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Bourbon and Pombaline reforms in Spain and Portugal
Peninsulares held most of the power over majority people
Church power became limited
Increase in taxes
2 new viceroyalties established: New Granada (Bogota) and La Plata
(Buenos Aires)
Colonies were limited in manufacturing
Colonial militias divided among race lines
Napoleon eventually takes Spain and colonists don’t recognize his leadership and proclaim to be autonomous
American and French Revolutions
Castas system

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French Revolution was catalyst for change
gens de coleur (free nonwhites) & French
Assembly vs. Whites
Slave rebellions, abolishment in 1793

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Touissant L’Ouverture defeated French, but then fought the British until 1798
Civil War now: Petit blacks vs. gens de coleur
Touissant recognized by new
French government as
Governor-General, 1801
1802 Napoleon’s French troops sent to St. Domingue
Touissant attempted negotiations, but arrested and sent to Alps where he died

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By 1803, Napoleon evacuated French troops
January 1, 1804 Republic of Haiti proclaimed, most whites left
Jean-Jacques Dessalines crown himself Emperor
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gens de coleur in power while petit blancs back to fields
All whites were massacred in Haiti
 Assassinated in 1806
Haitian society kept social classes and gens de coleur replaced whites as top group!

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2004 French and US backed coup ousted elected president
-France sent troops on the ground
2006 New elections and in 2008 Parliament overthrew the president, causing riots and long period without a gov’t.
In 2006, Haiti was ranked 1 st by Corruptions Perceptions Index
Port Au Prince was named “most dangerous place on Earth” by the
UN
Government is semi-presidential where president and PM work together and are responsible to Parliament
2010 first elections, still questionable, but Michel Martelly and
Laurent Lamothe lead

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325,000 living in tents unemployment at 70% cholera outbreak=470,000 cases,
6631 deaths, worst cholera outbreak in modern history improved water and sanitation needed, the US has spent over $75 million for this
Do we need to have a collection drive? Send it to the Red Cross?

 Father Hidalgo began revolution on
September 16, 1810 *now
Mexico’s independence day!
-wanted to address hunger, poverty and taxes
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His call to arms led to 80,000 people chaotically fighting, Spain was able to capture and execute him in 1811
Father Morelos continued the fight and drafted the Constitutional Decree
for the Liberty of Mexico which established an independent republic. Executed 1814.

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Became a prolonged war of attrition
Peninsulares, creoles, church leaders and military leaders decided to take action and
Augustin Iturbide led movement which defeated royalists
 Created Plan de Iguala
-independence from Spain
-supremacy of Catholic
Church
-Equality for peninsulares and creoles
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Treaty of Cordoba recognized independent Mexico
Iturbide became emperor and social order stayed (prelude to civil war later on!)

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Independence claimed in 1806 by Francisco de Miranda
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Creoles established independent
Republic of Venezuela 1811
-power based on property
-eliminate slave trade, but not slavery (non-whites NOT included)
 Became a civil war
Spanish officer, Jose Boves led mixed race army and took
Caracas that ended republic and began reign of terror
Spain sent troops and retook
Caracas 1815

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Reinforced cause of liberation and unity and welcomed all
Continued fighting against Spanish royalists and any army coup weakened
Spain to negotiation
Venezuela became part of Gran Colombia-Venezuela, Ecuador, Colombia and Panama!
-1830 Ecuador and Venezuela will secede and be ind.
Bolivar established dictatorship because he feared non-white majority.
-attempted to enforce legal equality
-rewarded military leaders with land where they had local dominance
-but the class system and racial issues remained, much to his dismay
1828 an assassination attempt nearly killed him and by 1830 he died from
TB and exhaustion
Video clip!

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Martin had a different way of viewing independence from Bolivar; but both knew it was a continental cause
Martin’s army along with Chilean army under O’Higgins met Spanish army at Battle of Chacabucho
(outside of Santiago) in 1817
Martin divided his army in two and surrounded Spanish
-500 Spanish were killed, 12
Patriots killed
 In 1818 a battle at Maipu settled
Chilean control with independence
 How was this battle different from previous ones?

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Napoleon’s war was the catalyst for change
 Portugal installed several similar reforms like Spain
-limited manufacturing, only trade with mother country, slavery
 Napoleon and Portugal’s monarchy
-Prince Dom Joao fled and remade Rio as capital
-many trade restrictions and manufacturing restrictions lifted
-Brazil was made equal to Portugal (NOT a colony)
After Napoleon’s defeat, Portuguese wanted their king back who refused to return until 1821

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Prince Dom Pedro was left in charge of Brazil
Portuguese attempted to reestablish Brazil as a colony
Dom Pedro remained, declared Brazil independent on September 7, 1822 and named himself emperor
-May 1823 he established an assembly with liberal gov’t

 Impact of the assembly? Pedro dissolved it as it limited his power and wrote new Constitution in1824
-bicameral legislature: lower house indirectly elected by men; upper house selected by emperor for life terms
-emperor held right to dissolve legislature
-emperor held right to appoint cabinet and dismiss people at will
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-Catholicism became state religion and he was head of church
1889 Monarchy ended
 What about this independence movement is different?