Warm Up
What are the main functions of a
plant’s roots, stems and leaves?
Plants
Gymnosperms and
Angiosperms
Chapter 8
Section 4
Discover Activity
• Are all leaves alike?
Page
Objectives:
• To identify the characteristics of
gymnosperms and describe how
they reproduce.
• To describe the characteristics of
angiosperms and their flowers.
• To explain how angiosperms
reproduce.
• To describe the two types of
angiosperms.
• To list products from seed plants.
Gymnosperms
• Gymnosperms are plants that
produce naked seeds. Their seed
are not enclosed by a protective
fruit. Reproductive structures are
cones.
Gymnosperms
• Gymnosperms are plants that do
not have an ovary. Reproductive
structures are cones.
• Gymnosperms consists of four
phyla which are cycads, ginkgoes,
conifers and gnetophytes.
Gymnosperms
• Cycads are topical plants that look
like palm trees.
Cycas revoluta from Hawaii, showing female cones bearing large,
orange seeds. Image from
http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/images/cyc_rev_f.jpg.
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookDi
versity_6.html
Cycas revoluta
from Hawaii,
showing the
male cone
bearing
numerous
pollenproducing
sporangia.
Image from
http://www.bot
any.hawaii.edu/
faculty/carr/ima
ges/cyc_rev_m.
jpg.
http://www.em
c.maricopa.edu
/faculty/farabe
e/BIOBK/BioBo
okDiversity_6.
html
Gymnosperms
• Conifers are the largest group of
gymnosperms. Most of them are
evergreens.
http://www.perspective.com/nature/plantae/conifers.html
http://www.cssd11.k12.co.us/dohnts/Biology/bio06nt.htm#Mosses
Image of
Araucaria sp.
Note the
large female
comes at the
tips of
branches.
Image from
http://www.b
otany.hawaii.
edu/faculty/c
arr/images/a
raucar_sp3.j
pg.
http://www.emc.
maricopa.edu/fac
ulty/farabee/BIO
BK/BioBookDiver
sity_6.html
Closeup of
Sequoia
sempervire
ns leaf and
cone.
Image from
http://www.
botany.haw
aii.edu/facu
lty/carr/ima
ges/seq_se
m_cu.jpg.
http://www.e
mc.maricopa.
edu/faculty/f
arabee/BIOB
K/BioBookDiv
ersity_6.html
Gymnosperms
• Ginkgoes are also called the
maidenhair tree and do not exist in
the wild.
http://ibiblio.org/herbmed/pi
ctures/p06/pages/ginkgobiloba-6.htm
http://ibiblio.or
g/herbmed/pict
ures/p06/page
s/ginkgobiloba-9.htm
Gymnosperms
• Gnetophytes are a diverse group
that share characteristics with both
gymnosperms and angiosperms,
they tropical vines and desert
plants.
Scientific Name Ephedra Copyright ©
1996 Michael Donoghue
http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Gnetales&contgroup=Spermatopsida
#titlefigcaption
Scientific Name Welwitschia
Specimen Condition Live
Specimen
Copyright © 1996 Michael
Donoghue
http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Gnetales&contgroup=Spermatopsida
#titlefigcaption
Scientific Name Gnetum Specimen
Condition Live Specimen
Copyright © 1996 Michael
Donoghue
http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Gnetales&contgroup=Spermatopsida
#titlefigcaption
Reproduction in
Gymnosperms
• Pollination is the process in which
pollen is carried from male to
female reproductive parts.
• In fertilization, the sperm cell joins
with the egg cell.
• Seeds develop and the female
cone increases in size.
• When the seeds are mature, the
scales open and the wind scatters
the seeds.
Try This Activity
• The Scoop on Cones page 274
Angiosperms
• Angiosperms are plants that
develop seeds within a structure
called the ovary. Reproductive
structures are flowers.
• Angiosperms make up the largest
group of plants in the world--the
flowering plants.
Flowers
• Flowers are the structures that
contain the reproductive organs of
angiosperms.
http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/6243/diversity4.html#Plant
http://www.perspective.com/nature/plantae/dicots.html
Flower Structure
• Sepals are the leaf-like structures
that enclose the bud.
• Petals are the colorful, leaf-like
and fragrant structures that attract
insects and other animals.
Flower Structure
• Stamen is the male reproductive
organ that consist of the filament
which is a thin stalk topped by a
knoblike part called the anther.
Flower Structure
• Pistil is the female reproductive
organ and is located in the center
of the flower. The pistil consists of
a sticky tip called the stigma at the
end of a slender tube called the
style.
Flower Structure
• Ovary is a hollow structure at the base
of the flower that contains the ovule or
ovules.
• A flower is pollinated when a grain of
pollen lands on the pistil. The sperm
cell will join the egg cell.
• After the egg cell is fertilized, the ovule
develops into a seed and the ovary
becomes a fruit that encloses and
protects the seeds.
A COMPLETE ANGIOSPERM FLOWER
http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/301Manhart/repro/Flower%20di
agram/flower_diagram.htm
Activity
• Have students feel the shape,
weight, and texture of several
fruits. Ask students to describe
how the physical characteristics of
each fruit and its seeds might be
related to the way in which its
seeds are dispersed.
Angiosperms
• Angiosperms are divided into two
major groups: monocots and
dicots.
• “Cot” is short for cotyledon or seed
leaf.
• Monocots are angiosperms that
have only one seed leaf. Mono
meaning one.
• Dicots produce seeds with two
seed leaves. Di meaning two.
Monocots
• Examples: grasses, corn, wheat,
rice lilies, tulips
• Leaves have parallel veins
• Stems have randomly scattered
bundles of vascular tissue.
• Flowers have petals in multiples of
three.
Dicots
• Examples: roses, violets,
dandelions, oak, maple, beans,
apples
• Leaves have branching veins.
• Vascular tissue is arranged in a
ring.
• Flowers have petals in multiples of
four or five.
Math Skills
• Multiples page 280
Actitivities
• Teacher Demo
• Try This Activity
• Teacher Demo
Lab
• A Close Look at Flowers
Homework