Subject/Course Title: Biology
Unit Title/Skill Set: 5. DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis--10 Days
Overview: This unit examines the role of nucleic acids and cellular organelles in
the production of proteins and the resultant expression of phenotype.
Unit Essential Question(s): How do organisms use DNA and RNA to make
proteins? What factors affect gene expression?
Unit Competencies—What students need to be able to do (skills) as Do Now’s.
2. Explain the structural relationships between DNA, genes, and chromosomes.
4. Describe how DNA replication results in the transmission and/or conservation of the genetic
information.
8. Describe the role of the nucleus, ribosomes, ER, and Golgi apparatus in the production and processing
of proteins.
9. Describe how genetic mutations alter DNA sequence and may or may not affect phenotype.
10. Explain the unified process of protein synthesis.
Unit Concepts—What students need to know as Guided Reading
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Structure of DNA
o Components of a nucleotide
o Base-pair rule (Chargaff’s Rule)
Structure of eukaryotic chromosomes
Semi-conservative/DNA replication process
Similarities and differences between DNA and RNA
Types of RNA
Transcription uses DNA to make RNA
Translation uses RNA to make a protein
Role of ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus in assembling, transporting, packaging
and modifying different proteins
Phenotype as a function of gene expression (DNA to protein to phenotype)
Different types of gene mutations
Possible effect of mutation (change in the DNA sequence) on phenotype
Environmental influences on phenotype
NUCLEIC ACIDS: DNA, RNA, and PROTEIN SYNTHESIS SYLLABUS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Every reading assignment is expected to be completed BEFORE you come to class. Confused about the
reading? Prepare questions to ask in class AS YOU READ.
Be a Scout and Be Prepared…Reading quizzes may be given at ANY time.
Homework is due ON THE DUE DATE (Sectionals—Turn in on the due date…Field trips and
illnesses—turn in on your first day back.).
Do Now’s are to be completed in class and turned in THAT BLOCK. (Absent??—Turn in first day
back. Questions on the reading that goes with the Do Now??—Turn in written question specifying
what you don’t understand. Be specific. Don’t say, “I don’t get it”.)
Vocabulary understanding is necessary. Attend to the words at the beginning of each chapter, or words
that you encounter that are new to you.
6. **In order for you to participate in structured activities and labs, you must have
your Guided Reading up-to-date as well as your vocabulary.
7.
Labs are to be read beforehand.
DAY
LESSON
Structural relationship between DNA, genes, and
1
chromosomes
DNA history, components, function slides
Nucleotide cha-cha
Vocabulary/Reading
Vocabulary/Reading
2
Pre-Activity: Chutes and Ladders—background
questions
Activity: Chutes and Ladders
DNA replication
3
W’s of replication slides
Vocabulary/Reading
Vocabulary/Reading
4
Pre-Activity: Replication Rock, Paper,
Scissors—background questions
Activity: Rock, Paper, Scissors
DNA transcription
5
W’s of transcription slides
Reading the AA Table
Vocabulary/Reading
Vocabulary/Reading
6
Pre-Activity: Transcription Jeopardy—background
questions
Activity: Transcription Jeopardy
DNA translation to proteins
7
W’s of translation and proteins, ER, Golgi
Vocabulary/Reading
Worksheet-Genetic Code
Vocabulary/Reading
8
Pre-Activity: Translation Penny Toss—background
questions
Activity: Translation Penny Toss
Lab—The Stellar Thread
Vocabulary/Reading
9
/ DUE
Vocab: 8 Words
Read: 9.2, 9.3 and
Slides
Vocab: 8 Words
Read: 212-18 and
Slides
Vocab: 8 Words
Vocab: 8 Words
Read: 219-220 and
Slides
10
Genetic mutations and phenotypic expression
W’s of mistakes in copying, translation slides
Random Acts of Mutation activity
Lab—Mutations
Exploring: Animation websites
Unified theory of protein synthesis-Putting it all
together
USA Test Prep
Pre-lab: Protein Synthesis Model—background
questions
Lab—Protein Synthesis Model--CHNOPS
11
Test sometime, probably Day 3 of the next unit.
DUE: Protein
Synthesis CHNOPS
Lab, Slides
Animation resources: You may also locate these on
the server in my distribution box under Nucleic
Acids
http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_
place/labbench/index.html
http://www.wwnorton.com/college/biology/discover
bio4/_core/ch/08/animations.aspx
http://www.bozemanscience.com/
Interactive site
http://www.dnai.org/
Vocabulary
DUE: Vocabulary
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You must have at least 4 categories of words. (HINT: The category relates to
where a reaction occurs, or what is produced.)
Fold a piece of paper into four squares. This is your game board.
Write the category in the upper right-hand corner of each square on the board.
Each category of words is on a different color of paper (I’ll distribute paper).
The definition on one side, the word on the other.
adenine
amino acids
anticodon
Chargaff’s Rule
chromosomes
codon
complimentary strand
cytosine
deletion
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
deoxyribose
DNA replication
double helix
endoplasmic reticulum
enzymes
frameshift mutation
gene mutation
genes
Golgi apparatus
guanine
hydrogen bond
insertion
missense
nonsense
nucleotide
nucleus
parent strand
phenotype
phosphate group
point mutation
polypeptides
proteins
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
ribosomes
semi-conservative model
silent
thymine
transcription
translation
triplet
uracil
DNA Chutes and Ladders Questions
Name ______________________
1. Name three scientists responsible for discovering the structure of DNA.
2. What are the three components of a nucleotide?
3. What two components of a nucleotide never change?
4. What component of a nucleotide changes?
5. What are the four DNA bases and how do they pair?
6. Wilkins and Franklin are known for…
7. Watson and Crick are known for…
8. Explain the significance of the physical structure of each DNA base.
9. How can every living thing share the same four bases in their DNA and still have
so much variety?
10. What is the result of a single error in DNA bases?
REPLICATION ROCK/PAPER/SCISSORS QUESTIONS
Name _____________________
1. What is the process called whereby a new copy of DNA is made?
2. What is the reason that DNA makes a copy of itself?
3. The ending, ‘ase’ refers to any molecule (usually an enzyme) that breaks bonds.
What do you think DNA helicase does?
4. The resulting DNA strand from replication is an exact ___ of the original strand.
5. An important function of DNA polymerase is to check the new strand for ____.
6. What kind of bonds are formed between the bases?
7. A gene is a series of bases that code for a single ______?
8. What are replication forks?
9. Explain what a complementary base pair is. Give an example.
10. A virus that invades bacteria and makes the bacteria produce more viruses are
called…
TRANSCRIPTION JEOPARDY GAME QUESTIONS
NAME _______________________
1. The process of transcription copies the DNA code onto…
2. Three differences between DNA and mRNA are…
3. Thymine in DNA is replaced by ___ in mRNA.
4. DNA is found ONLY in the nucleus, but mRNA is made in the nucleus and then
goes to the…
5. In the first step of transcription, DNA unwinds, the Hydrogen bonds between
bases break and the DNA separates. Then…
6. What are the base pairings in mRNA?
7. RNA polymerase does what in transcription?
8. Explain how a template works in transcription.
9. How are prokaryotes different from eukaryotes during transcription?
10. What is the function of mRNA?
Penny Toss Translation
Name_________________
1. A codon is to mRNA as a ______ is to tRNA.
2. Ribosomes function as an ________________________ for proteins.
3. The role of the ER is to _________________________________.
4. Golgi apparatus functions in _________________, __________________,
_____________________, and ________________different proteins.
5. The ‘essential’ building blocks of proteins are ___________________, and
come from the _____________that you eat.
6. ______________help to form peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids.
7. After the long chain of aa’s are formed, the chain ____________________ and
____________________which will determine its function.
8. The genetic code for making proteins is described as being nearly ___________
as all living things use the same series of ___________ in groups of three known
as a ____________.
9. In order for a ribosome to begin making a protein, ___________must be present
in the codon.
10. In order for a ribosome to stop making a protein, a ‘stop’ codon is needed. What
disease may occur if there is a missing stop?
LAB – Creating CHNOPS!
Introduction
Name_____________________________
Genes determine inherited characteristics, such as hair color and blood types. Genes are
composed of short segments of DNA, which “code” for the synthesis of specific
_______________. The sequence of nucleotides in DNA determines the sequence of
_______________ __________ in a protein, and thus the structure of a protein.
In the process of transcription, which takes place in the _______________ of a cell,
messenger RNA (mRNA) reads and copies the DNA’s nucleotide sequences in the form
of a complementary RNA molecule. Then the mRNA carries this information to the
_______________ of a cell, where protein synthesis takes place. The code, in DNA or
mRNA, specifies the order in which the amino acids are joined together to form a protein.
However, the mRNA is NOT directly recognized by amino acids. Another type of RNA
called transfer RNA, or _______________, brings the mRNA and amino acids together at
the ribosome (rRNA). As the code carried by the mRNA is “read” or “translated” at a
ribosome, the proper tRNAs arrive and add the _______________ __________ they
carry to the growing polypeptide chain. This process is called translation.
In this assignment, you will simulate the mechanism of protein synthesis and determine
the traits inherited by fictitious organisms called CHNOPS! The cells of a CHNOPS
organism only contain one chromosome with seven genes (Gene A through Gene G),
each of which is responsible for a certain trait.
Procedure
On the next page you will see the complete DNA sequence for a certain CHNOPS
individual. There are six specific genes found within this individual’s genome. Please do
the following for each gene found on the CHNOPS’s chromosome.
1.
Transcribe the information into the correct mRNA sequence. When given a
complete DNA sequence, the specific strand that is transcribed is the strand
that is said to run in the 3’ to 5’ direction. Make sure you know which strand
on the DNA sequence – top or bottom – is the strand that runs in this
direction! Write the correct mRNA sequence in the appropriate box.
2.
Translate this mRNA sequence into the appropriate amino acid (AA)
sequence using the mRNA genetic code. Use the following irregular
abbreviations for the four selected amino acids below. Write this information
in the appropriate box.
Asparagine (asn) Glutamine (gln) Isoleucine (ile)
Tryptophan (trp)
3.
Using Data Table 1, identify what trait the CHNOPS organism has based
upon the amino acid sequence. Fill in this information in the correct box.
Activity Analysis
1.
Draw your CHNOPS organism, complete with the 7 traits that you discovered
are coded for in his/her genes.
2.
You are a molecular biologist and have discovered a new protein in the
CHNOPS organism. You are able to analyze the protein and determine the
amino acid sequence. Then what would you have to do to determine the
particular DNA sequence that coded for this protein?
3.
Complete the following table in your lab notebook to show how the processes
of translation and transcription differ.
Transcription
Translation
Location in cell?
Molecules involved?
Products?
4.
Create TWO NEW additional traits for your CHNOPS. Make sure that your
amino acids, RNAs and DNA have not already been described as different
amino acids/traits in the tables on the other page! For each trait…
a.
What is the new trait? (i.e. eye color, height, etc…)
b.
Create an amino acid sequence with at least four amino acids that
would make up this protein.
c.
What is the mRNA sequence?
d.
What is the DNA sequence?
NAME __________________________________
Mutations Worksheet
(staff.fcps.net/einman/biology/MutationsWS.doc)
Deletion, Insertion & Substitution
There are several types of mutation:
 DELETION (a base is lost/deleted)
 INSERTION (an extra base is added/inserted)
--- Deletion & insertion may cause what’s called a FRAMESHIFT mutation,
meaning the reading “frame"
changes, thus changing the amino acid sequence
from this point forward
 SUBSTITUTION (one base is substituted for another)
--- If a substitution changes the amino acid, it’s called a MISSENSE
mutation
--- If a substitution does not change the amino acid, it’s called a SILENT
mutation
--- If a substitution changes the amino acid to a “stop,” it’s called a
NONSENSE mutation
Complete the boxes below. Classify each as Deletion, Insertion or Substitution
AND as either
frameshift, missense, silent or nonsense (Hint: Deletion & Insertion will always be
frameshift).
Original DNA Sequence:
T A C A C C T T G G C G A C G A C T…
mRNA Sequence:
Amino Acid Sequence:
Mutated DNA Sequence #1
T A C A T C T T G G C G A C G A C T…
What’s the mRNA sequence?
he chan
What will be the amino acid sequence?
Will there likely be effects?
What type of mutation is this? ________________________________
Mutated DNA Sequence #2
T A C G A C C T T G G C G A C G A C T…
What’s the mRNA sequence?
What will be the amino acid sequence?
Will there likely be effects?
What type of mutation is this? ________________________________
chan
Mutated DNA Sequence #3
T A C A C C T T A G C G A C G A C T…
What’s the mRNA sequence?
chan
What will be the amino acid sequence?
Will there likely be effects?
What type of mutation is this? ________________________________
Mutated DNA Sequence #4
T A C A C C T T G G C G A C T A C T…
What’s the mRNA sequence?
chan
What will be the amino acid sequence?
Will there likely be effects?
What type of mutation is this? _________________________________
Original DNA Sequence:
T A C A C C T T G G C G A C G A C T…
mRNA Sequence:
Amino Acid Sequence:
Mutated DNA Sequence #5
T A C A C C T T G G G A C G A C T…
What’s the mRNA sequence?
What will be the amino acid sequence?
Will there likely be effects?
What type of mutation is this? _________________________________
1. Which type of mutation is responsible for new variations of a trait?
2. Which type of mutation does not result in an abnormal amino acid sequence?
3. Which type of mutation stops the translation of an mRNA molecule?
chan
Sickle Cell Anemia
Sickle cell anemia is the result of a type of mutation in the gene that codes for
part of the hemoglobin molecule. Recall that hemoglobin carries oxygen in your red
bloods cells. The mutation causes these red blood cells to become stiff & sickleshaped when they release their oxygen. The sickled cells tend to get stuck in blood
vessels, causing pain and increased risk of stroke, blindness, damage to the heart &
lungs, and other conditions.
--- Analyze the DNA strands below to determine what amino acid is changed AND
what type of mutation occurred
Normal hemoglobin DNA
C A C G T A G A C T G A G G A C T C…
Normal hemoglobin mRNA
Normal hemoglobin AA sequence
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Sickle cell hemoglobin DNA
C A C G T A G A C T G A G G A C A C…
Sickle cell hemoglobin mRNA
Sickle cell hemoglobin AA sequence
4. What type of mutation is this? Please explain why.
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DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis Do Now Answers
________Score
Name____________________________
Day Rephrase the question in complete sentences. Use punctuation.
2
4
8
9
10