Viikki Urban
Tree
Laboratorio
Doc. Eero
Nikinmaa,
MSc Anu
Riikonen
Aims of the study
• Improve knowledge base of urban tree management
– How quickly tree recover from planting shock? what is suitable irrigation
frequency?
– Do the aereation tubes in soil have positive impact on street tree
development?
– How different surface material used on pavements impact on trees?
• To test the growing properties of load bearing soils
– Can LBS be used to increase root growing space in northern environment
(aereation, water holding capacity, heat capacity & transfer)
– What soil substrate structure is optimal for aeration / water holding in
street conditions
– Can clay/ organic matter guarantee sufficiency of nutrients, when, how
and what fertilizers are needed?
• To charecterise the growing environment of trees on streets
– Air and soil temperature, light climate, evaporative demand
Experimental streets: Normal modern
streets in Helsinki
• Narrow alleys
• Limited growing space
• High mechanical
damage risk
• De-icing
Testing different technical solutions
• Aereation pipes
• Concrete and natural
stones
• Different joint
width
Load bearing soil
• 3 types
• Load bearing sceleton:
(d 32-64mm) or (d 64140mm) granite rocks
• 50 - 55% rocks and 40
- 45% soil + air
(volumetric)
• Soil variation:
• Load bearing properties
passed laboratory tests
4.5
4
3.5
3
pF
– org. matter content (520%)
– variation in sand content
(pF curves)
– fertilized (N,P) and nonfertilized
Soil 1
2.5
Soil 2
2
Soil 3
1.5
1
0.5
0
0
5
10
15
20
Volumetric moisture content %
25
Soil nutrient analysis
Experimental street
- SOIL ANALYSIS, LOAD BEARING SOILS 2003
Organi
Kekkilä
1
1
1
1
1
keskiarvo
Yit
2
2
2
2
2
keskiarvo
Yliop.
3
3
3
3
3
keskiarvo
NO3-N
NH4N
1.47
350
1.58
320
1.29
310
2.58
320
2.11
320
1.8 324.0
4
4
4
4
6
4.4
Soil type
c
johtomatter luku pH
HkMr
hkKHt
HkMr
HkMr
HkMr
vm
m
vm
vm
vm
15.2
14.8
12.8
13.8
13.5
14.0
7.3
4000
10
7.3
3790 9.6
7.3
4220
10
7.3
4500
13
7.3
4190
10
7.3 4140.0 10.5
HtMr
HtMr
HtMr
HtMr
HtMr
rm
rm
rm
rm
rm
10.4
7.0
8.3
8.6
9.5
8.8
6.6
3910
86
454
286
174
6.7
3080 110
553
292
83
6.6
3140
86
496
268
94
6.5
3110
93
551
282
98
6.6
2860 100
561
295
102
6.6 3220.0 95.0 523.0 284.6 110.2
1.2 14.0 17.0 37.20
1.2 7.6 13.0 29.10
1.1 9.6 15.0 30.70
1.3 8.3 16.0 26.60
1.3 7.2 15.0 27.00
1.2 9.3 15.2 30.1
140
37
1570
42
36
888
84
33
1150
60
44
995
58
48
858
76.8 39.6 1092.2
HkMr
HtMr
HtMr
HkMr
HtMr
m
m
m
vm
m
2.6
3.1
3.0
2.4
3.2
2.9
8.0
3290
39
188
142
7.8
3500
42
199
143
7.9
3120
41
180
131
8.0
3160
41
183
129
8.0
3240
40
192
135
7.9 3262.0 40.6 188.4 136.0
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
14
15
15
12
21
15.4
Viljavuusluokkaleimat
Bad
Fairly Bad
Acceptable
Satisfactory
Good
High
Questionably high
Ca
P
K
Mg
S
91.1
274
111
88.1
251
102
88.5
253
103
105
268
129
92.6
253
109
93.1 259.8 110.8
36
44
39
35
41
39.0
B
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.9
1.0
Cu
2.9
2.7
2.9
3.7
3.2
3.1
3.8
3.8
3.5
3.8
3.5
3.7
Mn
6.7
6.8
6.6
7.3
7.0
6.9
7.6
8.1
7.7
7.6
7.3
7.7
Zn
5.33
5.14
4.79
5.23
4.93
5.1
3
3
2
2
2
2.4
Fe
Cl
274
140
256
120
241
120
298
140
284
103
270.6 124.6
508
524
509
527
503
514.2
Mo
Na
Cd
Cr
Ni
Al
0.11
164 <0.05
0.08
168 0.05
0.07
148
.
0.11
159
.
0.08
169
.
0.1 161.6
0.1
87
48
19
19
.
.
.
.
.
.
53.0 33.5
75
73
63
73
84
73.6
0.15
171
0.11
209
0.13
172
0.08
194
0.09
208
0.1 190.8
49
35
11200
130
71
12700
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
89.5 53.0 11950.0
15
19
17
14
19
16.8
0.04
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.06
0.1
0.1
0.08
.
.
.
0.1
36.2 <0.05
160
74
38.5 0.05
50
24
35.9
.
.
.
35.1
.
.
.
37.4
.
.
.
36.6
0.1 105.0 49.0
9040
8900
.
.
.
8970.0
9080
8870
.
.
.
8975.0
Monitoring as a method
By monitoring the
growing conditions and
the response of trees to
them we gain rapidly
information of the causal
reasons for tree
preformance in the
urban environment.
Set up of monitoring
• 2 Streets
• 3 Load bearing soil types /
street
• Alnus glutinosa & Tilia
vulgaris
• ~5-6 trees/treatment /street
• 3 intensively monitored
points/ street (High
temporal resolution)
• 9 points of manual
monitoring/ street (Spatial
resolution)
Street I
Street II
Manual
measuring point
Intensive
monitoring
Soil types
Monitoring
-Intensive every 10 min
- Manual every 2 - 3 weeks
Growing conditions
• Soil Profiles
– Temperature
– Volumetric
– Gas concentrations
• Above ground
– PAR
– Air temperature
• Meteorological
information from nearby
weather station
Tree
• Intensive
– Sap flux (2 methods )
– Growth
• Manual
– Gas exchange + fysiological
measurements
(Fluorosence)
– Nutrients contents
– Structure
– Root sampling (sampling
wells 4 distances from
trees)
Installation of sensors
Temperature
Soil
Gas
PAR
Weather
Air Temp
Tree
Sap-flux
Heat dissipation
Sap-flux
Diam. variation
Datamanagement
Street 1
Office
G
S
M
Street 2
Manual measurements
Street as a growing site
Norkkokuja lpt
Pasteurinkatu, lpt
Irradiation and air temperature 18.7.2004
norkkokuja, PAR
25
Pasteurinkatu, PAR
Min. and Max Temperatures at the two streets 15.-31.8.
2004
0.2
25
3:00
6:00
9:00
12:00
15:00
18:00
21:00
31.8.
30.8.
29.8.
28.8.
27.8.
26.8.
25.8.
24.8.
Date
Time
Air temperature at the two streets 15.8.-1.9.2004
Min. and Max Temperatures at the two streets 15.-31.1.
2005
25
Air temperature, degrees C
5
3
1
-1
-3
-5
-7
-9
-11
-13
-15
20
15
10
5
Date
31.1.
30.1.
29.1.
28.1.
27.1.
26.1.
25.1.
24.1.
23.1.
22.1.
21.1.
20.1.
19.1.
18.1.
17.1.
16.1.
norkkokuja
15.1.
Temperature, degrees C
23.8.
15.8.
0
22.8.
0
0.02
5
0:00
5
21.8.
0.04
20.8.
0.06
10
10
19.8.
0.08
15
18.8.
0.1
17.8.
0.12
15
20
16.8.
0.14
PAR mmol/m-2 s-1
Temperature, degrees C
0.16
20
Temperature, degrees C
0.18
pasteurinkatu
0
Päivämäärä
19.8.
23.8.
27.8.
31.8.
Soil: Annual cycle of temperature, Sufficiency of
water
Soil Temperature Pasteur Street, 2003-2004
Soil temperatures, different streets
30
Kekkilä
30
25
YO/TTKK
Norkkokuja
Pasteurinkatu
15
Temperature
20
20
15
10
10
5
5
0
0
26 31 36 41 46 51
4
9 14 19 24 29 34 39 44 49
26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50
Week nro
Week #
Volumetric water content: Pasteur street 2003-2004
30 cm depth
Volumetric Water content: Norkkostreet 2003-2004
10 cm depth
100
Proportion of pore volume
100
Proportion of pore volume
Soil temperature, degrees C
YIT
25
75
50
25
0
26 30 34 38 42 46 50 2
6 10 14 18 22 26 30 34 38 42 46 50
Week #
75
50
25
0
26 30 34 38 42 46 50 2
6 10 14 18 22 26 30 34 38 42 46 50
Week #
Surface pavement material
Concrete stone
Granite”dice”
Impact of pavement on soil gas
concentrations ?
CO2 concentrations under different pavement types, both streets 2004
25000
CO2 conc. ppm
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
10
granite
pasteur
30
60
10
concrete
30
60
10
granite
norkko
30
60
10
concrete
30
60
Permeability to precipitation
Soil moisture content development july 2004
0.500
Volumetric water content %
0.450
0.400
0.350
0.300
0.250
0.200
0.150
0.100
10 cm
0.050
30 cm
0.000
1.7.
4.7.
7.7.
10.7.
13.7.
16.7.
19.7.
22.7.
25.7.
28.7.
31.7.
Volumetric water content: Pasteur street 2003-2004
30 cm depth
Too much water
can be a problem!
Proportion of pore volume
100
75
50
25
0
26 30 34 38 42 46 50 2
6 10 14 18 22 26 30 34 38 42 46 50
Week #
Soil Co2 and max photosynthesis, Pasteur street july-04
CO2 different streets 2004
50000
4.5
4
40000
pasteurinkatu
versokuja
30000
20000
10000
Pn and soil CO2 %
norkkokuja
3.5
3
2.5
max.fotos.
2
Hiilid.
1.5
1
0.5
0
0
7.5.
31.5.
21.6.
12.7.
2.8.
16.8.
6.9.
27.9. 18.10. 16.11.
2.12.
p2
p5
-10000
p8
p12
p15
Tree
Methane, different streets, 2004
Soil Co2 and max photosynthesis, Pasteur street august04
norkkokuja
pasteurinkatu
1000
versokuja
Pn and soil CO2 %
100
10
1
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Pn
Hiilid.
p2
0.1
7.5.
31.5.
21.6.
16.8.
6.9.
27.9.
18.10. 16.11.
2.12.
p5
p8
Tree
p12
p15
Aereation pipes are beneficial!
CO2 content 2004 in aereated and non-aerated soils
Significance of aereation on different soils
8000
6000
ilmastointi -10
6000
ei ilmastoitu
4000
ilmastoitu
2000
CO2 ppm
CO2 content ppm
8000
ilmastointi -30
ilmastointi -60
ei ilmastointia -10
4000
ei ilmastointia -30
ei ilmastointia -60
2000
0
0
alusta 1
alusta 2
alusta 3
7.5.
31.5. 21.6. 12.7.
2.8.
16.8.
6.9.
27.9. 18.10. 16.11.
Soil organic matter reflects on gas
concentrations!
Soil Temperature vs. CO2, Norkko street
Soil Temperature vs. CO2, Pasteur street
55000
55000
alusta 1
alusta 2
alusta 3
alusta 3
Expon. (alusta 1)
Expon. (alusta 1)
Expon. (alusta 2)
Expon. (alusta 2)
45000
45000
Expon. (alusta 3)
35000
y = 5547.9e0.0678x
R2 = 0.231
Expon. (alusta 3)
35000
y = 439.25e0.1791x
R2 = 0.5887
CO2 content ppm
CO2 content, ppm
alusta 1
alusta 2
25000
15000
y = 2666.1e0.0893x
R2 = 0.5521
25000
15000
y = 690.43e0.0909x
R2 = 0.6058
5000
y = 704.66e0.0892x
R2 = 0.6335
5000
y = 521.22e0.0721x
R2 = 0.5882
-5000
-5000
0
5
10
15
Soil temperature, degrees C
20
25
0
5
10
15
20
25
Soil Tem perature, degrees C
30
35
Variation in factors influencing
photosynthetic production
Max photosynthetic rate, different times and different soils. 2004
Stomatal conductance, different soils and times of the year, 2004
16
450
14
400
350
10
8
n2
n3
6
4
300
n1
250
n2
200
n3
150
100
2
50
0
0
June
July
June
August
July
August
Pasteurinkatu 2005
O2 content and fluorosence
0.88
June13
0.86
0.8
0.75
0.7
0.65
5
8
12
15
July13
August24
0.84
0.82
Fv/Fm
230000
220000
210000
200000
190000
180000
170000
160000
150000
O2, ppm
0.85
Fv/Fm
Pn
n1
GS, mikromolm2s-1
12
0.80
0.78
0.76
0.74
0.72
0.70
1
Tree
2
3
4
5
Tree No.
6
8
12
15
Differences in Photosynthetic
production
Net assimilation vs. internal CO2 in Norkkokuja, August 2005
Net assimilation vs. internal CO2 in Pasteurinkatu, August 2005
500
500
400
300
1.4
2.2
2.5
200
3.2
3.4
1
internal CO2, ppm
Internal CO2, ppm
400
1.2
2
300
4
5
7
200
8
10
100
100
0
0
0
5
10
15
20
0
25
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Net assimilation µnol/m2/s
Net assim ilation µm ol/m 2/s
Net assimilation and light, Pasteurinkatu, August 2005
Net assimilation and light, Norkkokuja, August 2005
14
25
12
10
15
1.2
1.4
2.2
10
2.5
3.2
3.4
5
0
net assimilation µmol/m2/s
net assimilation µmol/m2/s
20
1
2
8
4
6
5
7
4
8
10
2
0
1500
600
300
150
75
0
1500
600
300
150
-2
-5
light, µmol/m2/s
light, µm ol/m 2/s
75
0
12
.
12 7.2
.7 0 0
.2 3
13 0 0 0:0
.7 3 1 0
13 .2 2
.7 0 0 :00
.2 3
14 0 0 0:0
.7 3 1 0
14 .2 2
.7 0 0 :00
.2 3
15 0 0 0:0
.7 3 1 0
15 .2 2
.7 0 0 :00
.2 3
16 0 0 0:0
. 3 0
16 7.2 12
.7 0 0 :00
.2 3
17 0 0 0:0
.7 3 1 0
17 .2 2
.7 0 0 :00
.2 3
18 0 0 0:
.7 3 1 00
18 .2 2
.7 0 0 :00
.2 3
19 0 0 0:0
.7 3 1 0
19 .2 2
.7 0 0 :00
.2 3
20 0 0 0:0
.7 3 1 0
20 .2 2
.7 0 0 :00
.2 3
21 0 0 0:0
.7 3 1 0
21 .2 2
.7 0 0 :00
.2 3
22 0 0 0:0
.7 3 1 0
22 .2 2
.7 0 0 :00
.2 3
23 0 0 0:0
.7 3 1 0
23 .2 2
.7 0 0 :00
.2 3
24 0 0 0:0
.7 3 1 0
24 .2 2
.7 0 0 :00
.2 3
25 0 0 0:0
.7 3 1 0
25 .2 2
.7 0 0 :00
.2 3
26 0 0 0:0
.7 3 1 0
26 .2 2
.7 0 0 :00
.2 3
27 0 0 0:0
.7 3 1 0
27 .2 2
.7 0 0 :00
.2 3
28 0 0 0:
.7 3 00
28 .2 12
.7 0 0 :00
.2 3
29 0 0 0:0
.7 3 1 0
29 .2 2
.7 0 0 :00
.2 3
30 0 0 0:0
.7 3 1 0
30 .2 2
.7 0 0 :00
.2 3
31 0 0 0:0
.7 3 1 0
31 .2 2
.7 0 0 :00
.2 3
0 0
1. 03 :00
8. 1
1. 20 2:0
8. 0 3 0
20 0
0 3 :0
12 0
:0
0
time
15
time
Volumetric moisture content
0.170
0.165
0.160
0.155
0.150
0.145
0.140
0.135
0:
15
:1
5
0:
12
15
:1
5
0:
12
15
:1
5
0:
12
15
:1
5
0:
12
15
:1
5
0:
12
15
:1
5
0:
12
15
:1
5
0:
12
15
:1
5
0:
12
15
:1
5
0:
12
15
:1
5
0:
12
15
:1
5
0:
12
15
:1
5
0:
12
15
:1
5
0:
12
15
:1
5
0:
12
15
:1
5
0:
12
15
:1
5
0:
12
15
:1
5
0:
12
15
:1
5
0:
12
15
:1
5
0:
12
15
:1
5
0:
12
15
:1
5
0:
12
Canopy conductance is linked to
light and soil (example 2003)
Light and canopy conductance july 2003
0.000800
900
0.000700
800
0.000600
700
0.000500
600
0.000400
500
0.000300
400
0.000200
300
0.000100
200
100
0.000000
0
Growth differences
Shoot growth in different parts of crown, Alnus, 2004
Shoot growth in different parts of crown, Tilia, 2004
160
300
Upper Crown
Middle crown
120
Middle Crown
Av. shoot length, cm
Av. shoot length, cm
Upper crown
80
40
0
200
100
0
1
S1
2
4
S2
5
7
S3
8
3
S1
4
2
S2
6
2
S3
4
Conclusions
• Irrigation after plantation was sufficiient
• Loosely positioned granite ”dices” allow air
penetration, tight granite rock considerably less
• Aeration pipes improve situation
• Surplus water produced adverse conditions, draught
problem not yet observed. Aereation of pores more
critical than water holding capacity in the souther
boreal city of Helsinki?Climate change scenarios
suggest increasing storm water loads!
• Excees organic matter a risk factor, rapid
decomposition eats O2 + soil properties change
• As O2 dropped below 18% (>2% CO2), tree physiology
changed