The Reformation
Ch. 17 Sections 3 & 4
VI. The Reformation
Causes
A.
1.
2.
3.
Renaissance emphasized secular beliefs
(printing press spread these ideas)
Northern merchants resented paying church
taxes in Rome
Critics claimed leaders were corrupt
(Popes patronized the arts, spent extravagantly on
personal pleasure, and fought wars)
Reformation (cont’d)
Martin Luther’s role
B.
1.
The 95 Thesis:
Formal statements attacking the
“pardon-merchants”
Oct 31, 1517
 Johann Tetzel; sold indulgences: a pardon
 95 Thesis posted on church door; someone copied it in
printer and ML became known all over Germany
2.
Reformation:
a movement of religious reform
Reformation (cont’d)
Luther’s Teachings
C.
1.
2.
3.
People could win salvation only by faith in
God’s gift of forgiveness (catholic church
taught faith and “good works”)
All Church teachings should be clearly
based on the bible (Pope and Church were
false authorities)
All people with faith were equal (people
didn’t need priests to interpret the bible for
them)
Reformation (cont’d)
Response to Luther
D.
1.
2.
Pope excommunicated Luther
Emperor declared Luther an outlaw and
ordered his books banned
 Luther returned to Germany and found his ideas
in practice… Lutherans: separate religious group
that followed Luther
3.
Peasant’s Revolt
 Peasants demanded end to serfdom, pillaged
monasteries, Luther objected
VII. Protestants Form
German War
A.



Some support Luther, some remained loyal to the
pope. War erupts
Protestants form: Christians who belong to nonCatholic churches
Peace of Augsburg:
religious settlement
allowing German princes
to decide religion of each
province
Protestants Form (cont’d)
England becomes
protestant
B.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Henry VIII wants son,
divorce/annulment (set
aside); Henry denied.
1529 called Reformation
Parliament: ends Pope’s
power in England
Act of Supremacy, 1534:
Henry, not pope, is head
of England and church
1559: Anglican Church
(Church of England)
formed by Elizabeth
Henry VIII timeline
1.
2.
3.
1509 Henry VIII becomes king of
England; marries Catherine of Argon
1516 daughter Mary is born
1527 Henry asks the pope to
end his first marriage; pope refuses
4.
5.
1529 Henry summons Reformation
Parliament
1531 parliament recognizes Henry as
head of Church
Henry VIII timeline (cont’d)
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
1534 Act of Supremacy
1533 Henry divorces Catherine, marries Anne
Boleyn; daughter Elizabeth is born
1536 Anne Boleyn is beheaded
1537 Henry marries Jane Seymour, son Edward
is born, Jane dies of complications
1540-1542 Henry divorces new wife Anne of
Cleves, executes his 5th wife: Catherine
Howard
Henry VIII timeline (cont’d)
11.
12.
1547 Henry dies; 6th wife Catherine Parr
outlives him; Edward VI begins 6 yr rule;
Protestants strong
1553 Mary I (bloody Mary)
begins rule and restores
the Catholic Church
13. 1558 Elizabeth I begins rule;
restores Protestant church
(Anglican Church)
Protestants Form (cont’d)
C.
Religious Turmoil
1.
Edward VI reigns;
advisors run things and
make England very
Protestant
2.
Mary I reigns; forces
England to be Catholic,
kills those who oppose
(bloody Mary)
3.
Elizabeth I reigns; returns
Protestantism; sets up
Anglican church (Church
of England)—only legal
church in England
Protestants Form (cont’d)
To Please Protestants:
 Priests allowed to
marry
 Sermons in English
(not Latin)

This brought religious
peace to England
To Please Catholics:
 Kept some trappings
of the Catholic service
like rich robes
 Services revised to be
more acceptable
Protestants Form (cont’d)
Elizabeth’s difficulties
D.
1.
2.
3.
Some protestants wanted more reform
Some Catholics want Mary Queen of Scots
to take over (she’s devout Catholic!)
England needs money and wants to form
colonies in America as new income—leads
to conflict between monarch and Parliament
VIII. Calvinism Emerges
Religion based on John Calvin’s
teachings
Calvin tweaks Luther’s ideas

A.
1.
2.
Believed that men and women sinful by
nature
Predestination: God knows beforehand
which people will be saved
(remember that Luther said humans can
earn salvation)
Calvinism Emerges (cont’d)
Calvin leads reformation in Switzerland
B.
1.
2.
Theocracy: gov’t controlled by religious
leaders (he thought this was the perfect
gov’t)
Est. Geneva, Switzerland as theocracy;
becomes example city; has very strict rules
(ie-no bright clothes or card games)
Calvinism Emerges (cont’d)
Calvinism spreads
C.
1.
1.
John Knox takes ideas to
Scotland
Presbyterians: followers of Knox
 Becomes Scotland’s official religion
 Get rid of Mary Queen of Scots, lets son James
rule
 Swiss, Dutch, and French reformers adopt
Calvinist organization and today trace roots to
Calvin
IX. Other Protestant Reforms
The Anabaptists “baptize again”
A.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Only baptized people who were old enough
to decide for themselves to be Christian
Said church and state should be separate;
refused to fight wars
Persecuted by both Catholics and
Protestants as radicals
Became Mennonites and Amish; influenced
Quakers and Baptists who split from
Anglican church
Other Protestant Reforms (cont’d)
Women’s role
B.

Played prominent roles (protected
reformers, supported men)
Splits in the Christian Church
X. Catholic Reforms
Catholic Reformation
(counter reformation)
A.


Efforts to reform and renew Catholic church
from within
Millions remained loyal to Catholicism;
reform from within
Catholic Reforms (cont’d)
B.
Jesuits Created
 Followers of Ignatius of Loyola; Society of Jesus
 3 main activities:

Founded schools

Convert non-Christians to Catholicism

Stop spread of Protestantism (worked well in
Southern Germany and Poland)
Catholic Reforms (cont’d)
Reforming Popes
C.

Council of Trent: most important reform

Meeting of Catholic leaders to rule on doctrines criticized
by the Protestant reformers





Church’s interpretation of bible final; anyone with own
interpretation was heretic
Need faith and good works for salvation
Bible and Church tradition equally powerful authorities
Indulgences were valid expressions of faith; false selling of
indulgences banned
Next pope carried out council’s decrees and made
list of dangerous books (Index of Forbidden Books)
Bishops ordered to burn these books; included
Protestant bibles
Legacy of Reformation
*Ended religious unity in Europe*
Religious and Social
Effects
 Protestant churches
flourished
 Catholic church more
unified (Council of
Trent)
 Led to schools and
colleges
Political Effects
 Monarchs gained
power
 Laid groundwork for
Enlightenment