Do Now
1 question regarding the slave trade
Exploration
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Trading posts along the coasts.
David Livingstone– wanted to explore the
interior
Why colonialism
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Industrial Revolution=Demand for raw
materials and markets (1800s)
Christian missionaries also sought to
spread the word.
European nationalism=competition for more
territory
Why the Europeans
Succeeded
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Treatments for malaria and yellow fever
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Maxim gun– A new machine gun
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Diseases– Small pox
Early Acquisitions
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Suez Canal built by Lesseps
(French)
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Britain takes control of canal
(Significance?)
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Berlin Conference– Europeans carve
up Africa
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Exceptions—Ethiopia and Liberia
Congo Free State
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King Leopold II
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Appealed to Belgium Govt. to secure the Congo region for
the country
No– So– I will own it myself
• Hired Henry Stanley (American) to gain as many treaties as
possible
• 450 in total– securing the region for his company
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Simultaneously French explorer Pierre De Brazza was
scrambling for rights in the region (beginning of scramble)
Reason
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To open to civilization the only part of the globe it has yet to penetrate…It
I [am]
by no way motivated by selfish designs
is, I dare to say, a crusade worthy of this century of progress…
• King Leopold II
King Leopold’ Congo
“Free” State
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Decree of 1885
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All unsettled land belongs to the
state
• Only small fields next to the peoples
homes could remain theirs
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Early Troubles
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Little money to manage
• Needed money for RR and
Administration
• Difficult to get it from investors
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Resistance from local groups.
• Tippu Tipp and other slave raiding
groups resented restrictions
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1888 Force Publique military
formed by Leopold
Manipulation=Profit
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Leopold sought to abolish slave trade
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Claimed motives were benevolent
He suggested that import and export
duties on slaves would help end the
trafficking.
• What did it really do?
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New decree shortly after stating any
products sold by Africans must be sold
to the state since all the unoccupied land
belongs to the state.
Furthermore, the state had the ability to
establish prices for these goods which, in
turn, determined the income of the
inhabitants of the Congo.
New Puppet Companies
Formed
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Resistance to these new
restrictions were met with a
new diabolical scheme
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2 Huge Companies were sold
huge tracts of land
They had permission to police
them freely and institute
punishments for the inhabitants
that were not working hard
enough
Another ¼ million acres was
given to Leopold himself.
You Owe Me!!!
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Taxes were placed on villages for the building
of the RR
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Oh—No Money– Then Labor will work
• Rubber was collected by agents at trading posts
• Agents received commission on the rubber collected
• Results- A push for more rubber
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Results of the Rubber
Trade
50% decrease in Congo’s
population
Executions
 Deaths due to resistance
battles
 Separation of Husbands
from Wives
 Famine due to lack of land
and time
 Fleeing to neighboring
countries
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Brutal Policies
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If not enough rubber was brought
to the agents
Wives held hostage
 Hands cut off
 Executed
 Flogged (sometimes to death)
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• Ammunition had to be accounted for
so body parts proved execution
Eyes Open
Britain heard of some of the
atrocities and did nothing (feared
power shift if Leopold sided with
French)
 Most still believed Congo was a
Civilizing Mission
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George Washington Williams
speaks out
• Ex- Competition to shoot the man in
the boat
• Worked to expose but Leopold spread
rumors to discredit him
• He dies of disease
Finally
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Missionaries take off where
Williams ended
• Many were bystanders
• A few spoke out and
• Aborigines Protection Society created
• Urged Britain to investigate
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E.D. Morel
• 80% of supplies heading to
Congo=Military=Not for trade
Congo still faces problems today
Solidifying Claims
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Railroads
Governments
Trading posts
Mines
Communication lines
Ports
Schools
Hospitals
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…
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All “improvements”
sought $$
Cash crop
economies=reliance
Cultural deterioration
Human rights issues
galore
Berlin Conference—
1884-1885
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Resulting from Leopold and
Brazza’s scramble and the fear of
European conflict, Otto Van
Bismarck called for a conference to
divvy up the continent among the
European Nations
Stanley and a few of Leopold’s
cronies were there to manipulate
the other countries assuring that
the Congo would not be claimed.
 Who was not present?
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1. What is the primary difference between these two maps?
2. How did the Berlin Conference influence the 2nd map?
3. What were some of the effects of the Berlin Conference on African
society and political entities
1913 African
Colonization
1. What percentage of Africa was colonized by 1914?
2. Which two countries claimed the most territory
Dutch Arrive
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Cattle determined political position in the
region
Various tribes settled and farmed
The Dutch arrived
1487 Cape Settlement
Established as trading post
British Arrive
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Lay-offs ordered by Dutch king and
they received 28 acre farming
parcels
Stole cattle
Natives worked for the Dutch
(Afrikaners or Boers)
Mixed race began developing
British showed up in the early
1800s
British abolished slavery in 1834
and changed the economy of the
area
Voortrekkers began spreading
northward into others lands
Diamonds are the Brits Best
Friend
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The long trek north became a bit of an exile religious movement by
the Boers
Battle of the blood river—Zulu and Boers fight leading to many
deaths of Boers at first and then Zulu later
1860-1866 6000 Indians imported onto British farms to work
Now there is an influential Asian community in South Africa
Gold and Diamond mining in 1887 brought a new economy
British imposed heavy taxes so that the natives would have to work
in the mines
Boer War and Beyond
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1899-1902 War between the
Afrikaners and the British
(Anglo-Boer)
British scorched earth to
prevent guerilla warfare by
Afrikaners
500,000 vs 40,000
Afrikaners
Blacks fought with both
sides
1910 South Africa union
under British empire though
political democracy
Afrikaners and British could
vote but only some blacks
1913 Natives were forced to
live on 8% of the land
This was the beginning of
Apartheid
Restricting and
Restructuring
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1948 Afrikaners gained
political control and began
more intense segregation
Justification using religion
Prohibition of Mixed Marriages
Act 1949 and Population
Registration Act 1950
3 New Races—Could not intermarry
Group Areas Act 1950 began
designating land for each race
Immorality Acts- Whites could
not have sex with other races
87% of land was designated
White and it, of course, was
the best land
1950 Suppression of
Communism Act—Banned any
act opposing apartheid
Acts of Injustice
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Population Registration Act, Act No
30 of 1950
Led to the creation of a national
register in which every person's race
was recorded. A Race Classification
Board took the final decision on what
a person's race was in disputed
cases.
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Group Areas Act, Act No 41 of 1950
Forced physical separation between races by creating different residential
areas for different races. Led to forced removals of people living in "wrong"
areas.
Suppression of Communism Act, Act No 44 of 1950
Outlawed communism and the Community Party in South Africa.
Communism was defined so broadly that it covered any call for radical
change. Communists could be banned from participating in a political
organisation and restricted to a particular area. \
Prevention of Illegal Squatting Act, Act No 52 of 1951
Gave the Minister of Native Affairs the power to remove blacks from public
or privately owned land and to establishment resettlement camps to house
these displaced people.
Bantu Authorities Act, Act No 68 of 1951
Provided for the establishment of black homelands and regional authorities
and, with the aim of creating greater self-government in the homelands,
abolished the Native Representative Council.
Natives (Abolition of Passes and Co-ordination of Documents) Act, Act
No 67 of 1952
Commonly known as the Pass Laws, this ironically named act forced black
people to carry identification with them at all times. A pass included a
photograph, details of place of origin, employment record, tax payments,
and encounters with the police. It was a criminal offence to be unable to
produce a pass when required to do so by the police. No black person could
leave a rural area for an urban one without a permit from the local
authorities. On arrival in an urban area a permit to seek work had to be
obtained within 72 hours.
Resistance to Apartheid
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African National Congress
(ANC) developed to oppose
the system
ANC organized a resistance in
1919 demonstrated against
passbooks
Demonstrators were forced to
stop but the demonstration
fueled the resistance
1936 Natives could no longer
vote at all and were
represented by 3 whites
Gandhi helped to organize
against these injustices in
South Africa
South African Indian Congress
(SAIC)
Resistance
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Apartheid aimed at keeping the Blacks and Asians in servant roles
Schools only taught the white version of history and languages
ANC and SAIC began coordinating using non-violent resistance
such as boycotts
Defiance Campaign targeted the passbooks and attempted to use
Satyagraha
Fill the prisons and overload the system
No repeals took place but it proved the importance of working
together
Gathered feedback from all south Africans and wrote the Freedom
Charter
Freedom Charter outlined the beliefs of the ANC and SAIC and all s.
Africans
156 arrested and set up the Treason Trials—If guilty—Death
All these leaders worked together during the trials to bring results
Bus Boycott
Eventually all were acquitted
A New, More Ardent Group
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Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) led by Robert Sobukwe
established
PAC opposed the elitist ideas of ANC and accused of
pandering to whites
Sought to inspire a mental revolution
Africans would lose their slave mentality and rise up to
regain their land
Non-violence was a tool to use in the beginning
Sharpeville
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Sharpeville—5000
gathered
Shots were fired
overhead and 2 were
wounded
No violence broke out
A police man was
knocked over
The crowed gathered to
see what had happened
Police open-fired at the
retreating protesters
killing 69 and wounding
186
40 women and 8 children
were of those wounded
UN Response
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No response until 1962 (Why?)
Voluntary embargo 1972
 Pressure on businesses to withdraw
1n 70s and 80s
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Other Responses
Ban on South Africa from international
sports
 Arms embargo by the United States
 Regan pushed for negotiations
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Nelson Mandela
Arrested in 1962 due to leading a
movement against the white
government
 Continued refusing freedom in return
for denouncing movement until 1991
 Upon release, he promised to end
armed movement
 Became president in 1994
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