Urban transport planning,
definitions and approaches
Prof. Dr. Mir Shabbar Ali
Lecture covers
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Urban Transportation Planning process
Urban mobility challenges
Urban travel indicators
Developing a transportation plan
Conclusions and Recommendations
Urban Transportation Planning
Process
Basic elements of transportation
planning
Situation definition Inventory transportation facilities, Measure travel patterns,
Review prior studies
Problem definition
Define objectives (e.g., Reduce travel time), Establish criteria
(e.g., Average delay time), Define constraints, Establish
design standards
Search for
solutions
Consider options (e.g., locations and types, structure needs,
environmental considerations)
Analysis of
performance
For each option, determine cost, traffic flow, impacts
Evaluation of
alternatives
Determine values for the criteria set for evaluation (e.g.,
benefits vs. cost, cost-effectiveness, etc)
Choice of project
Consider factors involved (e.g., goal attainability, political
judgment, environmental impact, etc.)
Specification and
construction
Once an alternative is chosen, design necessary elements of
the facility and create construction plans
The Importance of Transportation
planning
• Growth in the demand for mobility
– Considerable growth of the transport demand:
• Individual (passengers) and freight mobility.
– Larger quantities of passengers and freight being
moved.
– Longer distances over which they are carried.
– Multiplication of the number of journeys.
– Wide variety of modes servicing transport
demands.
Holistic Approach
Urban travel indicators
Households are getting smaller
with more vehicles…
4.0
Vehicles per Household
Persons per Household
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
1960
U.S. Census
1970
1980
1990
2000
More workers and more cars on the
road…
112.7
99.6
81.3
59.7
41.4
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
A Real Shift to Longer Commutes…
45%
40%
Commutes
over 30
minutes oneway
35%
30%
Commutes
over 45
minutes oneway
25%
20%
15%
10%
U.S. Census
1980
1990
2000
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Vehicles commutes by time of day…
50,000,000
45,000,000
40,000,000
35,000,000
30,000,000
25,000,000
20,000,000
15,000,000
10,000,000
5,000,000
0
ToFrmWrk
NHTS 2001
NHTS 2001
ToFrmWrk
FamPers
Soc/Rec
Other
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All Vehicles in Motion—
The Changing Peak Period
50,000,000
22.1% of U.S.
household
vehicles
40,000,000
35,000,000
30,000,000
25,000,000
20,000,000
15,000,000
10,000,000
5,000,000
0
Urban Mobility
• Traditional transport planning aims to improve
mobility, especially for vehicles, and may fail to
adequately consider wider impacts.
• The real purpose of transport is to provide access for
the citizens to work, education, friends and family, and
goods and services.
• A sustainable transport system is one that is accessible,
safe, environmentally-friendly, and affordable.
• Cities should improve the sustainability of their
transport networks to create more vibrant,
livable, sustainable cities.
Why Urban Mobility Matters ?
• Citizens expect high levels of mobility.
• Sustainable urban mobility is essential
for:
– Guaranteeing citizens a high quality of
accessibility and life
– Facilitating economic development of cities,
thus helping growth and employment
– Respecting the environment and ensuring
sustainable development
Challenges Faced By Cities
• Congestion
– Increase of traffic in urban areas is causing
congestion - this costs to citizens and businesses
– Parking – Major problem – Portion of road is
occupied by Parking
• Energy consumption
– Urban mobility - faced by the domination of oil as
a transport fuel.
• Climate change
– Urban mobility accounts for 40% of all CO2
emissions of road transport.
Challenges Faced By Cities
• Health issues
– towns and cities face increasing air pollution and
noise problems, which impact on citizens health.
• Safety and security
– road fatalities take place in urban areas pedestrians and cyclists are the most vulnerable
victims.
Impact of Global Economic Change
Urbanization, More cars & other vehicles, pollution, congestion, infrastructure development
17
Problems of Transport
Road Congestion
Accidents
parking
Increasing Traffic intensity
Reasons for Unsustainable Transport
• Absence of a integrated city development strategies – Need
for Integrated Metropolitan Land transport authority
• Unsustainable transport policies driven by meeting demand
by creating additional infrastructures (construction of
underpasses, flyovers, road widening works, etc.)
• Governance problems where politics won over technocratic
advice.
• Ineffective Integrated transport planning and modal
connectivity's
• Little data about the success or failure of implementation in
achieving policy goals
•
Framework for Achieving
Sustainable
Urban
Transport
Planning
– Vision for a livable city and city
master plan
• Land use planning
• Transport master plan
• Design Integrated Transport
Systems
– Public transport – commuter rail,
metro rail, mono rail, commuter rail,
city buses, taxis, autos
– Intermodal Transportation Hubs to
connect different modes
– Promotion of Walking and cycling
– Private vehicles
– Trucks and freight movement
• Analyses
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–
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Political
Economic
Social
Technical
Environmental
• Implementation and
Monitoring
–
–
–
–
–
–
Technical support
Stakeholder involvement
Institutional setup
Capacity
Policies
Financing
Definition of Transportation
Planning
• Transportation planning provides the
information, tools, and public involvement
needed for improving transportation system
performance
• Transportation planning is a continuous
process that requires monitoring of the
system’s performance and condition
Transportation Planning Affects…
•
•
•
•
Policies
Choices among alternative strategies
Priorities
Funding allocations
More than Transportation
•
•
•
•
Land Use
Clean Air Act / Air Quality Standards
National Environmental Policy
Environmental Justice
Overview of Transportation
Planning
• What are the purposes of transportation
infrastructure?
--Moving people --Shape land use patterns
--Moving goods --Sense of place
--Structure the city--Others?
• National Trends
--Trips/VMT?
--Number of vehicles?
--Commute times?
--Mass transit?
--Other transportation modes (bikes, peds)?
(Following slides from
http://nhts.ornl.gov/2001/index.shtml)
Transportation Planning
Terminology
• Key Terminology
--Trips, Origins, Destinations
--Person trip vs Vehicle trip
--Mode, Modal split
• Types of Streets/Highways
--A hierarchical system
Modern Transportation Planning
• TSM (Transportation Systems Management)
• Still applies a rational planning approach, but recognizes
alternatives and doesn’t focus as much on the traditional
transportation planning approach
• Advantages
– Investigates a fuller range of alternatives
– Looks to affect transportation demand as well as supply
– Looks to both the public and private sector for
implementation and financing
– Considers the full range of travel modes (not just the
automobile)
– Considers other purposes of transportation in society
Transportation Demand
Management (TDM)
• TDM is a Systems Management approach that further recognizes
the current constraints to transportation planning (costs of
projects, funding availability, sunk costs).
• Advantages
– Emphasizes increased system efficiency;
1) reduce demand
2) redirect demand
3) expand capacity through minor improvements
4) increase occupancy
– Looks even further to nontraditional supply approaches
– New financial strategies (impact fees, development fees)
Transportation planning challenges
• Transportability
– Transport costs.
– Attributes of the transported goods (fragility, perishable,
price).
• Derived demand
– Transportation cannot exists on its own
– Direct derived demand:
• Movements directly the consequence of an economic activity.
– Indirect derived demand:
• Movements created by the requirements of other movements.
• Environmental:
• Important environmental impacts.
• Pollution, exploitation of natural resources.
The Importance of Transportation and
land use planning
• Spatial differentiation of the economy
– Different locations
– Location of resources (raw materials, labor,
manufacturing).
– Spatial division of production and consumption.
– Service embedded in the socio-economic life of
individuals, institutions and corporations.
– Often invisible for to consumer, but always part of
all economic functions.
Spatial Impact of Transport
Improvements – Cost Space and Time
Space Convergence
1. Demand for
Accessibility
Search
6. Increased
Interaction
5. Spatial adaptation
to changes in timespace organization
(centralization and
specialization
2. Technological
Development
4. Time-space
convergence
3. Transport
Innovation
Pakistan Strategy
PAKISTAN TRANSPORT PLAN STUDY
Development of transport system to
support economic and social activities
• Supporting economic activities by connecting major
economic centres with motorways or national highways
• Demand oriented project formation to avoid traffic
congestion
• Establishment of stability by providing alternative mode or
route
• Increase of urban bypasses
• Development or improvement of inter-modal facilities
• Strengthening of international routes
• Management and effective utilization of existing resources
Development of transport network to
support balanced growth of regional
economy
• Harmonization of transport network development
with regional development policies and plans
• Network development aiming at alleviation of
poverty and regional disparity
• High priority setting on transport projects in
poorer areas
• Project implementation by utilization of local
materials and procurement of local labor force
• Effective monitor of how poverty alleviation
measures and projects affect
Transport system to realize optimal
modal share
• Policy C.
• • Minimization of transport cost by multimodal transportation
• • Fare competition between road and rail
The Accessibility approach
Increased speed can
result in a proportionally
larger increase in
accessible area.
Implications:
• More and faster travel increases
accessibility.
• Congestion can limit accessibility
by a particular mode.
• Efforts to increase automobility
can reduce other forms of
accessibility.
Use of indicators
*
*VMT = Vehicle Miles Traveled
Percentage Traveling Mode
People use public transport (Bus/Minibus) is 60%.
Travelling Mode
17 - Truck
15 - Bus / Others
14
- Rail Car
0.28%
0.06%
0.00%
16 - Water Launch
0.04%
1- Walk
20.37%
2 - Cycle
1.67%
11 – Minibus / Wagon
59.96%
3 - Motor Cycle
10.18%
4 - Tanga
0.65%
5 - Taxi
0.30%
6 - Rickshaw
7 - 1.22%
Car / Jeep
1.74%
8 - Van
/ pickup
0.62%
9 - Company Owned
Bus
2.60%
10 - Suzuki
0.31%
Percent Distribution of Average
Monthly Income Levels of Families
40
34.53
35
26.18
25
20
14.77
15
12.33
10
6.27
4.47
0
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P ercentage
30
Income (Rs)
Percentage Monthly Traveling
Expenditure vs Traveling Mode
Monthly Travelling Expenditure Vs Travelling Mode
60%
Cycle
Car / Jeep
Pickup / Wagon
Others
55%
50%
M. Cycle
Bus / Minibus
Truck / Mini Truck
45%
10% of income spent for transportation
40%
35%
⇒
Target for Tariff of any Transport
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
< 500
500 1000
1001 1500
15012000
20013000
30014000
40015000
50016000
60017000
Monthly Travelling Expenditure
70018000
8001 10,000
10,00112,000
12,00115,000
Total Trips
Time
0301- 0400
0201- 0300
0101- 0200
0001 - 0100
2301 - 0000
2201 - 2300
2101 - 2200
2001 - 2100
1901 - 2000
1801 - 1900
1701 - 1800
1601 - 1700
1501 - 1600
1401 - 1500
1301 - 1400
1201 - 1300
1101 - 1200
1001 - 1100
0901 - 1000
7,000,000
0801 - 0900
0701 - 0800
0601 - 0700
0501 - 0600
0401 - 0500
Person Trips
Trip Start Time vs Trip Generation
Rate on Typical weekday
Total Trips Vs Trip Start Time Distribution
Total Population = 12,094,629,
Total Trips = 24,227,337, Ave. Trip number =2.003
OFF PEAK
6,000,000
5,000,000
4,000,000
3,000,000
2,000,000
1,000,000
0
Cantonment Areas
% of <90min
% of <60min
系列1
Gadap Town
Bin Qasim Town
Malir Town
Liquatabad Town
Gulberg Town
New Karachi Town
North Nazimabad Town
Korangi Town
Landhi Town
Shah Faisal Town
Gulshan-e-Iqbal Town
Jamsheed Town
Saddar Town
Lyari Town
Orangi Town
Baldia Town
Site Town
% of longer T im e T rips
Kimari Town
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Major Flow of Citizen
Sohrab
Goth
Air Port
Quaidabad
M.W.Tower
Maikolachi
Top 6 Major Route
2nd
1th
4th
3rd
6th
5th
CITY Corridor Plan
Industrial Area
Strong Relationship
of Town to Town
Airport
Port
Area
Port
Qasim
Chinqui Filling the gap in absence
of Urban Transit System
Urban public transport options
Bus Rapid Transit
• Premium transit using
rubber tire vehicles
• Dedicated running way
• Fewer stops than local bus
• Distinct stations, vehicles,
and systems
• Allows flexibility to operate
multiple routes
LAMATA BRT Buses – Ojota Depot
LAMATA Bus Shelter – Ilupeju
Fixed Guide way Vehicles
• Automated guide way small
and medium-sized vehicles
that operate fully
automatically on guideways
with exclusive rights-of-way
• Typically on a loop or as a
shuttle within central
business districts, airports or
other high activity centers
Light Rail Transit
• Modern version of
traditional streetcars
• May operate alongside
auto, rail traffic
• Reduces costs
• Increases travel time
• Stations 1∕3-1½ miles
apart
Heavy Rail
• The term heavy rail is often used
for regular rail, to distinguish from
systems such as light rail, monorail,
Street car etc.
• Heavy rail typically refers to the
standard inter-city rail network,
which is built to be robust enough
for heavy and high-speed trains,
including freight trains, and long
distance passenger trains.
Role of the Transportation Planner
• “Bridge the gap”
• Educate parties in an
understandable way
• Focus on long term
• Advocate for
underserved groups
• Environmental justice
• Use transportation to
improve community
sustainability
Land Use
Transportation
Economic
Development
Environmental
Outside
Agencies/
Stakeholders
Choices
Priorities
Decisions
Public
Media support possible and useful
Conclusions and Recommendations
• Transportation needs and dynamics for
Metropolitan cities of Pakistan must be
exclusively addressed
• Sustainability issues must be incorporated in
project planning and implementation
• Accessibility approach can provide a sustainable
urban transportation system
• An integrated mass transit system is THE
solution and the way forward.