Bahan kajian pada
MK. MANAJEMEN
KESUBURAN TANAH
\
PRINSIP-PRINSIP
MANAJEMEN
KESUBURAN TANAH
Diabstraksikan Oleh:
Smno.jursntnhfpub.Sept2012
KESUBURAN TANAH
Kesuburan Tanah adalah kemampuan
suatu tanah untuk menghasilkan produk
tanaman yang diinginkan, pada lingkungan
tempat tanah itu berada. Produk tanaman
berupa: buah, biji, daun, bunga, umbi,
getah, eksudat, akar, trubus, batang,
biomassa, naungan, penampilan dsb.
Tanah memiliki kesuburan yang berbedabeda tergantung sejumlah faktor pembentuk
tanah yang merajai di lokasi tersebut, yaitu:
Bahan induk, Iklim, Relief, Organisme, atau
Waktu.
Tanah merupakan fokus utama dalam
pembahasan ilmu kesuburan tanah,
sedangkan kinerja tanaman merupakan
indikator utama mutu kesuburan tanah.
Diunduh dari: http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesuburan_tanah....9/9/2012
CARA MENJAGA KESUBURAN TANAH
Untuk menjaga kesuburan tanah bisa dilakukan dengan cara sebagai berikut :
1. Gunakan jerami. Pada tanah sawah, biasanya setelah panen padi kita
selalu membuang dan membiarkan jerami ditumpuk di pinggir sawah.
Padahal jerami itu bisa kita manfaatkan untuk menyuburkan tanah.
Sebarkan jerami tersebut ke lahan dan ratakan. Kemudian taburkan
serbuk dolomit ke atas jerami tersebut. Fungsi dolomit untuk membantu
mempercepat pelapukan daun jerami dan bisa mengatur tingkat keasaman
tanah sehingga tanah bisa lebih matang dan lahan bisa segera
ditanami.Setelah sekitar seminggu lahan tersebut bisa langsung dibajak
dan jerami yang belum lapuk bisa dibenamkan ke dalam tanah.
2. Lubang resapan Biopori. Pada taman atau halaman rumah bisa kita
lakukan metode biopori. Caranya lubangi tanah secara tegak lurus dengan
menggunakan pipa besi dengan diameter sekitar 10-20 cm dan kedalaman
tanah sekitar 100 cm. Jarak antar lubang resapan biopori adalah 50-100
cm. Kebutuhan jumlah lubang resapan biopori yang diperlukan
berdasarkan luas tutupan bangunan. Bila tutupan bangunan dengan luas
20 m2 diperlukan lubang resapan biopori sebanyak 3 unit dan setiap
tambahan luas tutupan bangunan 7 m2 diperluhan tambahan 1 unit
lubang resapan biopori. Dalam pemeliharaannya lubang resapan biopori
ini diisi sampah organik secara berkala dan mengambil sampah tersebut
setelah menjadi kompos diperkirakan 2-3 bulan setelah terjadi proses
pelapukan.
3. Tanaman Crotalaria.Untuk lahan kritis bisa dimanfaatkan untuk ditanami
tanaman crotalaria. Akar tanaman crotalaria bisa mengikat nitrogen dan
unsur lain yang sangat dibutuhkan tanah untuk menjadi subur. Daun dan
batang tanaman crotalaria sangat baik dijadikan pupuk hijau (kompos)
karena mengandung unsur-unsur yang sangat dibutuhkan tanah dan
tanaman dibanding pupuk hijau dari tanaman lain.
Diunduh dari: http://rishadicorp.blogspot.com/2011/03/cara-menjaga-kesuburan-tanah.html..
MENJAGA KESUBURAN TANAH DENGAN
CARA METODE VEGETATIF DAN MEKANIK
Upaya yang dapat dilakukan untuk menjaga keseburan tanah sebagai berikut
a. Metode vegetatif dilakukan dengan cara-cara berikut
1. penanaman tanaman secara berjalur tegak lulus terhadap arah
aliran(strip cropping).
2. penanaman tanaman secara berjalur sejajar garis kontur (contour
strip cropping).
3. penutupan lahan yang memiliki lereng curam dengan tanaman
keras (buffering)
4. penanaman tanaman secara permanen untuk melindungi tanah dari
tiupan angin (wind breaks).
b.metode mekanik yang umum dilakukan sebagai berikut.
1. pengolahan lahan sejajar garis kontur (contour tilage).pengolahan
lahan dengan cara ini bertujuan untuk membuat pola ronggarongga tanah sejajar kontul dan membentuk igir-igir kecil yang
dapat memperlambat alilan air dan memperbesar infiltrasi air
2. penterasan lahan miring (terracering).penterasan bertujuan untuk
mengurangi panjang lereng dan memperkecil kemiringan lereng
sehingga dapat memperlambat alilan air.
3. pembuatan pematang (guludan)dan saluran air sejajar garis
kontur.pembuatan pematangan bertujuan untuk menahan alilan
air.
4. pembuatan cekdam.pembuatan cekdam bertujuan untuk
memperbendung alilan air yang melewati parit-parit sehingga
material tanah hasil erosi yang terangkut aliran tertahan dan
terendapkan adannya cekdam menyebabkan erosi tanah dapat
dikendalikan,lapisan tanah menebal,dan produktivitas tanah
meningkat
Diunduh dari: http://lukmanituagam.blogspot.com/2011/03/menjaga-kesuburan-tanah.html..
PEMULIHAN KESUBURAN TANAH
Restoring Soil Fertility in Sub-Sahara Africa
Mateete Bekunda, Nteranya Sanginga, Paul L. Woomer.
Advances in Agronomy. Volume 108, 2010, Pages 183–236
Conceptual diagram of the soil fertility restoration process and the
controlling factors.
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065211310080041..
9/9/2012
ISFM:
INTEGRATED SOIL FERTILITY MANAGEMENT
ISFM : an approach to sustainable and costeffective management of soil fertility.
ISFM attempts to make the best use of inherent soil nutrient stocks,
locally available soil amendments and mineral fertilizers to increase
land productivity while maintaining or enhancing soil fertility.
ISFM is a shift from traditional fertilizer response trials designed to
come up with recommendations for simple production increases.
The goal of ISFM is to develop comprehensive solutions that
consider such diverse factors as weather, the presence of weeds, pests
and diseases, inherent soil characteristics, history of land use and
spatial differences in soil fertility.
It involves a range of soil fertility enhancing methods, such as
improved crop management practices, integration of livestock,
measures to control erosion and leaching, and measures to improve
soil organic matter maintenance.
ISFM strategies include the combined use of soil amendments,
organic materials, and mineral fertilizers to replenish soil nutrient
pools and improve the efficiency of external inputs.
Diunduh dari: http://www.aglearn.net/isfmMod1.html ...... 9/9/2012
ISFM:
INTEGRATED SOIL FERTILITY MANAGEMENT
Key aspects of the ISFM approach include:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Replenishing soil nutrient pools
Maximizing on-farm recycling of nutrients.
Reducing nutrient losses to the environment.
Improving the efficiency of external inputs
ISFM’s basic focus is on sustainability.
The framework of sustainability involves 3 essential components:
1. Adequate, affordable food, feed and fiber supplies;
2. A profitable system for the producer; and
3. Responsible safeguards for the environment.
Sumber: http://www.back-to-basics.net/efu/pdfs/mey.pdf
Diunduh dari: http://www.aglearn.net/isfmMod1.html ...... 9/9/2012
ISFM:
INTEGRATED SOIL FERTILITY MANAGEMENT
Goals of a Sustainable Soil Fertility Management Program
1. To sustain high crop productivity and crop quality in food and fiber
production (not maximum yields, which typically require excessive
nutrient inputs to achieve)
(a). Crop productivity, crop quality, and the economic viability
of a given farming operation
2. To minimize environmental quality and human health risks associated
with agricultural production
a) Important steps in minimizing human health risks and on- and offfarm impacts
i. Avoid the use of all synthetically compounded materials (e.g.,
fertilizers and pest control agents, etc.) known to have an
associated environmental quality or human health risk
ii. Avoid creating non-point source pollution through surface
runoff and leaching. Agricultural nutrients can degrade the
quality of groundwater or the water in rivers, lakes, wetlands,
and estuaries through eutrophication.
iii. Prevent soil erosion and sedimentation of waterways. Soil loss
reduces production capacity and soil entering waterways may
degrade aquatic habitat.
iv. Close nutrient cycles as much as possible within the field and
farm to reduce energy used and environmental impact of food
and fiber production
v. Close nutrient cycles at multiple scales (e.g., watershed,
regional, and national scales)
Diunduh dari: http://63.249.122.224/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/unit_1.1_fertility.pdf......
9/9/2012
ISFM:
INTEGRATED SOIL FERTILITY MANAGEMENT
Soil fertility: The capacity of a soil to provide nutrients required by
plants for growth.
This capacity to provide nutrients to crop plants is in part influenced
by the physical properties of soils and is one component of soil
fertility.
Desirable soil physical properties and the capacity of the soil to
provide nutrients for growing crops are both soil quality indicators.
Soil quality indicators
1. Soil accepts, holds, releases, and mineralizes nutrients and
other chemical constituents
2. Soil accepts, holds, and releases water to plants, streams, and
groundwater
3. Soil promotes good root growth and maintains good biotic
habitat for soil organisms
4. Soil resists degradation (e.g., erosion, compaction)
5. Soil maintains good soil structure to provide adequate
aeration
6. Good soil structure allows for rapid water infiltration
7. Soil has a moderate pH (~6.0–7.0) at which most essential
soil nutrients are available
8. Soil has low salinity levels
9. Soil has low levels of potentially toxic elements (e.g., boron,
manganese, and aluminum)
10. Balanced fertility that provides adequate levels of macro- and
micronutrients that plants and soil microbes require
Diunduh dari: http://63.249.122.224/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/unit_1.1_fertility.pdf......
9/9/2012
ISFM:
INTEGRATED SOIL FERTILITY MANAGEMENT
Components of a Sustainable Soil Fertility Management Program
1. Improve and maintain physical and biological properties of soil
(a) Sustainable agricultural practices used to improve and sustain soil
physical and biological properties
1. Maintaining or building soil organic matter (SOM) levels through inputs
of compost and cover cropping: SOM has a large capacity to hold and
release inorganic (cropavailable) nitrogen and other essential nutrients.
Organic matter inputs enhance the stability of soil aggregates, increase
the porosity and permeability to water and air, and improve the waterholding capacity of soils. Building or maintaining the level of soil carbon
provides the energy and nutrients necessary to stimulate the soil
biological activity responsible for decomposition, the formation of soil
aggregates, and more desirable soil structure.
2. Properly timed tillage: Stimulates the decomposition of SOM by
increasing aeration (O2 supply to aerobic microbes), breaking up
compacted areas and large soil clods, and exposing a greater surface area
of SOM for microbial breakdown. Appropriate tillage also increases
water infiltration and good drainage.
3. Irrigation: For irrigation-dependent crops, manage soil moisture between
50% and 100% of field capacity through soil moisture monitoring and
moisture retention techniques such as mulching
4. Use of sound crop rotations, soil amending, and fertilizing techniques all
serve to improve the quality of agricultural soils, which in turn affects
soil quality and crop performance.
Diunduh dari: http://63.249.122.224/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/unit_1.1_fertility.pdf......
9/9/2012
ISFM:
INTEGRATED SOIL FERTILITY MANAGEMENT
Memperbaiki dan memelihara sifat kimia tanah
(a) Benchmarks of optimal soil chemistry
1.
2.
3.
Balanced levels of available plant nutrients (see Unit1.11,
Reading and Interpreting Soil Test Reports, for more on
this subject)
Soil pH ~6.0–7.0: At this soil pH the greatest amount of
soil nutrients are available to crops
Low salinity levels: The accumulation of salts in the soil
may result in plant water and salt stress.
Diunduh dari: http://63.249.122.224/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/unit_1.1_fertility.pdf......
9/9/2012
ISFM:
INTEGRATED SOIL FERTILITY MANAGEMENT
Sustainable agricultural practices used to develop and maintain
optimal soil chemical properties
1. Provide a balanced nutrient supply for the crop. As plant growth is related
to the availability of the most limiting nutrient, it is essential that we
consider the balance (ratios) of soil nutrients available. Yield and quality
may be limited if levels of some nutrients are too high while others are
too low.
2. Conduct soil analysis with periodic monitoring. Soil analysis provides
current quantitative information on the nutrient profile of a given soil.
Soil analysis report data should be compared to established optimal
benchmarks of soil fertility when developing soil amendment plans to
assure adequate but not excessive nutrient applications. Comparing
results from multiple years of sampling will show whether you are
depleting or accumulating soil nutrients over time, and indicate whether
changes in fertility management are needed.
3. Conduct plant tissue testing. In-season plant tissue testing provides
current quantitative data on the nutrient profile of growing plants. Such
data may be compared with recommended nutrient levels and may be
used to determine the need for mid-season supplemental fertilizing.
However, be aware that most tissue testing information has been
developed for systems using synthetic chemical fertilizers, and
sufficiency levels may well differ for organic systems.
Diunduh dari: http://63.249.122.224/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/unit_1.1_fertility.pdf......
9/9/2012
SOIL FERTILITY MANAGEMENT
Hubungan Tanaman – Tanah dan Lingkungannya
Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kesuburan tanah menjadi
fokus pengelolaan kesuburan tanah untuk mendapatkan hasil
yang optimal
Diunduh dari: http://www.organicagriculture.co/soil-fertility-management.php...... 10/9/2012
SOIL FERTILITY MANAGEMENT
Soil quality is of fundamental importance for agricultural production,
and soil fertility management is increasingly becoming a central
issue in the decisions on food security, poverty reduction and
environment management.
For the purpose of safe ecological stewardship and achieving global
food security, emphasising soil fertility management is becoming
more and more important.
The crucial role of soil fertility management for sustainable resource
management and food security has been recognised only quite
recently.
Major plant nutrient input and output from agricultural systems
Diunduh dari: https://athene.umb.no/emner/pub/EDS215/LectureSoil.htm ...... 10/9/2012
SOIL FERTILITY MANAGEMENT
Plant nutrient management for improving crop productivity in Nepal
Sherchan and K.B. Karki
Soil Science Division, Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC)
Kathmandu, Nepal
An integrated nutrient model developed quite some time ago as shown below
figure was a successful programme but it has not been popularized or has not
been well adopted by large number of farmers. There should be a follow up
study to see the impact on soil fertility management and to look on how best
we can promote to wider areas.
Integrated plant nutrient components in the Nepalese farming system
Diunduh dari: http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/ag120e/AG120E10.htm ...... 10/9/2012
LIMA
FAKTOR
PENGELOLAAN
TANAH
Pengendalian GULMA
.
PERGILIRAN TANAMAN
(ROTASI TANAMAN)
PENGENDALIAN HAMA & PENYAKIT
(INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT)
PENYEDIAAN UNSUR HARA
INTEGRATED PLANT NUTRIENT
MANAGEMENT
Penyediaan AIR YANG CUKUP
Soil moisture management and conservations
DINAMIKA
HARA
TANAH
Mempertahankan jumlah optimum
unsur hara hanya dapat terlaksana
dengan menciptakan keseimbangan
yang baik antara penambahan dan
kehilangannya
Benefits of Organic Matter
Benefits of Organic
Matter
Reduces compaction and bulk
density
Provides a food source for
microorganisms
Increases activities of earthworms
and other soil critters
Increases soil CEC
Stabilizes nutrients
Builds soil friability and
tilth
Reduces soil splash
Carbon Sequestration
C cycling in agroecosystems has a significant impact at the
global scale because agriculture occupies approximately 11%
of the land surface area of the earth.
POKOK-POKOK
PENGELOLAAN
KESUBURAN
TANAH.
1. Suplai nitrogen dari:
Sisa Tanaman
Pupuk kandang
Hujan & irigasi
Pupuk nitrogen
Tanaman biasa
Tanaman legume
Pupuk hijau
Kompos
2. Penambahan bahan organik
melalui:
Sisa tanaman legume dan
non legume
Pupuk kandang
Pupuk hijau
3. Penambahan kapur bila diperlukan
Batu kapur kalsit atau
dolomit yg
biasa dilakukan
4. Penambahan fosfat:
Pupuk
superfosfat, atau
Pupuk lainnya
5. Penambahan kalium
tersedia:
Pupuk kandang
Sisa tanaman
Pupuk Kalium
6. Kekurangan belerang
diatasi dg:
Belerang, gipsum,
superfosfat, Amonium
sulfat, Senyawa
belerangdalam air hujan
7.
Penambahan
unsur
mikro: Sebagai garam
terpisah atau campuran
MENGATASI
KEKURANG
AN
NITROGEN
Penambahan & Kehilangan
N-tersedia
Pengikatan
Nitrogen
Simbiotik
Pupuk
Buatan
NonSimbiotik
Sisa
tanaman
Pupuk
Kandang
Ntersedia
dlm
tanah
Atmosfer
Bahan
Organik
Panen
Tanaman
Hilang
Pencucian
Hilang
Erosi
MEMPERTAHANKAN
BAHAN ORGANIK
TANAH
Carbon Inputs to Soil
Crop residues
Cover crops
Compost , and
Manures
Carbon Substrate
The majority of C enters the soil in the form of complex
organic matter containing highly reduced, polymeric
substances.
During decomposition, energy is obtained from
oxidation of the C-H bonds in the organic material.
Soil Carbon Equilibrium
Input primarily as plant products
Output mediated by activity of decomposers
It is common that from 40 to 60% of the C taken up by
microorganisms is immediately released as CO2.
PENTINGNYA
Ca & Mg
Fungsi fisiologis Ca dan Mg dalam
tanaman
Penambahan dan
kehilangan
Sisa
tanaman &
Pupuk
Kandang
Pupuk
Komersial
Ca dan Mg
tersedia dalam
tanah
PANEN
TANAMAN
Hilang
pencucian
Mineral
Tanah
KAPUR
Hilang Erosi
MEMPERTAHANKAN
KETERSEDIAAN
FOSFAT.
Fungsi P sangat penting
dalam fisiologi tanaman
Kehilangan &
Penambahan P-tersedia
Sisa
tanaman
Pukuk
kandang
Bahan
Organik
Tanah
Terangkut
tanaman
Pukuk
komersial
Mineral Ptanah
P-tersedia dalam
tanah
Hilang
Pencucian
Hilang
Erosi
Fiksasi
KETERSEDIAAN
KALIUM
Tanah mineral umumnya mengandung
cukup banyak kalium, kisaran 40 ton setiap
hektar lapisan olah tanah. Namun
demikian hanya sebagian kecil yangtersedia
bagi tanaman
Kehilangan & Penambahan
Kalium:
Sisa tanaman
& Pupuk
Kandang
Pupuk
komersial
Mineral-K
lambat
tersedia
K-tersedia
tanah
Terangkut
tanaman
Kehilangan
erosi
Kehilangan
pencucian
Kehilangan
Fiksasi
The Soil Food Web
In 1 teaspoon of soil there are…
5 or more ------------ Earthworms
Up to 100 ……………. Arthropods
10 to 20 bacterial feeders and a few fungal feeders ……. Nematodes
Several thousand flagellates & amoeba
One to several hundred ciliates ……. Protozoa
6-9 ft fungal strands put end to end ………. Fungi
100 million to 1 billion …………. Bacteria
What is the Soil Foodweb and why is it so Important?
The soil foodweb is the tonnes of beneficial bacteria, fungi, protozoa and
nematodes that live in soil or compost whose value has been overlooked,
undervalued and misunderstood for decades. Recent discoveries in soil
biology show a huge potential to improve current organic, biological and
conventional growing and farming and move away from costly synthetic
inputs.
Diunduh dari: http://soilfoodweb.ca/about_us.html...... 10/9/2012
CADANGAN KARBON TANAH
Nonhumic substances—carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins
Humic substances—humic acid, fulvic acid, humin
BOT berpengaruh
terhadap:
- Hara tanaman
- Kesehatan tanah dan
tanaman
-sifat-sifat fisika, kimiawi
dan biologis tanah
BOT ----- FRAKSI RINGAN
The light fraction (LF) with a density of ~1.6 gm cm-3 is relatively
mineral free and consists of partially decomposed plant material, fine
roots and microbial biomass with a rapid turnover time.
The LF is a source of readily mineralizable C and N, accounts for ~50%
of total soil C and declines rapidly under cultivation.
Carbon Sequestration and Soil Aggregation in Center-Pivot Irrigated
and Dryland Cultivated Farming Systems
Jeroen Gillabel, Karolien Denefb, John Brennerc, Roel Merckxd and Keith
Paustian
SSSAJ. Vol. 71 No. 3, p. 1020-1028
Diunduh dari: https://www.crops.org/publications/sssaj/articles/71/3/1020...... 10/9/2012
BOT --- FRAKSI BERAT --- The Heavy Fraction
The heavy fraction (HF) is organic matter adsorbed
onto mineral surfaces and sequestered within
organomineral aggregates.
The HF is less sensitive to disturbance an chemically
more resistant than the LF.
Long-term fertilization and manuring effects on physically-separated soil
organic matter pools under a wheat–wheat–maize cropping system in an
arid region of China
Long Hai, Xiao Gang Li, Feng Min Li, Dong Rang Suo, Georg Guggenberger
Soil Biology and Biochemistry. Volume 42, Issue 2, February 2010, Pages 253–259.
About two thirds of macro OM was actually located within 2–0.05 mm organomineral associations or/and aggregates.
Diunduh dari: . http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0038071709004003.....
10/9/2012
Bacteria vs. Fungi
Bacteria are smaller than fungi and can occupy smaller pores and thus
potentially have greater access to material contained within these pores.
Bacteria are less disrupted than are fungi by tillage practices commonly
used in agriculture.
Priming effects: Interactions between living and dead organic matter
Yakov Kuzyakov
Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Volume 42, Issue 9, September 2010, Pages 1363–1371
PEs (Priming effects) – the interactions between living and dead organic matter – should be
incorporated in models of C and N dynamics, and that microbial biomass should regarded not
only as a C pool but also as an active driver of C and N turnover.
Sequence of processes inducing apparent (aPE) and real (rPE) priming effects: 1. Input of available organics by
rhizodeposition (Exudation). 2. Activation of microorganisms (mainly r-strategists) by available organics
(Activation). 3. Activation of K-strategists. 4. Production of extracellular enzymes that degrade SOM by Kstrategists (Enzyme production). 5. SOM decomposition and production of available organics and mineral
nutrients. 6. Uptake of nutrients by roots. The dynamics and sequence of individual processes are described in
detail in Blagodatskaya and Kuzyakov (2008).
→ fluxes; — — → effects; ········ dynamics of apparent priming effects (aPEs) and real priming effects
(rPEs).
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0038071710001355 ...... 10/9/2012
Soil Fungi
Fungi tend to be selected for by plant residues with high C/N ratios.
Fungi have a greater influence on decomposition in no-till systems in which surface residues
select for organisms that can withstand low water potentials and obtain nutrients from the
underlying soil profile.
Fungi mediate long term sequestration of carbon and nitrogen in soil through their
priming effect
S. Fontaine, C. Henault, A. Aamor, N. Bdioui, J.M.G. Bloor, V. Maire, B. Mary, S. Revaillot, P.A.
Maron.
Soil Biology and Biochemistry. Volume 43, Issue 1, January 2011, Pages 86–96
Fungi are the predominant actors of cellulose decomposition and induced PE and they adjust their
degradation activity to nutrient availability. The predominant role of fungi can be explained by their ability
to grow as mycelium which allows them to explore soil space and mine large reserve of SOM.
The bank mechanism adjusting the sequestration of nutrients and carbon in soil organic matter (SOM) to the
availability of nutrients in soil solution tested in this study. This mechanism is based on the assumption that
microbial degradation of recalcitrant SOM (priming effect) is modulated by the concentration of nutrients in
soil solution . When nutrient availability is low (a), for example because the plant uptake of nutrient is high,
the microbial mining of SOM could be intense and eventually exceed the formation of new SOM through
humification of fresh-C, leading to net destruction of SOM and release of mineral nutrients. In contrast,
when soluble nutrients are abundant (b), microbial immobilization of N should increase while mining of
SOM should decrease, leading to a greater sequestration of nutrients in SOM. Given that plant demand of
mineral nutrients is highly variable and depends on many factors such as plant phenology, soil moisture and
light availability, the bank mechanism could help to synchronize the availability of soluble nutrients to plant
uptake. Numbers indicate the chronology of events induced by a change in plant uptake of nutrients.
Diunduh dari:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0038071710003500...... 10/9/2012
PENTINGNYA BAHAN ORGANIK TANAH
Bagaimana BOT mempengaruhi hubungan Tanah-Tanaman?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Decomposed organic matter provides nutrients for plant growth (Mineralization)
It determines the soil’s temperature, air ventilation, structure and water management
It contains bioregulators which affects plant growth
It contains bioregulators, which affects plant growth (enzymes, hormones, etc.)
Its carbon and energy content is the soil’s energy battery for future use
It determines the soil’s capacity to compensating, regenerating and protecting the
environment regenerating and protecting the environment.
Organic matter decomposition and the soil food web
When plant residues are returned to the soil, various organic compounds undergo decomposition.
Decomposition is a biological process that includes the physical breakdown and biochemical
transformation of complex organic molecules of dead material into simpler organic and inorganic
molecules (Juma, N.G. 1998. The pedosphere and its dynamics: a systems approach to soil science. Volume 1.
Edmonton, Canada, Quality Color Press Inc. 315 pp.)
The continual addition of decaying plant residues to the soil surface contributes to the biological
activity and the carbon cycling process in the soil. Breakdown of soil organic matter and root growth
and decay also contribute to these processes. Carbon cycling is the continuous transformation of
organic and inorganic carbon compounds by plants and micro- and macro-organisms between the soil,
plants and the atmosphere.
Diunduh dari:
http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0100e/a0100e05.htm...... 10/9/2012
PENTINGNYA BOT
1.
Organic material in the soil is essentially derived from residual plant and animal
material, synthesised by microbes and decomposed under influence of temperature,
moisture and ambient soil conditions
Soil organic matter is extremely important in all soil processes
Cultivation can have a significant effect on the organic matter content of the soil
In essentially warm and dry areas like Southern Europe, depletion of organic matter
can be rapid because the processes of decomposition are accelerated at high
temperatures
Generally, plant roots are not sufficiently numerous to replace the organic matter that is
lost
2.
3.
4.
5.
Humic substances retain nutrients available on demand for plants
Functions of humus:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
improved fertilizer efficiency;
longlife N - for example, urea performs 60-80 days longer;
improved nutrient uptake, particularly of P and Ca;
stimulation of beneficial soil life;
provides magnified nutrition for reduced disease, insect and frost impact;
salinity management - humates “buffer” plants from excess sodium;
organic humates are a catalyst for increasing soil C levels.
Humus consists of different humic substances:
1. Fulvic acids: the fraction of humus that is soluble in water under all pH conditions. Their
colour is commonly light yellow to yellow-brown.
2. Humic acids: the fraction of humus that is soluble in water, except for conditions more acid
than pH 2. Common colours are dark brown to black.
3. Humin: the fraction of humus that is not soluble in water at any pH and that cannot be
extracted with a strong base, such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Commonly black in colour.
The term acid is used to describe humic materials because humus behaves like weak acids.
Fulvic and humic acids are complex mixtures of large molecules. Humic acids are larger than
fulvic acids. Research suggests that the different substances are differentiated from each other on
the basis of their water solubility.
Fulvic acids are produced in the earlier stages of humus formation. The relative amounts of
humic and fulvic acids in soils vary with soil type and management practices. The humus of
forest soils is characterized by a high content of fulvic acids, while the humus of agricultural and
grassland areas contains more humic acids.
Diunduh dari:
http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0100e/a0100e05.htm#TopOfPage...... 10/9/2012
MANFAAT BOT
➢ Storehouse for nutrients
➢ Source of fertility
➢ Contributes to soil aeration thereby reducing soil compaction
➢ Important ‘building block’ for the soil structure
➢ Aids formation of stable aggregates
➢ Improves infiltration/permability
➢ Increase in storage capacity for water.
➢ Buffer against rapid changes in soil reaction (pH)
➢ Acts as an energy source for soil micro-organisms
Organic matter within the soil serves several functions. From a practical agricultural
standpoint, it is important for two main reasons: (i) as a “revolving nutrient fund”; and
(ii) as an agent to improve soil structure, maintain tilth and minimize erosion.
As a revolving nutrient fund, organic matter serves two main functions:
1. As soil organic matter is derived mainly from plant residues, it contains all of the
essential plant nutrients. Therefore, accumulated organic matter is a storehouse of
plant nutrients.
2. The stable organic fraction (humus) adsorbs and holds nutrients in a plantavailable form.
Diunduh dari:
http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0100e/a0100e04.htm#TopOfPage...... 10/9/2012
Degradasi: HILANGNYA BOT
1.
2.
3.
4.
During field operations, fresh topsoil becomes exposed and dries rapidly on the surface
Organic compounds are released to the atmosphere result from breakdown of soil
aggregates bound together by humic materials
Unless the organic matter is quickly replenished, the system is in a state of degradation
leading eventually to un-sustainability
The removal of crop residues in dry ecosystems, which are inherently marginal, can
cause such systems to be quickly transformed from a stage of fragility to total
exhaustion and depletion
Selecting Indicators to Evaluate Soil Quality
Zueng-Sang Chen
Department of Agricultural Chemistry
National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan ROC, 1999-08-01
Changes in Soil Organic Matter Content (MT/Ha) Calculated in Taiwan under
Different Soil Management Systems with Long-Term Application of Composts or
Fertilizers
Diunduh dari:
http://www.agnet.org/library.php?func=view&style=&type_id=4&id=20110808172707&print=1......
11/9/2012
FAKTOR YG PENGARUHI BOT
Natural factors:
➢ Climate
➢ Soil parent material: acid or alkaline (or even saline)
➢ Land cover and or vegetation type
➢ Topography – slope and aspect
Human-induced factors:
➢Land use and farming systems
➢Land management (cultivation)
➢Land degradation
Potential environmental effects of corn (Zea mays L.) stover
removal with emphasis on soil organic matter and erosion
Linda Mann, Virginia Tolbert, Janet Cushman.
Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. Volume 89, Issue 3, May 2002, Pages 149–
166.
Simplified conceptual model of interactions and feedbacks between tillage and soil
factors affecting soil organic matter content (adapted from Fig. 2 in Paustian et al.
(1997)).
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167880901001669 ...... 10/9/2012
FAKTOR IKLIM PENGARUHI BOT:
Temperature:
OM decomposition rapid in warm climates
OM Decomposition is slower for cool regions
Within zones of uniform moisture and comparable vegetation
-- Av total OM increases 2x to 3x for each 10 deg C fall in
mean temperature
Moisture:
Dekomposisi BOT berlangsung cepat di iklim hangat
Dekomposisi BOT berlangsung lambat di iklim dingin
Under comparable conditions , Av total OM increases as the
effective moisture increases.
Diunduh dari: ...... 10/9/2012
Sumber: pgsgrow.com/blog/tag/organic-gardening/
SOIL is Alive!
This living-life helps with
garden health, fertility,
decomposition of organic
matter, replenishment of
nutrients, humus formation,
and promotion of root growth,
nutrient uptake, and herbicide
and pesticide breakdown.
Diunduh dari:
http://www.organicgardeninfo.com/soil.ht
ml ...... 11/9/2012
Bahan organik dalam tanah membantu menyediakan
makanan bagi semua organisme dan pelepasan hara.
Humus acts like glue that holds all the particles
together, and it helps prevent erosion and increases a
garden's moisture holding ability.
Humus also increases fertility by making nutrients
more available to the organic garden plants' roots.
Structure of soil, indicating presence of bacteria, inorganic,
and organic matter
Sumber: www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sci...ones.htm
Tingginya kesuburan tanah-0tanah virgin selalu
berhubungan dengan tingginya kandungan BOT, dan
penurunan BOT akibat kultivasi biasanya sejalan
dengan penurunan produktivitas.
PUPUK - PEMUPUKAN
• Pupuk merupakan satu
pilihan pengelolaan yang
banyak dilakukan
• Kehilangan hara tanah
akibat panen tanaman harus
diganti
• Over-fertilization can result
in dangerous pollution
• Teknologi meningkatkan
efisiensi pupuk
PENGELOLAAN KESUBURAN
TANAH
SASARANNYA:
– Peningkatan hasil produksi
– Reduce costs/unit
production
– Improve product quality
– Avoid environmental
pollution
– Memperbaiki kesehatan
dan estetika lingkungan
TUJUAN PENGELOLAAN KESUBURAN
TANAH
• Efficient land managers: spend
<20% of production costs on
fertilizers, expect >50% increase in
yields
• Pupuk tidak menguntungkan kalau :
– Water is the most limiting factor
– Other growth hindrances – insects,
diseases, acidity, extreme cold
– Increased yield has less market value
than the cost of buying/app of
fertilizer
TUJUAN PENGELOLAAN KESUBURAN
TANAH
• Pupuk – biasanya merupakan
input produksi pertanian yang
sangat menguntungkan
• Soil fertility problems usually
the easiest to solve
• Soil nutrients typically present
in finite amounts, don’t
replenish themselves
• Crops typically contain: (in
rank of amount found in the
plant) N, K, Ca, P, Mg, S
TUJUAN PENGELOLAAN KESUBURAN
TANAH
• Pemupukan dapat
membantu menutupi biaya
produksi dengan jalan
memaksimumkan hasil
– Improved fertility =
improved yields, improved
aesthetic appeal
• Environmental concerns
abound
– Fertilizer laws viewed as lax
by some
– Farmers may be the primary
cause of non-point-source
pollution
TUJUAN PENGELOLAAN KESUBURAN
TANAH
– Bahan polutan :
• Nitrat
– Percolate through to groundwater
– Not safe to drink
– Cause “Blue-baby” syndrome –
inhibits oxygenation of blood
– Becoming common near heavily
fertilized fields, feedlots, dairies
• Fosfat
– Mencemari perairan permukaan
melalui proses runoff
– Promotes algae growth in
rivers/ponds
– Depletes available oxygen in the
water for fish
TUJUAN PENGELOLAAN KESUBURAN
TANAH
– Pemupukan secara tepat
dan bijaksana dapat
memperbaiki lingkungan:
• Crops, trees, etc. - remove
more CO2, decrease
sediment, dust, erosion
• Plays important role for
future of the planet
Diunduh dari: ...... 10/9/2012
PENGELOLAAN LAHAN
• Large- & Medium-Scale
Management
– Pengelolaan Sekala Besar
• Low levels of operational
precision, little reliance on
sophisticated technology
• May be most
feasible/profitable for some
• Simple & low-tech
• Some shy away from high tech
for other reasons
PENGELOLAAN LAHAN
• Kerugian
– Some parts of field may receive too
much/little fertilizer or pesticide
– Less than optimal yields
– Inefficient use of fertilizers &
pesticides
– Higher cost of production/unit
– Environmental pollution due to over
application
• Keuntungan
– Minimal technological training &
instrumentation needed
– Field operations can be performed w/
standard, readily available, cheaper
equipment.
PENGELOLAAN LAHAN
– Pengelolaan sekala medium
• Subdivide field into two+
management units
– Delineation may be based on:
» Soil types
» Past management differences
» Farmer’s observations
• Ex. High, medium, low N
application areas in the field
• Same equipment/technology needs
as for large-scale management
farmers
PENGELOLAAN LAHAN
Pengelolaan sekala Medium :
Memperbaiki efisiensi input
produksi usahatani
Dapat mengurangi aplikasi bahan
agrokimia yang berlebihan
May do spot treatments/
applications in a field due to field
observations
Small-Scale Management (Precision
Farming)
Global Positioning System (GPS) –
network of the world satellites , a
signal detection system used to locate
positions on the ground
Diunduh dari: ..
PENGELOLAAN LAHAN
Precision Farming
– Soil sample fields on a grid
– Data collection points no
more than a few feet apart
– Each sample site mapped
using GPS
– Custom applicators can
custom apply fertilizers at
variable rates that change
constantly as the applicator
travels the field – variable
rate application, site-specific
management, precision
farming
Diunduh dari: ...... 10/9/2012
PENGELOLAAN LAHAN
Precision Farming
– Potential to substantially
decrease fertilizer/chemical
application rates
– Potential to substantially
decrease input costs
– Does require expensive
technology, equipment &
extensive technical knowledge
Diunduh dari: ...... 10/9/2012
PENGAMBILAN CONTOH TANAH
Precision Farming
Standard method for
determining soil fertility
Use of precision farming
to minimize inputs
Accuracy of soil sample is
key!!!!
PENGAMBILAN CONTOH TANAH
Kedalaman dan Banyaknya
Sampel Tanah
– Sampling depth – 7-12” for
typical soil analysis
• Shallower depth for no-till/sod crops
– acid-layer can form at very top of
soil structure
• For accurate N analysis – 24-36”
depth
– For composite sampling – fewer #
samples decreases accuracy of
analysis
PENGAMBILAN CONTOH TANAH
Frekuenasi Sampling Tanah:
Waktu dan Lokasi
– New land, land new to you –
yearly for 1st few yrs until you
understand the soil
– Every 2-3 yrs, unless concern for
environmental problems
– Analysis – determines which
nutrients can be made available
in the soil & which will need to
be supplied
– Samples often pulled in fall to
provide enough time for
analysis/amendments
Diunduh dari: ...... 10/9/2012
PENGAMBILAN CONTOH TANAH
• Spring sampling is more
accurate, but conditions
may not be favorable, or
not sufficient time
– Sampling row crops
problematic
• Can hit a fertilizer zone
• Hard to get enough
representative samples
Diunduh dari: ...... 10/9/2012
PENGAMBILAN CONTOH TANAH
• Keseragaman area sampling
– Perbedaan karakteristik tanah
dan perlakuan masa lalu
– Memperhatikan:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Keseragaman produktivitas
Topography
Soil texture
Soil structure
Drainage
Depth/color topsoil
Past management
Diunduh dari: ...... 10/9/2012
UJI TANAH = Soil Tests
HUKUM MINIMUM
Law of the Minimum: growth of the
plant is limited most by the
essential plant nutrient present in
the least relative amount (firstlimiting)
• Evaluasi kemasaman tanah
– pH diukur dnegan elektroda dan
larutan
– Kebutuhan kapur – amount of lime
required to achieve desired pH
• Reported as buffer pH
UJI TANAH = Soil Tests
• UJI TANAH untuk
NITROEGEN
– Tidak ada uji yang baik untuk
N-tersedia dalam tanah
– Most states provide N
recommendations based on yrs
of field plots trials on various
crops, soils, management,
fertilizers
– Rekomendasi N harus
memperhatikan:
– Tanaman sebelumnya
•
•
•
•
Estimates N carryover
N needed to decompose residues
Proyeksi/ sasaran hasil
Iklim
UJI TANAH = Soil Tests
– Uji N-tanah di laboratorium
sangat akurat, tetapi sulit
interpretasinya
• Some will discourage N
testing
– Perilaku reaksi N dalam
tanah “unpredictable “–
sehingga analisis
laboratorium tidak sahih
• Pencucian N
• Denitrifikasi
• Mineralisasi N-organik
• Pengaruh Iklim
Diunduh dari: ...... 10/9/2012
UJI TANAH = Soil Tests
Rekomendasi pemupukan N
– Rekomendasi N berdasarkan
pada sasaran hasil, bukan
berdasar pada cadangan N
dalam tanah
– Corn Rule – ……. kg N/ha
of yield goal
• How much N should be
recommended for corn
following corn, expected
yield 2.5 ton/ha?
• How much N should be
recommended for corn
following soybeans, expected
yield 5 ton/ha?
Diunduh dari: ...... 10/9/2012
UJI TANAH = Soil Tests
• UJI TANAH untuk P dan K
– Widely used to predict probability of
crop response to fertilization
– Survei Tanah:
• 47% soil tested medium to low for P
• 43% soil tested medium to low for K
• P & K soil levels declining in many
states
– Uji Tanah untuk P
• Quite reliable – soil P is very stable
from yr to yr
• Kebanyakan P dalam tanah tidak
tersedia bagi tanaman
• Uji tanah mengekstraks dan mengukur
apa yang sebenarnya tersedia
Diunduh dari: ...... 10/9/2012
UJI TANAH = Soil Tests
UJI TANAH untuk K
• Uji tanah untuk K-tukar dan K-larut
• Perdebatan prosedur uji tanah,
mana yang paling akurat:
– Some estimate upper threshold
needs ~159-246 #/ac (above
which no response to K
fertilizer)
– Others - 335 #/ac on clay soils
(calculated based on soil CEC
– higher CEC = decreased
available K)
– Some experimentation w/ soil probes
checking K, NO3, PO4, SO4
UJI TANAH = Soil Tests
• Uji Tanah untuk Ca dan Mg
– Related to need for lime
– Well-limed soils rarely Ca & Mg
deficient
– Mg deficiency more common than Ca
• Coarse-textured or acidic soils
• Many yrs using non-Mg containing lime
– Uji tanah untuk Mg :
• Mg-tyukar dalam tanah
• % kejenuhan Mg pada koloid tanah
• Nisbah K:Mg
UJI TANAH = Soil Tests
• Uji Tanah untuk S dan B
– S testing inaccurate – acts
much like N
• Can test – but must take
variability into account
– Rekomendasi kandungan
Boron
• <1.0 ppm – deficient for
plant growth
• 1-5.0 ppm – adequate
• >5.0 ppm – excess/toxicity
risks
UJI TANAH = Soil Tests
UJI TANAH untuk UNSUR
MIKRO
– Difficult to develop accurate
tests due to relatively
infrequent need for field
supplementation
– Can be done, if requested for
a specific need
– Adds expense to soil analysis
UJI TANAH = Soil Tests
Bagaimana Uji Tanah yang Baik?
– Analyses recalibrated regularly
based on field trial studies
– Validity of analysis related
directly to accuracy of sample,
information provided to the lab.
– Soil analyses generally very valid
for: P, K, soluble salts, pH, lime
• Other tests should only be used
on as-needed basis
– Extra cost
– Less accurate
ANALISIS TANAMAN
Evaluasi Ketersediaan hara dalam
tanah:
Analisis Tanaman vs. Uji Tanah
– Plant most accurate report on
what nutrients are actually
available
– Plant analysis leaves little to no
room for amendments to the soil
– When deficiencies are
acknowledged, yield usually
already affected
Diunduh dari: ...... 10/9/2012
ANALISIS TANAMAN
– Kapan Analisis Tanaman diperlukan?
• Treatment of an easily-corrected
deficiency
• Long-growing crops: turf, tree fruits,
forests, sugar cane
• Uji Cepat di Lapangan
– Can test for N, K status in plants
• Collect ~20 leaves for sample
– Must be random from different
locations
– Don’t select only affectedlooking leaves
• Chop/mix, squeeze sap & test
• Most effective for greenhouse/nursery
growers
– Amendments can easily be made
– High possible economic losses
ANALISIS TANAMAN
• Analisis Total Tanaman
– Done in a lab
– Should be tested by stage of
development
– Indicate part of plant
sampled & be consistent
– Dry to prevent spoilage
(confounds results)
– Wrap in paper and mail w/
complete report – complete
history, information critical
– Random sampling key
ANALISIS TANAMAN
INTERPRETASI ANALISIS TANAMAN
• Interpreting Plant Analyses
– Accurate interpretation difficult if not
all critical information provided
– Element classified as deficient if below
threshold nutrient levels
• Levels change through season, stage of
development, etc.
– Some general disagreement from
scientists on what threshold levels are
ANALISIS TANAMAN
• Kisaran Kritis Kadar
Hara (CNR)
– CNR – ranges at which
nutrients are:
•
•
•
•
•
Visually deficient
Hidden deficient
Slightly deficient
Sufficient supply
Toxic
ANALISIS TANAMAN
Gejala Defisirensi Hara
– Chlorosis – yellowish to whitish
appearance to foliage, stem
– Necrosis – dead tissue
– Causes: disease, insect damage,
salt accumulation, stress,
nutrient deficiencies
– Some visual symptoms same for
many diseases/deficiencies
ANALISIS TANAMAN
– Nutrients are relocated in the plant by
two pathways
• Xylem – water-carrying vessels
– All nutrients can pass through
• Phloem – sugar-carrying vessels
– Not all nutrients can relocate
– Mobile nutrients – travel freely
– Immobile nutrients – can’t be
moved from their location in the
plant
– Mobile nutrient deficiencies tend to
occur on older leaves – plant sacrifices
old for new tissue
ANALISIS TANAMAN
MOBILITAS HARA
– Immobile nutrient
deficiencies – symptoms
on shoot/root tips, fruits
• Can’t be treated from the
soil w/ fertilizer – plant
can’t send Ca (ex) to the
ripening fruit
– Mobile nutrients:
• N, P, K, Cl, Mg, S
– Immobile nutrients:
• Cu, Mn, Zn, Fe, Mo, S
– Very immobile nutrients:
• B, Ca
REKOMENDASI PUPUK
Berbagai laboratorium/pakar
membuat rekomendasi yang berbedabeda.
Traditional philosophies being
challenged:
P application rates
Yield-based N recommendations
Diunduh dari: ...... 10/9/2012
REKOMENDASI PUPUK
Membuat Rekomendasi
Pemupukan
– Must have sufficient plot data to
correlate yields & nutrient needs
– Once a general amount of
fertilizer is known:
• Subtract for manure application
• Subtract for residual P or N
• Add/subtract for N, P, S because of
soil organic matter levels – can
count on them supplying some
REKOMENDASI PUPUK
Laporan Uji Tanah
– Labs usually full-service
• Soil, plant, manure,
irrigation water testing
– See soil test report
Diunduh dari: ...... 10/9/2012
KUALITAS PUPUK
GRADE PUPUK – amounts of N, P,
K in a fertilizer required by law to be
listed
•Also required:
–Weight of material, manufacturer
•Optional:
–Filler composition, acidity in soil
potential
Calculating fertilizer N, P, K amounts
•10-20-10
•15-12-18
KUALITAS PUPUK
• Amounts listed as: elemental N,
phosphate, potash (not direct
indication of elemental P, K
supplied)
• Acidity & Basicity of Fertilizers
– Most affect soil acidity in some
regard
• Superphosphate,
Triplesuperphosphate, Potash –
neutral
• MAP, DAP, all N fertilizers –
acidifiers
KUALITAS PUPUK
Kelarutan dan Mobilitas dalam Tanah
– Fungsi-fungsi:
• Elemental charge
• Tendency to form insoluble
compounds
• Adsorption ability
• Soil texture
• Water movement
• Concentration of other ions
Diunduh dari: ...... 10/9/2012
KUALITAS PUPUK
– Contoh-contoh
• P may only move a few cm
– Must be place in/near root zone
• N can move w/ extent of water
movement
Diunduh dari: ...... 10/9/2012
PERHITUNGAN PUPUK
Menghitung Campuran Pupuk
Calculating Fertilizer Mixtures
– Mixing 34-0-0 ammonium nitrate
& 0-46-0 TSP to get 1 ton mixture
of 15-10-0
• How much of each do we
need?
– How about if we needed a 12-146 fertilizer for a customer?
• What might we use for each
ingredient?
• How much of each would we
need?
PERHITUNGAN PUPUK
DOSIS PUPUK
• Weights of Fertilizer to
Apply
– Planting corn expected to
yield 125 bu/ac
• How much N do we need?
• Soil analysis recommended
88#/ac phosphate
• How much ammonium
nitrate & TSP do we need?
• What is our final
application rate?
PERHITUNGAN PUPUK
DOSIS PUPUK CAIR
Calculations Involving
Liquid Fertilizers
– Use dry fertilizer
calculation if sold by
weight
– If sold by volume,
usually applied by
volume
APLIKASI PUPUK
Starter (Pop-Up) Fertilizers
Addition of fertilizer w/ the seed during
planting, dribbled in a strip near the see,
banding w/in 2” of seed
Most beneficial for P, K – some for N, but not
as necessary
Advantages:
Cold soils
Low nutrient levels in the root zone
Fast-growing plants
Disadvantages:
Slows planting
Can burn seedling, if placed too close
APLIKASI PUPUK
Broadcast Application
Aplikasi pupuk seragam pada seluruh
permukaan lahan
Ditabur di permukaan tanah atau
dibenamkan
Somewhat less efficiency of fertilizer
Especially when not incorporated
quickly
Why?
APLIKASI PUPUK
Alasan Aplikasi pupuk secara
disebar:
• Salah satu metode aplikasi
pupuk yang snagat praktis.
• Tanah-tanah yang
kesuburannya rendah
memerlukan banyak pupuk
• Easy, cheap, personal
preference
• Flexible – split applications,
ability to add after crop is
growing
APLIKASI PUPUK
Pupuk dibenamkan secara
mendalam
• Deep Banding
– Application of strips into the
soil
– Either between/side of row,
where the seed may be
planted
– Typically 4-12” depth
– Knifing in anhydrous most
common
• Gas able to dissolve in soil
water before it escapes
• Losses can be high if dry,
sandy
APLIKASI PUPUK
Deep Banding
Kerugian:
Strong equipment needed
High fuel costs
Danger of dealing w/ anhydrous
Keuntungan:
High yield response potential
Puts fertilizer where most roots are,
very efficient use
APLIKASI PUPUK
• Split Application
– Divided total fertilizer
rates delivered in 2+
applications
– Reasons to split
applications
• If large applications are
needed – increase
efficiency of nutrient use
• Soil conditions dictate –
risk for high nutrient losses
• Control vegetative growth
in early stages
APLIKASI PUPUK
SPLIT APPLICATION
– Keuntungan:
• Increased efficiency of N
utilization
• Provide a “boost” to the plant
during growth
– Kerugian:
• Extra pass through field
• Not effective for P, K because
of immobility
APLIKASI PUPUK
• Side-Dressing or Topdressing
– Side-dressing – surface or
shallow band application put
on after crop is growing
• Broadcast, surface stripped,
sprayed, knifed
– Prinsip yang harus
diperhatikan:
• Mengurangi kehilangan N
• Ditambahkan dalam larikan
untuk membantu infiltrasi air
• Tidak efektif untuk P dan K
APLIKASI PUPUK
Point Injector Application
– Penempatan pupuk P dan K ke
dalam tanah di zone perakaran
tanpa mengganggu / merusak
akar tanaman
– Used more in small plots, gardens
– Push stick, rod into soil, fill w/
fertilizer, cover
– Effective for: fruit trees, grapes,
shrubs, etc.
– Not common in field use
APLIKASI PUPUK
FERTIGATION
Aplikasi pupuk bersama dengan air
irigasi
– Dapat mengaplikaiskan sejumlah
besar hara
– Sangat efektif untuk N
• Some see 30-50% more efficient use of
N
• Cut of 50% in N rates w/ same/better
yield
– Harus hati-hati terhadap potensial
gangguan garam
APLIKASI PUPUK
FERTIGATION
– Aplikasi dapat dilakukan
pada saat kebutuhan hara
snagat tinggi
– Aplikasinya mudah dan
cepat
– Most effective on soils with
poor nutrient retention & for
mobile nutrients
Chemigation also possible.. ?
APLIKASI PUPUK
Aplikasi Daun
Foliar Application
– Daun dibasahi untuk
memaksimumkan penyerapan
hara melalui stomata dan
epidermis daun
– Feasible for: N supplementation,
pesticides, micronutrients, etc.
– Guidelines:
• Only suited for applications of
small amount (can burn plant)
• Decreased rates can be used
APLIKASI PUPUK
Aplikasi Daun
• Need wetting agent to help
the spray to distribute evenly
across surface
• Helpful when root conditions
restrict nutrient uptake
• Quick response/remedy to
deficiency (also short
residual)
• Angin harus sepoi-poi,
lembab nisbi udara >70%,
temperatur <85° F
APLIKASI PUPUK
Memupuk padi dan
tanah-tanah tergenang
lainnya
– Paddy rice – production
on water covered soils
• Water 2-6” deep
• One of very few crops that
tolerate anaerobic
conditions
– Sulit memukup karena
risiko kehilangan hara
sangat besar
EFISIENSI PUPUK
Memupuk padi dan tanah-tanah
tergenang lainnya
Sangat fokus pada peningkatan
efisiensi pemupukan
• Research
• Real-time sensors in soils
that immediately detect
nutrient deficiency
• Transgenic plants
Efisiensi Pupuk:
Fraction / percentage of added
fertilizer that is actually used by
the plant
EFISIENSI PUPUK
• Efisiensi Pupuk :
– 30-70% for N
– 5-30% for P
– 50-80% for K
• Maximum profits rarely at maximum
yields
– Last amounts of fertilizer to produce more
yield cost more than yield increase
– Management also key
• Penerapan BMP dapat meningkatkan:
– Encourage environmental protection
– Couple w/ agronomic success
– Increase economic yields, leading to
sustainable ag
EFISIENSI PUPUK
SISTEM AKAR TANAMAN
– Some plants better scavengers
than others
– Absorption greatly affected by
fertilizer distribution
– Smaller root system = shorter
growing season = >dependence
on fertilizer
– Laju pertumbuhan dan ukuran
pertumbuhan juga
mempengaruhi jumlah hara
yang dibutuhkan
EFISIENSI PUPUK
GULMA:
– Respons gulma terhadap
pupuk sangat serupa dnegan
respon tanaman
– N fertilization may increase
weed growth > crop growth
– Application method can also
affect weed growth
• Ex – broadcast fertilizer can
tend to help weeds get good
start
EFISIENSI PUPUK
INTERAKSI PUPUK - AIR
1. Ketersediaan hara tanah ditentukan
oleh kandungan lengas tanah
2. Drip fertigation may be most
efficient use of water & fertilizer
• Common in greenhouses
• Can be effective in field use
3. Sistem pertanian menggunakan
irigasi tetes
EFISIENSI PUPUK
MEMUPUK SECARA EFISIEN
Arahan Pemupukan yang Optimal:
• Avoid large additions of N or
K (50#/ac +) on sandy soils –
use split application
• Avoid broadcast applications of
urea & ammonia on
warm/moist soils – volatilizes
easily – incorporate
• Avoid N losses on poorly
drained soils by using
ammonium
• Band P
• Menggunakan pupuk “starter”
EFISIENSI PUPUK
Arahan Pemupukan yang Optimal:
• Keep N & K fertilizers out of
seedling zone to avoid burn
• Reduce leaching by avoiding
application before rain or
irrigation
• Foliar apply, if
feasible/appropriate
• Know nutrient demands of crop
• Memperbaiki pengelolaan
• Hukum Minimum
• Uji tanah
PUPUK KANDANG
Manfaat pupuk kandang:
• Daur ulang hara
• Potential to reduce
pollution
• Adds C to soil
• Improve aggregation,
infiltration, microbial
vigor
Risikonya:
• Meningkatkan gangguan gulma
• High cost of obtaining/applying
if you don’t own it
• Not as convenient as
commercial fertilizer
• Pollution anxiety
PUPUK KANDANG
• Produksi dan Recovery Hara
– Tingkat Produksi dapat
diralam dan diukur
– Ransum sangat berpengaruh
terhadap kandungan hara
dalam pupuk kandang
PUPUK KANDANG
Neraca Hara Ppk Kandang
– Generous applications of
manure no longer norm
• Some states require & enforce
strict manure management
guidelines
– Restricted application due to
soil P levels instead of N
– Pupuk kandang saja masih
belum dapat memenuhi
kebutuhan hara tanaman
• Tanaman mengambil lebih
banyak hara dari tanah
PUPUK KANDANG
Penggunaan Pupuk Kandang
– Banyak
manfaat/keuntungan
penggunaan pupuk kandang
– Produksi pupuk kandang
tidak tersebar merata di
seluruh lahan pertanian
– Biaya angkutan pupuk
kandang sangat mahal
– Too abundant in areas, not
enough land for application
PUPUK KANDANG
Penggunaan Pupuk Kandang
– Keseimbangan tiga faktor:
• Suplai hara tanaman
• Pembuangan limbah
• Perlindungan lingkungan
– Lebih fokus pada penggunaan
pupuk kandang