Protest, Resistance, Violence
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What is it? (read handout)
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Personal Liberty Laws
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Codes & Phrases
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Margaret Garner
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Harriet Tubman
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African Americans & abolitionists acted collectively
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Used from 1830-1861
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A secret network of stations
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Safe houses provided food, clothes & shelter
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Guided by “conductors”, people who risked their lives
to show slaves the way to freedom
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http://www.vgskole.net/prosjekt/slavrute/37.htm
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Abolitionist: a person who demanded immediate emancipation of slaves
Agent: coordinator, plotting course of escape, making contacts
Drinking Gourd: Big Dipper and the North star
Freedom train or Gospel train: code name for the Underground Railroad
Heaven or Promised land: Canada
Preachers: leaders, speakers underground railroad
Shepherds: people escorting slaves
Station: place of safety and temporary refuge, safe-house
Station Master: keeper of safe-house
Stockholder: donor of money, clothing, or food to the Underground railroad
Phrases
“The wind blows from the south today”: warning of slave bounty hunters nearby
“A friend with friends”: A password used to signal arrival of fugitives with
underground railroad conductor
“The friend of a friend sent me”: a password used by fugitives traveling alone to
indicate they were sent by the underground railroad network
Load of Potatoes, Parcel, or Bundles of Wood: fugitives to be expected
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Slave mother who killed her child rather than see
it taken back to slavery
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Tried to kill her other children & herself, but was
arrested before she could
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Margaret went to trial
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Sent back to slavery
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Case attracted attention & sympathy from the
Northern states
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A Slave
Struck in the head by a two pound weight
Was brain-damaged, but became physically
strong
Was going to be sold again- she escaped to
freedom.
Worked as an Operator of the Underground
Railroad
Provided nursing aid to soldiers in Civil War
Was a military scout & spy for the North
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http://www.eduplace.com/kids/socsci/books/applications/imaps/maps/g5s_u6/index.html
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http://www.eduplace.com/kids/socsci/books/applications/imaps/maps/g5s_u6/index.html
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A novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe
Harriet Beecher Stowe was born in
Connecticut in 1811 to a prominent minister
Moved to Ohio across from slave owners in
Kentucky
Harriet Beecher Stowe taught at a school for
former slave children
She saw first hand how they suffered, race
riots, bounty hunters, etc.
She wanted this injustice to be seen & heard
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In 1850 she wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin
In its first year it sold 300,000 copies
By 1856, two million copies had been sold
It evoked international sympathy for African
American slaves
Ownership of the book was made illegal in
the South
Some blacks angry over the stereotypes and
generalizations that were presented in the
book
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Whig Party
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Know Nothing Party
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Free Soil Party
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Republican Party
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Founded in 1834 as a reaction against President Jackson
Divided into Northern “antislavery” and Southern
proslavery
In 1850 each had opposing views on the Fugitive Slave Act
Whigs nominated General Scott. He owed his nomination
to the Northerners & supported their views
Southern Whigs got mad & Scott received less votes from
them.
Because of this Democratic Franklin Scott won the election
Whigs took opposing positions on the Kansas-Nebraska
Act which eventually led the Whig party to dissolve.
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Formed out the American Party
Secret organization also known as the Order of
the Star- Spangled Banner
Had a belief in nativism: the favoring of native
born people over immigrants
Had secret handshakes and passwords
Members split over issues of slavery in the
territories
Southern Know- Nothing members looked for
another alternative
Northern Know- Nothings edged toward the
Republican party
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Made up of abolitionists
Received enough votes to throw the election
to Democratic candidate James Polk instead
of Whig candidate Henry Clay
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Opposed extension of slavery into the
territories
Received 10% of the popular vote and sent a
message
Could be a Free Soil member and not be an
abolitionist
Some supported racist laws
Primary objection was slavery’s competition
with the free white worker
Lincoln was a member of the Free Soil
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Formed in 1854 in Jackson, Michigan
Opposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act
Opposed to keeping slavery out the territories
As the party grew it took in Whig, Free Soil &
nativism members
Biggest competition was the Know-Nothing
party
Due to “Bleeding Kansas” situation they
challenged the Democratic party in the 1856
Presidential election
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Republican choice for president was John C.
Fremont
Famed “pathfinder” who mapped the Oregon
trail & led the U.S. troops in the Mexico War
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Democrats nominated James Buchanan
He was a northerner but most of friends were
southerners
Did not know what happened with the
Kansas-Nebraska Act.
Was considered neutral
James Buchanan won the nomination
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Won the 1852 Democratic election due to the
Whig Party being divided
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Editor and founder of the New York Tribune
An abolitionist
Argued against popular sovereignty and was
in favor of violent protesting and resistance
Was the voice of the Republican Party
Encouraged
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Southerners felt like they lost their political voice
when Lincoln was elected President
Southern states wanted to keep their way of life
Felt like they were losing their state’s rights
South Carolina was first to secede from the Union
On December 20, 1860.
Mississippi followed on January 9, 1861
Then Florida on the next day
Within a few weeks: Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana,
& Texas seceded.
Formed the Confederate States of America
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Closely resembled the United States but had
some differences
Major difference: It protected & recognized
slavery in new territories
Also: each state was sovereign and
independent
Elected Jefferson Davis as the President of the
Confederacy. (Alexander Stephens was VP)
Must keep a united front
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Everyone was uncertain of the future
President Buchanan announced secession was
illegal however, he also said it would be
illegal for him to do anything about it.
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Confederate soldiers started taking over post offices,
courthouses & forts
Fort Sumter on an island in Charleston harbor
Confederacy wanted Major Anderson to surrender
Fort Sumter
President Lincoln in a dilemma
If he ordered evacuation of the fort he would
acknowledge the Confederacy as a legitimate nation
If he ordered the navy to shoot & defend he would be
responsible for starting a war
Lincoln’s decision: don’t abandon the fort, but don’t
reinforce it. Just send in food to the hungry.
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Jefferson Davis had a dilemma as well
If he did nothing the Confederacy’s image
would be damaged & some confederate
states might rejoin the union.
If he ordered an attack, he would turn
peaceful secession into war.
Davis chose war
Fort Sumter was bombarded by the
Confederacy and Major Anderson surrenders.
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Overwhelming number of Northern men respond
The upper southern states started to secede –
unwilling to fight against other southern states.
Virginia 1st to secede of the upper southern
states.
Big loss to the union. Virginia was most
populated, most industrialized(iron & navy yard)
& most prestigious
Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee followed &
joined the Confederacy
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The union expects a short war
Union had more manpower, more factories,
more food production & a more extensive
railroad system
Lincoln is a decisive but patient leader
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Union navy would block Southern ports
(couldn’t export cotton or import manf.
Goods)
Union boats would travel down Mississippi
River & split the Confederacy in two
Union army would capture the Confederate
capital of Richmond, Va.
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“King” Cotton (profits in the world market)
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1st rate generals
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Strong military tradition
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Soldiers who were highly motivated to be
defending their homeland
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A defensive stance
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Goal was survival as a nation
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Attack and Invade the North
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Occurred 3 months after Fort Sumter
Lincoln ordered 30,000 inexperienced troops
to move toward Richmond, Va.
Confederate army was also inexperienced
Lincoln commands General Irwin McDowell to
attack
Seesaw battle, but Union is slowly gaining the
advantage
General Thomas J. Jackson (Stonewall
Jackson) of the Confederacy held firm and
stays put.
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Confederate reinforcements arrive
North retreats leaving all of their food and
supplies
The South wins their first battle
Confederate troops are so tired and
disorganized to follow up their attack, but
they did pick up the North’s food & supplies
South was confident & thought that was the
end to the war.
Some soldiers left and went home…
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Lincoln calls for 1 million additional men to
serve for 3 years
Appoints General George McClellan to lead
the Union army
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Britain no longer dependent on Southern
cotton. New sources from Egypt & India.
Britain’s wheat crop failed and they started
importing wheat from Northern states.
Northern wheat & corn replaced Southern
cotton as the essential import.
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Two men from the Confederacy travel abroad
to Britain to gain their support
Captain Charles Wilkes (from the Union)
arrests the two men without getting orders
from Lincoln.
Britain sends troops to Canada and threatens
war against the Union
Lincoln releases the two men to avoid a
second war.
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Britain sold ships to the Confederacy
A ship called the Alabama was used to fight
against the Northern blockade.
It sank or captured 64 merchant vessels of
the Unions.
America billed Britain for 19 million in
damages caused by the Alabama.
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Abolitionist feelings grew in the North. They
wanted the issue of slavery settled.
Lincoln disliked slavery but thought that the
federal government did not have the power to
abolish it.
Horace Greeley urged Lincoln to transform
the war into an abolitionist crusade.
Lincoln’s first goal was to save the Union, but
found a way to use his constitutional powers
to end slavery.
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Lincoln’s powers allowed him to order his
troops to seize enemy resources.
Southern resources included slaves.
This discouraged Britain from supporting the
Confederacy because they were opposed to
helping a slave holding nation.
Freeing slaves was not just a moral issue; it
became a weapon of war.
On January 1st, 1863, Lincoln issues
Emancipation Proclamation.
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Free slaves could join the Northern army
Some Northerners against it. Didn’t want
blacks fighting next to them in the war.
Democrats in the North thought it would only
prolong the war and antagonize the South.
The South reacted with fury and were more
determined than ever to fight to preserve
their way of life.
Davis called it, “the most hateful measure
recorded in the history of guilty man.”
It was war to the death!
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Neither the North or South was completely
unified.
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Both sides harbored the others’.
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Both had to deal with citizens being disloyal.
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Lincoln dealt forcefully with disloyalty and
dissent.
Habeas Corpus: a court order that requires
authorities to bring a person being held in jail
before the court to determine why they were
being held.
Lincoln suspended habeas corpus and put
13,000 Confederacy sympathizers in jail & held
without trial.
Seized telegraph offices to make sure no one
used the wires for subversion.
Davis also suspended habeas corpus.
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Instituted the draft due to heavy casualties.
This would force certain members of the
population to serve in the army.
Confederacy passed the draft first in 1862
(first in American history).
Union followed in 1863.
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All able-bodied white men between the ages
of 18-35 must serve.
The law allowed wealthy draftee to hire
substitutes to serve in their places.
Exempted planters who owned 20 or more
slaves.
Poor citizens were furious!
80% of eligible men served in the Confederate
Army.
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Drafted white men between the ages of 2045.
Also allowed men to pay for substitutes
Could pay a $300 fee to avoid the draft.
Offered cash payments or bounties to
volunteers to serve in the Union army.
92% of men volunteered to serve the Union
army
46,000 actually went, 118,000 provided
substitutes, 87,000 paid $300 to avoid the
draft.
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Northern resentment, especially from Irish
immigrants.
New York City had poor people in slums, crime,
disease and poverty.
Thought it unfair that poor white people had to
fight the war to free slaves.
The city was rampaged from July 13-16.
They wrecked draft offices, Republican
newspaper offices, & homes of antislavery
leaders.
Lynched 11 African Americans and smashed the
homes of hundreds.
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Stonewall Jackson has died
Own soldier took him for a Yankee and shot
him in the arm.
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Arm had to be amputated
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Developed pneumonia and died
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Confederate soldiers led by General Hill
Heard there was a supply of shoes in Gettysburg.
Soldiers were barefoot and needed them.
Instead ran into a Union cavalry led by General
Buford.
Gen. Buford ordered his men to take position on
high ground – better to see your surroundings.
Gen. Meade took over the Union soldiers &
started to lose ground. Confederates started to
take control.
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Union troops had left their positions
Yelling Rebels attacked
Union sent another brigade to fight and kept
the Confederates at bay.
Colonel Chamberlain ordered his soldiers to
attack with their bayonets.
Confederates were exhausted due to their
uphill battle and surrendered.
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Gen. Lee ordered Confederate troops to
attack on the Union’s center lines.
Two hour battle. Union had to stop and
reload guns.
Confederates heard the silence and thought
they had defeated the Union. Lee sent more
troops in to finish the job.
Right when Confederate troops arrived, the
Union had their guns reloaded and started
firing point blank at the Confederate soldiers.
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Union lost 23,000 soldiers
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Confederates lost 28,000 soldiers
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General Lee was so depressed after losing
that he offered his resignation, but President
Davis would not accept it.
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Lincoln’s message….
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We are a nation and not a collection of states.
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The nation is worth dying for and should
never be destroyed.
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Confederate soldiers morale is down
Many soldiers are deserting their troops to go
back south and help their family.
Sherman is appointed commander. Lincoln
and Sherman believe in war.
Sherman wanted to make Southerners so sick
of war that they would want it to end.
Sherman burned most of Atlanta and South
Carolina as he went through them.
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Gen. Farragut closed Mobile Bay in Alabama –
a major port.
Gen. Sheridan chased the confederates out of
Shenandoah Village.
Grant & Sheridan were approaching
Richmond.
President Davis abandoned his capital and set
it on fire. 900 buildings were destroyed.
On April 9, 1865 Lee surrenders at a
farmhouse near the Appomattox courthouse.
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Please read pages 340-345 and answer these
questions:
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What were the human costs?
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What were the economic costs?
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How did it change the lives of those who took
part in it?
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Food shortage due to the drain of manpower,
loss of slaves & Union occupation of food
growing areas
Food prices skyrocketed
Women & children started to riot for bread
Some smuggled cotton into the North in
exchange for gold
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Industries such as woolen mills, steel
foundries & coal mines increased
Was a need for uniforms, shoes, guns & other
supplies
However wages did not keep up with price
increases & people’s standard of living
declined
Women’s job opportunities expand
In 1863, the U.S. government collects the first
income tax to pay for the war
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Lived among heaps of rubbish, spoiled food
scraps, human feces
No personal hygiene: body lice, & diseases
Food: “cush” stew made up of cubes of beef,
crumbled cornbread
“Coffee” was a brew made from peanuts,
potatoes, dried apples, & corn
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Andersonville: 33,000 men jammed into 26
acres (34 sq ft /man)
No shelter from the sun or rain
Drank from the same stream that served as
the sewer
Lack of food led to starvation
Northern prison camps: Southern men not
used to the cold winters & many died from
pneumonia
15% of Yankees in Southern prisons died
12% of Confederate in Northern prisons died
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Union nurse
1st women as clerk in the Patent office
Dedicated to caring for the sick & wounded
Formed The American Red Cross
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Federal Government assumed absolute power
and no state ever threatened secession again.
Increased the federal government’s power –
more control over individual citizens through
laws. (think taxes)
New paper currency
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Federal government subsidized a national
railroad system
Passed the National Bank Act of 1865 –
system of chartered banks, loans and bank
regulations & inspections.
Economies of the North boomed. Iron, coal &
ships were produced and brought in massive
amounts of money
South’s economy declined tremendously. War
destroyed farmland, plantations, machinery,
railroads and no slaves = no labor industry.
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360,000 union soldiers died (another
275,000 were wounded)
260,000 Confederate soldiers died (another
260,000 wounded).
1 soldier was wounded or killed for every 4
freed slave.
War disrupted their lives: families, education,
& careers.
Government spent 20 billion on the Civil War
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Thirteenth Amendment freed all slaves
Emancipation Proclamation freed slaves only
in the confederate states.
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How does our nation rebuild????
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Will freed blacks be treated equally????
Because of the successes of Grant, Sherman, & Sheridan
Abe Lincoln defeats George McClellan
In the election of 1864
" With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in
the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish
the work we are in; to bind up the nation's wounds; to care for
him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow, and his
orphan—to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and
lasting peace, among ourselves, and with all nations.” (A. Lincoln
2nd Inaugural Address
THE ASSASSINATION OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN
APRIL 14, 1865
WHERE: FORD’S THEATER…To see the play “Our American Cousin”
President Lincoln, his wife, Miss Clara Harris & Major Henry Rathbone
WHO: John Wilkes Booth
THE PLAN: To kill the President, Vice President Johnson,
and Sec. of State William Steward
THE HELPERS: Lewis Paine, George Atzerodt, David Harold
and Mary Surratt
THE LINCOLN ASSASSINATION
After shooting Lincoln,
Booth escapes into Maryland.
THE HUNT IS ON!!
Lincoln will remain unconscious for 9 hours at the Peterson house.
At 7:22 am April 15, 1865… President Abraham Lincoln Dies
“Now He belongs to the Ages”
John Wilkes Booth will be
hunted down and will be
shot & killed in Northern
Virginia on April 26, 1865
Eight others implicated in Lincoln's assassination were tried by a military
tribunal in Washington, D.C., and found guilty on June 30, 1865. Mary Surratt,
Lewis Paine, David Herold, and George Atzerodt were hanged in the Old Arsenal
Penitentiary on July 7, 1865.
Following his death by assassination, the body of Abraham Lincoln was borne
from Washington, D.C. to its final resting place in Lincoln's hometown of
Springfield, Illinois by funeral train, accompanied by dignitaries and Lincoln's
eldest son Robert Todd.
The remains of his son, William Wallace Lincoln, were also placed on the train,
which left Washington, D.C., on April 21, 1865 and traveled 1,654 miles to
Springfield, arriving on May 3, 1865. Several stops were made along the way, in
which Lincoln's body lay in state. The train retraced the route Lincoln had
traveled to Washington as the president-elect on his way to his first
inauguration, and millions of Americans viewed the train along the route.
Lincoln's wife Mary Todd Lincoln remained at the White House because she was
too distraught to make the trip; she returned to Illinois about one month later.