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• Theoretical framework
represent your beliefs on how
certain phenomena (or variables or concepts) are related to each other (a
model ) and an explanation of why you believe that these variables are
associated with each other (a theory)
• Process of building a theoretical framework :
 Introducing definitions of the concepts or variables in your model;
 Developing a conceptual model that provides a descriptive
representation of your theory;
 Coming up with a theory that provides an explanation for
relationships between the variables in your model
variabel
Hubungan antar
variabel
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Didasarkan pada teori
tertentu
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•
a concept : is a fundamental category of existence. In contemporary
philosophy, there are at least three prevailing ways to understand what a
concept is: 1)
 Concepts as mental representations, where concepts are entities that exist
in the brain.
 Concepts as abilities, where concepts are abilities peculiar to cognitive
agents.
 Concepts as abstract objects, where objects are the constituents of
propositions that mediate between thought, language, and referents.
•
Construct (philosophy of science), a hypothetical object whose phenomenal
•
•
existence depends upon a subject's mind
Variabel : konstruk atau konsep yang memiliki variasi nilai
Variabel : is anything that can take on differing or varying values.
•
An attribute : is a specific value on a variable.
entities
objects
entities
entities
1)
Atribut 1
variabel
concept
Atribut 2
Eric Margolis; Stephen Lawrence. "Concepts". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab at Stanford University. Retrieved 6 November
2012.
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• Tipe nilai/atribut :


Continuum: variabel yang nilainya dapat dinyatakan dalam angka
pecahan;
Descrete : variabel yang nilainya hanya dapat dinyatakan dalam
bilangan bulat;
• Posisi/kedudukan :




Independent (predictor) atau variabel bebas : adalah variabel yang
dalam kerangka pemikiran penelitian kita ditempatkan sebagai variabel
yang mempengaruhi variabel lain;
Dependent (criterion) atau variabel terikat : variabel yang dalam
kerangka pemikiran penelitian kita diduga dipengaruhi oleh variabel
bebas;
Moderating : a variable that influences or moderates the relation
between two other variables and thus produces an interaction effect.
Intervening : a variable that explains a relation or provides a causal
link between other variables.
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Workforce
diversity
Organizational
Effectiveness
independent
dependent
Managerial
Expertise
moderating
Workforce
diversity
independent
Creative Synergy
Mediating/
intervening
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Organizational
Effectiveness
dependent
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• A good theoretical framework identifies and defines the
important variables in the situation that are relevant to the
problem and subsequently describes and explains the
interconnections among these variables;
• Basic features :



The variables considered relevant to the study should be clearly
defined;
A conceptual model that describes the relationships between the
variables in the model should be given;
There should be a clear explanation of why we expect these
relationships to exist
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Penjelasan konsep variabel
secara teoritis, sampai
menemukan indikator untuk
mengukur variabel tersebut
Deskripsi kerangka
pemikiran
Model hubungan
antar variabel
HIPOTESIS
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• A hypothesis : a tentative, yet testable, statement,
which predicts what you expect to find in your
empirical data;
• A hypothesis : as logically conjectured
relationships between two or more variables
expressed in the form of testable statements
• Hypotheses are derived from the theory on which
your conceptual model is based and are often
relational in nature.
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• If-Then Statements :
If employees are more healthy, then they will take sick leave less frequently
• Directional hypotheses :
 The greater the stress experienced in the job, the lower the job satisfaction of
employees
 Women are more motivated than men
• Nondirectional hypotheses :
 There is a relationship between age and job satisfaction
 Terdapat perbedaan sikap terhadap profesi guru antara mahasiswa yang
berasal dari pedesaan dengan mahasiswa yang berasal dari perkotaan
• Null hypotheses (H0): … set up to be rejected in order to support an
alternate hyphotesis.
H 0 :  A   B or H 0 :  A   B  0
• Alternate hyphotesis : … statement expressing a relationship between
two variables, or, indicating differences between groups
H A :  A  B
or
H A :  A  B
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