Kingdom Fungi!
Fungi
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(Fun-guy)
More than 100 000 described species
Estimated 1.5 million fungi species
Some of the most important organisms
Both beneficial and harmful to humans
Nonphotosynthetic, absorb nutrients for other
organisms
Royse, Daniel J.. "Fungi." Encyclopedia of Food and Culture. 2003. Retrieved March 02, 2013 from
Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3403400278.html
Cell Structure
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Fungi have Eukaryotic cells
Most fungi’s are multicellular
The cell wall is composed of chitin
The cells have no chloroplast (no
photosynthesis)
Dulson, J., Fraser, D., LeDrew, B., Vavitsas, A. (2011). Biology 11. Toronto: Nelson Education Ltd.
Common Characteristics
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All fungi are heterotrophic
Most fungi are terrestrial
Reproduce both sexually and asexually
All reproduce through mitosis
Dulson, J., Fraser, D., LeDrew, B., Vavitsas, A. (2011). Biology 11. Toronto: Nelson Education Ltd.
Reproducing Sexually
• Requires two parents causing genetic variation
• Increased survival, better adapting to
environment
Reproducing Asexually
• Offspring arise from single parent
• Offspring is identical to parent
• Reproduces very quickly
Gregory, M. What is Life?. Retrieved March 2nd 2013, from:
http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20101/Bio%20101%20Lectures/Lif
e/life.htm#Sexual%20Reproduction
How They Get Their Nutrients
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Fungi get nutrients through absorption
Absorption is unique to fungi in Eukaryotes
Fungi don’t have to find food
Must live in their food
Nutrients are transported through cell wall
Digest food before they eat
Wong, G. (2011). Fungal Diversity (Continued). Retrieved March 2nd, 2013, from:
http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/wong/BOT135/Lect03_b.htm
Honey Fungus (Armillaria mellea)
(Arm-ill-air-ee-ah mah-lay-ah)
Taxon
Kingdom: Fungi
Phylum: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Physalacriaceae
Genus: Armillaria
Species: Mellea
(Armillaria mellea)
Kuo, M (2005, February)
A Brief Introduction
• The Honey mushroom is a
medium sized mushroom,
1-4 inches in diameter.
• They can range from brown
to yellow in colour.
• They are found on wooden
surfaces, and can be found
mainly in the united states’
forested areas, with few
exceptions in southern
Canada (Quebec mainly).
• They grow late in the
summer around august.
(Tom Volk, 1997)
Some Fun Facts on this Fungi
• The Honey Mushroom is
bioluminescent and causes the
phenomena known as
“foxfire” (a glow in a wooded
area at night).
• This species is parasitic, it eats
away at any tree it can grow
on.
• One patch of Honey Fungus
covers 2,400 acres in Oregon
(mainly underground), and is
approximately 2,200 years old.
Hotson, H.H (1940)
How Do They Work?
• The Honey Mushroom is
parasitic.
• It grows on its source of
food.
• It sends out rhizomorphs,
which are black, branchlike tendrils that leech
nutrients from its host
tree(s)
RogersMushrooms (2000)
Is it Dangerous?
The Honey mushroom
itself is not dangerous,
but it has a few lookalikes that can be quite
deadly (such as the
Galerina marginata).
This is why proper
species identification is
so important.
(2008-2013) Mushroom
Appreciation
Uses
• Eating!
• They have a very sweet
and somewhat bitter
taste.
• They are often parboiled
(half cooked in boiling
water) to remove
stomach irritants, then
cooked and served with
soups, pastas, and
stuffing.
(2008 - 2013 Mushroom
Appreciation )
References
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Hotson, H.H. (1940). The Genus Armillaria in Western Washington. Mycologia
32(6): 776-790
Kuo, M. (2005, February). The genus Armillaria: Honey mushrooms. Retrieved from
the MushroomExpert.Com Web site:
http://www.mushroomexpert.com/armillaria.html
Rogers Mushrooms (2000, August) Web site:
http://www.rogersmushrooms.com/gallery/DisplayBlock~bid~5569.asp
Volk, T. (2003, March). http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/
2008 - 2013 Mushroom Appreciation http://www.mushroom-appreciation.com
-Luc Thistle-
Fungi Kingdom
Yeast
Adrian Pelleboer
March/2013
Biology
3U
Brewers Yeast
(Saccharomyces. Cerevisiae)
http://www.altmd
.com/Articles/Bre
werx0027s-Yeast-Encyclopedia-ofAlternative-Me
Taxonomy
Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Fungi
Phylum: Ascomycota
Class: Sordariomycetes
Order: Hypocreales
Family: Clavicipitaceae
Genus: Claviceps
Species: Claviceps purpurea
http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2011/9/14/1316029994927/Brewers-yeast-007.jpg
Introduction
• It is a single celled organism
• Used to make beer
• Rich source of minerals; chromium, protein,
selenium, and B-complex vitamins
• Can be grown to make nutritional supplements
• Easily confused, but should be confused with
baker's yeast, nutritional yeast, or torula yeast
• It grow past 40µm in size
• Scientist found the exact strain of brewers
yeast in a bakery in the ruins of Ancient Egypt
that dated back 5,000 years
• Available forms in flakes, pills, grown, dried,
liquid forms fresh, powder, and many other
options as well
• In 1978 brewers yeast was the first eukaryotic
organism to have its DNA transformed
• It can also be
used for animals
as well such as
dogs and
cats
http://honestcooking.com/2012/07/10/bakers-yeast-demystified/
http://www.best-dog-treat-recipes.com/brewers-yeast.html
How it is works for fermenting
alcohol
8 Common Steps
1.
2.
Hot Water Tank
Malt
3.
Hops
Mash Turn
4.
Copper
Hopback
5.
6.
Bottling
Heat
7.
Exchanger
Add yeast
to
fermenter
8.
Cask or Keg
Malting: when barely grain is made ready for
brewing.
Mashing: Mixes grains together and converts
starch released during malting stage into sugar
that can be fermented.
Lautering: is the separation of liquid sugar
extracted during mashing from the grains.
Boiling: is where chemical and technical
reactions take place.
Fermenting: is the chemical conversion of
sugars into ethanol.
Conditioning: is when the beer is aged/matured
Filtering: the beer stabilizes the flavour, and
gives beer its polished shine and brilliance.
Packaging: putting the beer into containers to
leave the factory.
http://avandia-sideeffects.com/wpcontent/uploads/2012/06/sideggects.jpg
Side effects
• It can cause head
aches
• Stomach discomfort
• Diarrhea
• Gas and/or bloating
• Many people are
allergic to it
• Causes lower blood
presser
Advantages
•Prevent colds and flu's
•Can make beer, wines,
and ciders from it
•Prevents shedding on
many animals
•High in vitamins; protein
and vitamin B’s
•Help improve ache
•Causes lower blood
presser
http://crowdfundingbank.com/advantages-of-crowdfunding/
Vitamins/Minerals in Brewer’s Yeast
http://www
.jamiesonvit
amins.com/
files/5746EN.gif
• B vitamins
-usually come in pill
form
• Protein
-Powders, Pills
and drinks
http://ww
w.vitamin
shoppe.co
m/store/e
n/browse/
sku_detail
.jsp?id=TL1241#.US7
BnaIslS8
• Chromium(mineral)
-Solid form, found of periodic table
-help bodies blood sugar levels
• Selenium(mineral)
-Solid form, found on periodic table
http://takin
gthehelmof
yourownev
olution.blog
spot.ca/201
2/04/whyill-neveruse-wheyproteinpowder.htm
l
http:/
/ww
w.the
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/prot
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http://
periodi
ctable.
com/El
ements
/024/in
dex.ht
ml
http://
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ctable.
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ements
/034/in
dex.ht
ml
Atomic
51.9961
Weight
Density 7.14 g/cm3
Melting Point 1907 °C
Boiling Point 2671 °C
Atomic Weight 78.96
Density 4.819 g/cm3
Melting Point 221 °C
Boiling Point 685 °C
Bibliography

University of Maryland Medical Center .(2011)
http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/brewers-yeast-000288.htm
Demand Media, Inc. (2013)
http://www.livestrong.com/article/338956-the-difference-between-brewers-yeast-baking-yeast/
Timokhi.I (2009)
http://periodictable.com/Elements/034/index.html
VandenLangenberg.B (2012)
http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2012/vandenla_beth/facts.htm
Miedema.K (2011)
http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/2011/miedema_kait/classification.htm
Wikipedia. (2013)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewing#Boiling
Blusher
Amanita rubescens
By: tyler foran
Description
The blusher, scientifically known as Amanita
rubescens is a common mushroom that is spread
across Europe and eastern North America (M.
Kuo 2012). it has a brownish-yellowish cap
spreading from 5-20cm in diameter with a white
bottom and a white stem. The stem can grow
anywhere from 7-15 cm in length and 1-2 cm in
width. (G. Kibby 2003)
Uses
Besides the Fact that the Blusher is
edible while cooked it has no significant
uses due to its size and high level of
toxicity while raw. (M. kuo 2012)
Taxonomy
Kingdom: Fungi
Division:Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Amanitaceae
Genus: Amanita
Species: A. rubescens
Facts
• The blusher contains a hemolytic toxin in its
raw state (M. Kuo 2003)
• The blusher mushrooms in some cases would
grow together and form a ring which brought
arise to some folk legends in countries a
couple being England and Scotland (G.
Micalhargy 2011)
• This species was named and described by
Christiaan Hendrik Persoon in 1797.
Bibliography
• by Michael Kuo, MushroomExpert.Com,
March 2003.
http://www.mushroomexpert.com/amanita_r
ubescens.html
• by Geoffrey Kibby, www.first-nature.com,
2012 http://www.firstnature.com/fungi/amanita-rubescens.php
• eol.org,2012
http://eol.org/pages/2865532/details
Polyporus squamosus
(paul-e-poor-us, squa-mo-sis)
John Dawson (photographer). Overlapping clusters of Dryad’s saddle, Retrieved
March 2nd, 2013, from:
http://www.messiah.edu/Oakes/fungi_on_wood/poroid%20fungi/species%20pages/
Polyporus%20squamosus.htm
Basic Information
• Species name - Polyporus squamosus
• Common names – Dryad’s saddle, Pheasant’s-back
polypore
• Kingdom: fungi
• Phylum: Basidiomycota
• Class: Agaricomycetes
• Order: Polyporales
• Family: Polyporaceae
• Genus: Polyporus
Emberger, G. (2008). Polyporus squamosus. Retrieved March 2nd, 2013, from:
http://www.messiah.edu/Oakes/fungi_on_wood/poroid%20fungi/species%20pages/Polyporus%20squamosus.
htm
When and Where it Grows
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Grows most often April and May
April through November
Lower portion of dead tree trunks
Most commonly seen on elm trees
Wide spread across Eastern North America
Circles around initial mushroom
Volk, T. (2001). Tom Volk’s Fungus of the Month for May 2001. Retrieved March 3rd, 2013, from:
http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/may2001.html
Nutrient Intake
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Releases chemicals to digest
Breaks down to soluble molecules
Dissolves nutrients through cell wall
Saprophyte (sap-row-fight)
Nutrients from dead organic matter
Carter, J. (1997). Fungi. Retrieved March 3rd 2013, from: http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio106/fungi.htm
Characteristics of Polyporus
squamosus
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Has a white, cream colour scheme
Smells like watermelon rinds
Edible, good if correctly prepared
Approximately 5-30cm wide x 1-4cm thick
Spores are white, 10-16mm x 4-6mm
Kuo, M. (2004, November). Polyporus squamosus. Retrieved March 3rd, 2013, from:
http://www.mushroomexpert.com/polyporus_squamosus.html
Reproduction
• Polyporus squamosus reproduces sexual and
asexual
• Most often asexual
• Multiply very quickly in bunches
• Sexual can occur, takes longer
Gregory, M. What is Life?. Retrieved March 2nd 2013, from:
http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20101/Bio%20101%2
0Lectures/Life/life.htm#Sexual%20Reproduction
Jared’s References
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Royse, Daniel J.. "Fungi." Encyclopedia of Food and Culture. 2003. Retrieved March 02, 2013 from
Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3403400278.html
Dulson, J., Fraser, D., LeDrew, B., Vavitsas, A. (2011). Biology 11. Toronto: Nelson Education Ltd.
Gregory, M. What is Life?. Retrieved March 2nd 2013, from:
http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20101/Bio%20101%20Lecture
s/Life/life.htm#Sexual%20Reproduction
Wong, G. (2011). Fungal Diversity (Continued). Retrieved March 2nd, 2013, from:
http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/wong/BOT135/Lect03_b.htm
John Dawson (photographer). Overlapping clusters of Dryad’s saddle, Retrieved March 2nd, 2013,
from:
http://www.messiah.edu/Oakes/fungi_on_wood/poroid%20fungi/species%20pages/Polyporus%20
squamosus.htm
Emberger, G. (2008). Polyporus squamosus. Retrieved March 2nd, 2013, from:
http://www.messiah.edu/Oakes/fungi_on_wood/poroid%20fungi/species%20pages/Polyporus%20
squamosus.htm
Volk, T. (2001). Tom Volk’s Fungus of the Month for May 2001. Retrieved March 3rd, 2013, from:
http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/may2001.html
Carter, J. (1997). Fungi. Retrieved March 3rd 2013, from:
http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio106/fungi.htm
Kuo, M. (2004, November). Polyporus squamosus. Retrieved March 3rd, 2013, from:
http://www.mushroomexpert.com/polyporus_squamosus.html
Gregory, M. What is Life?. Retrieved March 2nd 2013, from:
http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20101/Bio%20101%20Lecture
s/Life/life.htm#Sexual%20Reproduction