Is There Multiple Intelligence?
EQ vs. IQ
Definition of Intelligence
• The ability to learn or understand or to deal
with new or trying situations : the skilled use
of reason
• The cognitive abilities of an individual to
learn from experience, to reason well, and to
cope effectively with the demands of daily
living.
What is Intelligence?
"Intelligence, as a hypothetical
construct, is the aggregate or global
capacity of the individual to act
purposefully, to think rationally, and to
deal effectively with his environment”
- Wechsler
What is Intelligence?
Although experts differ on an exact definition of
intelligence most agree that intelligent behavior has
at least two components:
1. The ability to learn from experience.
2. The ability to adapt to the surrounding
environment.
Factors of General Intelligence Tests
1. Verbal Comprehension - vocabulary, verbal
analogies
2. Number -- mathematical operations
3. Space - visual-spatial and mental transformation
4. Associative Memory -- rote memory
5. Perceptual Speed -- quickness in noticing
similarities and differences
6. Reasoning - skill in inductive, deductive, and
math problems
What Do We Know About IQ?
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Predicts school grades relatively well
Does not predict success in life
Predicts 6% of job success
Peaks in late teens
Culture-bound, Gender Bias, SES
Racial controversies
Gets you in the door
–Professional schools (medicine, dentistry, law)
–Can help you get hired (Harvard MBA)
• Static
What is Emotionally Intelligent Behaviour?
Non-Ability Factors’ Role:
"…individuals with identical IQ's may differ very
markedly in regard to their effective ability to cope with
their environment…It is not possible to account for more
than 50% to 70% of the intertest correlational variance
after all recognizable intellectual factors are eliminated.
This leaves any where from 30% to 50% of the total
factorial variance unaccounted for. It is suggested that
this residual variance is largely contributed by such
factors as drive, energy, impulsiveness, etc."
- Wechsler
Where Did the Concept of Emotional Intelligence
Come From?
• In 1983, Gardner first published his theory, derived from
extensive brain research, on Multiple Intelligence including
intrapersonal (self awareness/self management) and
interpersonal (relationship awareness/management)
• Reuven Bar-On (1988) has placed EI in the context of
personality theory, specifically a model of well-being
• Peter Salovey and John Mayer first proposed their theory
of emotional intelligence (EI) in 1990 and defined it
• Goleman (1995-2003) has popularized the concept of
emotional intelligence and formulated EI in terms of a
theory of job and work performance
Gardner’s Seven Intelligences
Intelligence Core Components
Logicalmathematical
Linguistic
End-States
Sensitivity to, and capacity to discern, logical Scientist
or numerical patterns; ability to handle long Mathematician
chains of reasoning.
Sensitivity to the sounds, rhythms, and
meanings of words; sensitivity to the
different functions of language.
Poet
Journalist
Musical
Abilities to produce and appreciate rhythm,
pitch, and timbre; appreciation of the forms
of musical expressiveness.
Violinist
Composer
Spatial
Capacities to perceive the visual-spatial
world accurately and to perform
transformations on ones initial perceptions.
Sculptor
Navigator
Gardner’s Seven Intelligences
Intelligence Core Components
End-States
BodilyKinesthetic
Abilities to control ones body
movements and to handle objects
skillfully.
Dancer
Athlete
Interpersonal
Capacities to discern and respond
appropriately to the moods,
temperaments, motivations, and desires
of other people.
Therapist
Salesman
Intrapersonal
Access to ones own feelings and the
ability to discriminate among them and
draw upon them to guide behavior;
knowledge of one’s own strengths,
weaknesses, desires, and intelligences.
Person with
detailed
accurate selfknowledge
Is There Multiple Intelligence?
 Social Intelligence
 the know-how involved in comprehending social
situations and managing oneself successfully
 Emotional Intelligence
 ability to perceive, express, understand, and
regulate emotions
What is Emotionally Intelligent
Behaviour?
Intelligence Does Not = Behaviour
“I look upon intelligence as an effect rather
than a cause, that is, as a resultant of
interacting abilities - nonintellective included.
The problem confronting psychologists today
is how these abilities interact to give the
resultant effect we call intelligence."
- Wechsler
What Is Emotional Intelligence?
Mayer-Salovey Model
MSCEIT
Performance or ability measure
Bar-On Model
EQ-I
Self-report measure
Goleman Model
ECI - Self Report Measure
360 measure
What Is Emotional Intelligence?
Emotional intelligence involves the “abilities
to perceive, appraise, and express emotion; to
access and/or generate feelings when they
facilitate thought; to understand emotion and
emotional knowledge; and to regulate
emotions to promote emotional and
intellectual growth”
- Mayer & Salovey (1997)
Mayer - Salovey Model
• Social communications requires accurate
perception of content, as well as tone and nonverbal signals such as posture and facial expression
• Emotions are complex, and people can experience
a combination of different emotions
•Many theorists agree that basic emotions have
universal meaning - universal across cultures and
even across certain species.
Testing Emotional Intelligence
• How should you measure an
intelligence?
• With an ability test
–Ask person to solve problems
–Gauge their ability to do so
accurately and/or quickly
What Is Emotional Intelligence?
Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Model (MSCEIT)
• MSCEIT is an ability based measure designed to assess
Emotional Intelligence.
• It is a performance based scale, meaning it measures how
well an individual performs tasks and solves emotional
problems - instead of simply just asking individuals for their
subjective assessment of their emotional skills.
• It was developed from an intelligence testing perspective.
What Is Emotional Intelligence?
Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Model (MSCEIT)
Scales
Identifying Emotions: identify emotions in faces
Using Emotions to Facilitate Thought: use emotions
to solve problems
Understanding Emotions: figure out what makes
people “tick”
Managing Emotions: make optimal decisions
Mayer, Salovey, Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test
EXPERIENTIAL
STRATEGIC
IDENTIFY
FACILITATE
UNDERSTAND
MANAGE
FACES
SENSATIONS
CHANGES
EMOT. MAN.
PICTURES
FACILITATE
BLENDS
EMOT. RELAT.
MSCEIT Structure
Identify Emotions
- Faces: 3 faces (4 5-part Q’s)
- Pictures: 6 designs (6 5-part Q’s)
Facilitating Thought (Use Emotions)
- Sensations: 5 situations (5 3-part Q’s)
- Facilitation: 5 problems (5 3-part Q’s)
Understand Emotions
- Changes: 20 item (20 Q’s)
- Blends: 12 items (12 Q’s)
Manage Emotions
- Emotion Management: 5 situations (5 4-part)
- Emotional Relationships: 3 situations (3 3-part)
Identify Emotions
Ability
• Accurately identify emotions in people and
objects
Question Types
• Identify emotions in faces, landscapes, and
designs.
How the Ability May Be Used
• "Read" people's moods for feedback.
What Is Emotional Intelligence?
MSCEIT
How much is each feeling below expressed by this face?
1. No Happiness
1
2
3
4
5
Extreme
Happiness
2. No Fear
1
2
3
4
5
Extreme
Fear
INSTRUCTIONS: How much is each feeling
expressed by this picture?
1
2
3
4
5
1. Happiness
2. Sadness
Ability
Accurately identify emotions in people and objects
How the Ability May Be Used
"Read" people's moods for feedback.
Facilitate Thought
Ability
• Generate an emotion and solve problems with
that emotion
Question Types
• How moods impact thinking; relating feelings
to thoughts
How the Ability May Be Used
• Creating the right feeling to assist in problem
solving, communicating a vision, leading
people.
1. What mood(s) might be helpful
to feel when meeting in-laws for
the very first time?
Not Useful
Useful
a. tension
1
2
3
4
5
b. surprise
1
2
3
4
5
c. joy
1
2
3
4
5
Ability
Generate an emotion and solve problems with that emotion
How the Ability May Be Used
Creating the right feeling to assist in problem solving,
communicating a vision, leading people.
Understand Emotions
Ability
• Understand the causes of emotions
Question Types
• Multiple choice emotion vocabulary questions.
How the Ability May Be Used
• Being able to predict how people will
emotionally react.
1.
Tom felt anxious, and became a bit
stressed when he thought about all
the work he needed to do. When
his supervisor brought him an
additional project, he
felt_______________.
a. overwhelmed
b. depressed
c. ashamed
d. self-conscious
e. jittery
Ability
Understand the causes of emotions
How the Ability May Be Used
Being able to predict how people will emotionally react.
Manage Emotions
Ability
• Stay open to emotions and blend with
thinking.
Question Types
• Indicate effectiveness of various solutions to
problems.
How the Ability May Be Used
• Integrate emotion and thought to make
effective decisions.
Scoring an Ability Test of
Emotional Intelligence
• An intelligence implies that there are better
and worse answers or responses.
• Problem with the ability approach:
–Is there a right way to feel?
• Indeed, there are emotional issues that
cannot be measured this way!
–What’s the “right” response to someone
shouting?
Scoring an Ability Test of
Emotional Intelligence
Scoring The MSCEIT
• Consensus scoring is used based on
the full standardization sample
• Expert scoring is used based on a
sample of 21 members of the
International Society for Research in
Emotions
Consensus Scoring
• Consensus
scoring has been used with
great success.
•It is based upon the agreement of a large
number of people.
• For example, if 70 percent of people felt
that a photo was of a very happy person,
then the best answer for the photo would
be “happiness”.
Expert Scoring
•Based on Wechsler intelligence tests
• Responses to intelligence test questions
are categorized
• Experts (psychologists) rate quality of
responses
•Compare test-taker’s response to
experts’ ratings
Consensus and Expert Scoring
Converge
• Consensus and expert choices for the right
answers are in general agreement! The MSCEIT r
for agreement ranges from .90 upward
• So, there are better and worse answers in
general. When there are enough experts, both
general and expert participants now mostly
agree.
How Was the MSCEIT Standardized?
• Standardized on 5000
Participants Across
over 50 Englishspeaking data sites
in:
–Australia
–Canada
–India
–South Africa
–United Kingdom
–United States
• Ages 17 to 79
• Reports matched
to United States
Census Data on
age, gender,
ethnicity and
education
MSCEIT Reliability
MSCEIT .93
EXPERIENCE .90
STRATEGIC .88
IDENTIFY .91
FACIL/USE .79
UNDERSTAND .80
MANAGE .83
Faces .80
Synesthesia .64
Blends .66
Emtn Mangmt .69
Pictures .88
Facilitation .65
Changes .70
Emtn Rltns .67
Split-Half Reliabilities of the MSCEIT
(Odd-even split; N = 1,985)
Overall EIQ
r = .93
Experiential
Area
r = .90
Perceiving
Emotion
r = .91
Using
Emotion
r = .79
Reasoning
Area
r = .88
Understanding
Emotion
r = .80
Managing
Emotion
r = .83
Source: Mayer, Salovey, Caruso, & Sitarenios (2003), Emotion
In Two Large-Sample Studies (N > 1700),
Confirmatory Factor Analyses Show Good
Fits for the 1, 2, and 4 Factor Models
Overall EIQ
Experiential
Area
Perceiving
Emotion
Using
Emotion
Reasoning
Area
Understanding
Emotion
Managing
Emotion
T MSCEIT is
Essentially Independent
of the Following Tests (N’s > 100):
 Intelligence Tests
r = .00 to .40
 Big Five Personality Scales
r = .00 to .35
 Self-report Scales of EQ,
r = .00 to .35
optimism, empathy
Sources: Bracket & Mayer, in press; Caruso, Mayer, & Salovey,
2002; Ciarrochi, Chan & Caputo, 2000; Mayer, Caruso, & Salovey,
1999; Roberts, Zeidner, & Mathews, forthcoming; Salovey, Mayer,
Caruso,& Lopez, in press.
Low Scores on the MSCEIT Predicted
these Negative Aspects of Relationships:
 More fights, drug use
r = .21 to .40,
p < .05
 More alcohol and tobacco use
r = .15 to 24, p
< .05
 Higher ratings of aggression by peers
r = .20 to .46,
p < .001
at school
Sources: Brackett & Mayer, in press; Brackett, Mayer, & Warner, under review;
Formica, 1999; Trinidad & Johnson, 2001; Rubin, 2000; N = 48.
MSCEIT’S Criterion Validity
Criterion:
• Behavior
–Self-Improvement
-.16**
–Rational Control
-.39**
–Life Enthusiasm
.22**
Relatedness
.30**
–Destructive Behavior -.33**
503
208
208
208
208
What Is Emotional Intelligence?
Emotional intelligence is “an array of
noncognitive capabilities, competencies, and
skills that influence one’s ability to succeed in
coping with environmental demands and
pressures”
- Bar-On (1997)
Why Was the BarOn EQ-i Developed?
To help answer a basic question:
Why do some people with high IQ fail in
life, while others with moderate IQ
succeed?
Dr. BarOn and Emotional
Intelligence
• Dr. Reuven Bar-On began in 1980
• factors that were related to success in life
• why some people with moderate IQ do well
in life while others with high IQ fail
• Distinct from IQ (cognitive intelligence)
• components resemble personality factors,
but can change and can be altered

Steps in the Development of BarOn EQ-i
• Identified key determinants of success
• Clustered determinants of success into
factors
• Operationally defined the factors
• Constructed the EQ-i
• Examined the factor structure, reliability, &
validity
• Validated the EQ-i across cultures
• Extensively normed (>10,000)
• Continued validation
How Does the EQ-i Work?
• 133 brief items answered on a 5-point scale from
“Not True of Me” to “True of Me”
• 30 minutes to complete
• Standard scores based on “100” as the average,
Standard Deviation of 15
• Includes the following scales:
–Total EQ
–5 EQ Composite Scales
–15 EQ Content Scales
–4 Validity Scales

BarOn/EQ-i Factors
Intra-Personal
Emotional SelfAwareness
Assertiveness
Self-Regard
Self-Actualization
Independence
Inter-Personal
Interpersonal
Relationship
Empathy
Social Responsibility
Adaptability
Problem Solving
Flexibility
Reality Testing
Stress Management
Stress Tolerance
Impulse Control
General Mood
Optimism
Happiness
BarOn/EQ-i
Sample Test Items:
I have good relations with others
I’m fun to be with
I like helping people
Rating Scale:
1 = Very Seldom or Not True of me
5 = Very Often True of Me or True of Me
EQ-I Scoring
Standard Score
Guideline
Markedly High
130+
Atypically well developed emotional capacity
120-129
Very High
Extremely well developed emotional capacity
110-119
High
Well developed emotional capacity
90-109
Average
Adequate emotional capacity
80-89
Low
Under-developed emotional capacity
70-79
Very Low
Extremely under-developed emotional capacity
Under 70
Markedly Low
Atypically impaired emotional capacity
Sample Sizes
- Over 10,000 used during R&D
- 3,831 used for the norms
Age
Less than 30
30 to 39
40 to 49
50 or over
Males
678
432
452
214
Females
814
404
420
229
Subgroup Representation
Subgroup
Caucasian
Hispanic
Asian
Black
Other
% of Sample
77%
3%
8%
7%
5%
Reliability and Validity
• Good reliability
–test-retest (>.6 @ 4mths)
–Cronbach’s alpha (.75 to .89)
• Good validity
–construct (with other psych. tests)
»varying relationships (weak to strong)
»correlation with coping, IQ, and
occupational success
EQ-I
Differences
EQ
andand
AgeAge
(n=3831)
Some of the Applications of the EQ-i®
• Recruiting high
performers
• Retaining high
performers
• Teambuilding
• Managing diversity
• Leadership
development
• Coaching
• Performance
management
•
•
•
•
Risk management
Self development
Change management
Merger integration &
re-shaping culture
• Restructuring &
realignment
• Stress management
• Career planning
EQ-i Seems Similar to Existing Models
EQ-i - Bar-On’s test
NEO PI-R - Costa & McCrae
Intrapersonal
Emotional self-awareness,
assertiveness, self-regard, selfactualization, independence
Extraversion
Warmth, gregariousness, optimism,
assertiveness, high-energy
Interpersonal
Empathy, interpersonal
relationship, social responsibility
Stress Management
Problem solving, reality testing,
flexibility
Adaptability
Stress tolerance, impulse control
General Mood
happiness, optimism
Neuroticism
Stress tolerance, impulse control,
anger, depression, anxiety
What Is Emotional Intelligence?
If these are measuring the same thing, there
should be a significant, positive correlation
amongst the measures.
Predicted r = + .50 or more
EQ-i
MSCEIT
What Is Emotional Intelligence?
However, the measures are not highly related.
Actual r = .00 to .15
EQ-i
MSCEIT
What Is Emotional Intelligence?
What Does This Mean?
EQ-I and the MSCEIT measure relatively
different things.
How can they both be predicting emotional
intelligence?
How do we use the EQ-I and the MSCEIT?
What Is Emotional Intelligence?
The answers lie in the intelligence / IQ
models of Wechsler:
- Bar-On influenced by Wechsler’s
search for non-intellective factors.
- Mayer & Salovey working in an
intelligence ability framework.
What Is Emotional Intelligence?
MSCEIT measures fundamental abilities
of emotional intelligence as measured in
an objective manner.
EQ-I measures the non-intellective
factors that impact emotionallyintelligent behavior as reported by the
person.
Research on the Effects of
Intelligence (EI) on Career Success
“IQ”
“EI”
CAREER
ADVANCEMENT
LOW “EI”
CAREER
DERAILMENT
EQ & Work Success (n = 100)
Source: A scientific study of 100 university-educated
bank employees using the Bar-On EQ-i® conducted by
Joseph Hee-Woo Jae, Ateneo Manila University,
Philippines.
What Emotional Intelligence Is Not
• Cognitive Intelligence (IQ)
–IQ is necessary but EQ allows the stars to
rise to the top
–EQ and IQ are not highly correlated (about
r = .1)
–estimated that 1% of the variance
accounting for occupational success can
be attributed to IQ
–EQ is estimated to account for 3 to 27% of
occupational success