions
Natural gas: Intro
Natural gas compositions
Natural gas: Intro
Natural gas product specification
1. The composition of natural gas varies considerably from location to location
2. Natural gas product specification includes:
- Wobbe number,
- heating value,
- total inerts,
- water,
- oxygen,
- and sulfur content.
The first two criteria relate to combustion characteristics.
The latter three provide protection from pipeline plugging and corrosion
Natural gas: Intro
Natural gas properties
Colorless, odorless, tasteless, shapeless, and lighter than air
Natural gas: Intro
Natural gas properties
Specific gravity
For gas mixtures:
Compressibility factor
Z can be function of Pr and Tr
Natural gas: Intro
Natural gas properties
Compressibility factor can be function of Pr and Tr
Natural gas: Intro
Compressibility factor can be function of Pr and Tr
Natural gas: Intro
Natural gas product specification
Natural gas: Intro
Liquid product specification
1. As with gases, specifications for liquid products are based upon both
composition and performance criteria
2. the performance specifications include Reid vapor pressure, water, oxygen,
H2S, and total sulfur content
3. Safety considerations make vapor pressure especially important for the liquid
products because of regulations for shipping and storage containers
Natural gas: Intro
Liquid product specification
Natural gas: Properties
Combustion characteristics
1. Pipeline gas is normally bought and sold (custody transfer) on the basis of its
heating value, ex: MMBtu/cuft
2. Heating value: the amount of heat released during the combustion of a
specified amount of it
3. the heating value of a fuel involves two arbitrary but con-ventional standard
states for the water formed in the reaction:
- All the water formed is a liquid (gross heating value, frequently called higher
heating value [HHV]) – including latent heat of vaporization
- All the water formed is a gas (net heating value, frequently called lower heating
value [LHV])
- the heating value is normally calculated at 60°F and 1 atm (15.6°C and 1.01
atm), standard conditions for the gas industry
Natural gas: Properties
Wobbe Number
1. defined as the gross heating value (Btu/scf) of the gas divided by the square
root of the specific gravity (the ratio of the density of the gas divided by the
density of air
Natural gas: Exploration
Photo courtesy of OSHA
Natural gas: Exploration
Petroleum System Elements
Gas
Cap
Oil
Entrapment
Water
Seal Rock
Reservoir
Rock
Migration
120° F
Generation
350° F
24803
Reprint permitted by the American Association of Petroleum Geologists
Natural gas: Exploration
Reprint permitted by the American Association of Petroleum Geologists
Natural gas: Exploration
Reprint permitted by the American Association of Petroleum Geologists
Christmas
Tree
Pipeline to
Flow
Process
and
Storage
Surface
Casing
Cement
Intermediate
Casing
Cement
Production
Casing
Tubing
Completion
Fluid
Packer
Well
Fluids
Cement
Oil or Gas Zone
Perforations
Natural gas processing
Natural gas processing
Natural gas processing
LNG Processing (CO2 removal)




CO2 concentration in natural gas is high
It will freeze below -160 C, it will block the flow
The most commonly method is absorption
Widely used absorbents :
K2CO3 aqueous solutions
2. MEA,DEA,TEA aqueous solutions
Recent update?
1.
Natural gas processing
LNG Processing (H2O removal)
 The presence of H2O can affect the LNG




quality (combustion properties)
It will freeze below -160 C, it will change its
state to solid and form gas hydrate, thus it will
block the flow
The most commonly method is absorption and
adsorption
Widely used absorbents : ethylene glycol
Widely used adsorbents : silica gel, molecular
sieve
Natural gas processing
Fractionation
1. Methane separation (C1)
- Using SCRUB COLUMN (De-Methanizer).
- To produce C1 as feed for LNG processing.
2. Ethane separation (C2)
- Using DE-ETHANIZER column
- To produce C2 as MAKE-UP MCR REFRIGERANT
3. Propane separation(C3)
- Using DE-PROPANIZER column
- To produce propane as MAKE UP PROPANE REFRIGERANT and LPG.
4. Butane separation(C4)
- Using DE-BUTANIZER column
- To produce butane as LPG.
Natural gas processing
Liquefaction
 Using refrigeration process
 Operating temperature -1600C
 Refrijeran : ammonia (-140C),
freon (-500C)
refrigerant)
C3, MCR (multi componen
Natural gas processing
Refrigeration concept
Qc
3
2
2
Comp
Condenser
3
JT-valve
Qr
1
4
1
4
Evaporator
Natural gas transportation
Pipeline Transmission System
Natural gas transportation
Floating LNG
ConocoPhillips_Cascade_LNG_Project1.jpg
Natural gas transportation
FSRU
Natural gas uses
Ammonia processing
Natural gas uses
Methanol processing