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Tropical Biology (Costa Rica)
Biology 320
May 20-31, 2008
Register for Bio 360 and 320 for Spring
$1900 approximate cost
Scholarships Available!
For more information:
Dr. Elliott or Dr. Szczys
G113 or Planetarium EML
Quiz 6
Maximum score before adjustment was 93.9 (n=2)
So two question adjustment was applied to your quizzes.
The resulting average was 74.2 which was 3 points better than
the Quiz 5 average.
The course average includes all papers graded and returned to
you. The average of averages is 81.0. This includes a couple of
people who I think may have dropped.
1. Open up your Time Log to Today’s Green Page.
2. Hold it up until I signal you to put it down.
I’m looking to see who has not got the first column filled out!
Biology:
life study of
What is Life?
Properties of Life
Cellular Structure: the unit of life, one or many
Metabolism: photosynthesis, respiration, fermentation,
digestion, gas exchange, secretion, excretion,
circulation--processing materials and energy
Growth: cell enlargement, cell number
Movement: intracellular, movement, locomotion
Reproduction: avoid extinction at death
Behavior: short term response to stimuli
Evolution: long term adaptation
Homeostasis - metabolism
Nutrition Mode
Energy Source
Carbon Source
Photoautotroph
Light
CO2
Chemoautotroph
Inorganic chem
CO2
Photoheterotroph
Light
Organic chem
Chemoheterotroph
Organic chem
Organic chem
All of these nutritional modes are found among prokaryotes!
Eukaryotes are not as diverse in their nutritional modes.
How do Archaea tolerate the heat?
• Proteins stabilized by more ionic bridges between amino acid r-groups
and more-hydrophobic core amino acids
• Heat shock protein (chaperonins) refold denatured
proteins…Pyrococcus 121°C for 1 hour!
• DNA depurination reduced by presence of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate.
• DNA supercoiling by reverse gyrase reduces denaturation
• Sac7d in Sulfolobus is a minor groove protein increases the melting
temperature by 40°C
• Histone-like proteins help stabilize DNA as well
• Heat-resistant di-bi-phytanyl diether lipid membranes (monolayer)
prevent delamination of membrane
Cell Membrane Structure
Composed of diglycerides
R group may be phosphate, sulfate, or sugar
Long chain branched hydrocarbon (not fatty acid)
Hydrocarbons may be C20 or C40
If C20, the membrane is a bilayer:
O
O
O
O
R
R
If C40, the membrane is a monolayer
O
O
O
O
R
R
In some species, the membrane is a mixture of both C20 and C40
diglycerides forming a mixed mono-/bi-layer
Thermus aquaticus
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
http://www.molgen.mpg.de/~ag_ribo/
ag_franceschi/franceschi-projects-30S.html
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Gram negative bacterium (not archaeon)
Thermophile isolated from
Yellowstone Hot Spring
Optimum temperature 85°C
Stability of macromolecules excellent
Enzymes for research or commercial use
Taq polymerase is the enzyme of PCR
(Polymerase Chain Reaction)
Lives near cyanobacteria which feed
Thermus
http://sci.agr.ca/crda/images/BACTERI1.JPG
Which of these metabolic pathways
is Thermus demonstrating?
• Photoautotrophism
• Photoheterotrophism
• Chemoautotrophism
√
• Chemoheterotrophism
Hint:
• Organic chemicals for energy
• Organic chemicals for carbon
Extant
How Many Kingdoms?
8
Protista appears
5
3
Extinct
2
1
Original Cell
Extant
How Many Kingdoms?
Protista
refined
8
Protista appears
5
3
Extinct
2
1
Original Cell
Extant
How Many Kingdoms?
Protista
refined
8
Protista appears
5
3
Extinct
2
1
So what is this eukaryotic color code all about?
Original Cell
Pseudopodia
Endosymbiotic
bacteria
Pelomyxa palustris
Free-living in freshwater
sediment (microaerophilic)
Phagocytosis active
Accumulate glycogen
reserves
At least 3 species of
endosymbiont in each
cell…two species are
methanogenic archaeons!
Uroid
Glycogen body
How would you describe
the host cell’s
metabolism?
Vacuoles
http://www.btinternet.com/~stephen.durr/pelomyxapalustris.html
How would you describe the metabolism?
Euglena gracilis
Posterior extension
Mitochondrion
Pyrenoid
Nucleus
Paramylon grain
http://bio.rutgers.edu/euglena/
Chloroplasts
Protein pellicle
(striations)
Contractile vacuole
Anterior invagination
With internal short flagellum
Long flagellum rooted here also
http://www.ac-rennes.fr/pedagogie/svt/photo/microalg/euglena.jpg
(not shown)
Eyespot
http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/paraav/images/10-16.jpg
Trypanosoma gambiense
Blood-borne parasite
Flagellated undulating cell
Nucleus
Flagellum
Vectored by Tsetse fly
between alternate hosts
Chemical agent causes
African sleeping sickness
How would you describe
the parasite’s
metabolism?
http://niah.naro.affrc.go.jp/disease/fact/image/trypanosoma.jpg
http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imagsmall/amoebafeeding3.jpg
Amoeba proteus
A freshwater amoeboid protist
Engulfing a Staurastrum green alga
Contractile vacuole Food vacuoles
The pseudopodia assist in locomotion
and phagocytosis, but they also
secrete proteolytic enzymes to digest
particles outside the cell.
How would you describe
the amoeba’s nutritional
mode?
Nucleus
Pseudopodia
Mitochondria
How would you describe
the prey’s nutritional
mode?
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/techniques/hoffmangallery/images/stentor.jpg
Stentor polymorphus
Funnel-shaped protist
Cytostome rim is ciliated
Food swept into alveolus
Cilia
Contractile
vacuole
How would
you describe
stentor’s
nutritional
mode?
Nucleus
Holdfast
Micronucleus
Macronucleus
http://comuredsl.com/fotos/stentor.jpg
Cilia
Paramecium caudatum
A ciliated protist
Trichocysts
Oral groove not shown
(on back side)
Micronucleus
Macronucleus
Paramecium bursaria
Mitochondrion
in cytosol
Contractile
Vacuoles
Food
Vacuoles
Paramecia can be both heterotrophic and
autotrophic (at least functionally so)
http://www.jochemnet.de/fiu/bot4404/BOT4404_1.html
http://pantransit.reptiles.org/images/1998-05-23/Paramecium.jpg
Cell Membrane
Ectocarpus siliculosus
Marine haploid filamentous
thallus with true branching.
Produces haploid gamete
by mitosis in gametangium:
http://www.biology.lsa.umich.edu/courses/bio458/Ectocarpus.jpg
gametangium chloroplasts
Obviously both
photoautotrophic
and
chemoheterotrophic!
http://www.biologie.unierlangen.de/botanik1/photobiologie/images/k
ap9/abb9-22.JPG
Kingdom Chromista
A water mold, Phytophthora infestans,
was responsible for the potato blight that
led to crop failure, starvation, and
emigration of the Irish population in the
1840s.
Kingdom Chromista
http://www.news.wisc.edu/newsphotos/images/potato_blight_s.jpg
Chemoheterotrophic
only!
http://www.plantpath.wisc.edu/wivegdis/images/potatoeb.gif
http://www.science.siu.edu/plantbiology/PLB117/JPEG%20files/potato.blight.jpg
Porphyridium
Cell Wall
Cell Membrane
Mitochondrion
Both chemoheterotrophic
And photoautotrophic!
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Nucleus
Stellate Chloroplast
Floridean Starch
Vacuole
http://www.bio.mtu.edu/the_wall/phycodisc/RHODOPHYTA/gfx/PORPHYRIDIUM_UNICELL.jpg
Plant Cell: mesophyll protoplast
(Cell wall was digested off by cellulase)
cell membrane
import/export
chloroplast
photosynthesis
vacuole
toxic waste processing
nucleus
transcription
replication
cytosol
fermentation glycolysis
http://www.botany.wisc.edu/images/mesophyll-protoplast_lg.jpg
Only
Photoautotrophic
?
TEM or SEM? of a Plant or Animal Cell?
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
http://faculty.uca.edu/~johnc/Chloroplast_and_microbodies.jpg
Plant mitochondrion
matrix
outer membrane
inner membrane
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
http://www.up.ac.za/academic/electron/mito1.htm
TEM or SEM?
cristae
(mesosomes)
Animal Cell: Pancreatic cell
endoplasmic
reticulum
http://www.tmd.ac.jp/artsci/biol/textbook/nucleus.gif
internal transport
80S ribosome
translation
nucleus
transcription, replication
RNA
DNA
zymogen
granule
Chemoheterotrophic
only!
cytosol
glycolysis, fermentation
protein storage
enzyme secretion
mitochondrion
Krebs, ETS, ox. phos.
Saccharomyces: yeast from kingdom Fungi?
Mitosis nearly complete
Cytokinesis via furrowing (budding!)
?
Cell wall: chitin not cellulose
?
http://www.jhu.edu/iic/Yeast_1.png
Chemoheterotrophic
only!