Engineering and Environmental Geology
Engineering geology
3.
Connection of engineering geology with other sciences
Using of observations, measurements and classifications in rock mechanics (GÁLOS – VÁSÁRHELYI 2006)
1. The practice
One of the most important roles of the engineering geologist is the interpretation
of landforms and earth processes to identify potential geologic and related manmade hazards that may impact civil structures and human development. Nearly
all engineering geologists are initially trained and educated in geology, primarily
during their undergraduate education. This background in geology provides the
engineering geologist with an understanding of how the earth works, which is
crucial in mitigating for earth related hazards.
2. Rock Mechanics
Uniaxial compressive strength
Compressive strength of several rocks (GÁLOS – VÁSÁRHELYI 2006)
Class
Name
I.
extremely hard
rocks
II.
very hard rocks
III.
hard rocks
IV.
moderately hard
rocks
V.
rather hard rocks
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
Rock name
Compressive
Strength
strength σc [MPa] coefficies, f
massive quartzite, andesite, basalt
massive granite, quartz.porphyrite,
quartzite shale, hard sandstone
granite, massive limestone, sandstone,
conglomerate, marl
sandstone, limestone, marl, shale
semi-consolidated sandstone and
limestone
shale, coarse grained sandstone, gypsum,
lesser hard rocks
cemented sand, tuffs
compact soil
clay, loess, mud
unconsolidated
peat, wet mud, sand
soil
grainy soil
sand, gravel
quick soil
mud, wet loess, fluid sand
Classification of rocks on the base of their compressive strength after
PROTODJAKONOV (GÁLOS-VÁSÁRHELYI 2006)
> 200
20
200 – 150
15
150 – 80
10
80 – 50
8-5
50 – 20
5-2
< 20
2-1
-
1-0,8
-
0,6
-
0,5
0,3
Method of tension strength examination (GÁLOS-VÁSÁRHELYI
2006)
Method of compressive strength
examination (GÁLOS-VÁSÁRHELYI
2006)
Fracture
Hardly fractured rock
Tectonically fractured rock
Stratigraphically fractured sandstone
Types of fracture systems
(TÖRÖK 2007)
Shear strenght
Modelling of shear strengthin the case of slope and tunnel (GÁLOS – VÁSÁRHELYI 2006)
3. Soil mechanics
Soil mechanics is a branch of engineering mechanics that describes the behavior of soils.
It differs from fluid mechanics and solid mechanics in the sense that soils consist of a
heterogeneous mixture of fluids (usually air and water) and particles (usually clay, silt,
sand, and gravel) but soil may also contain organic solids, liquids, and gasses and other
matter.
Grain size distribution
Typical values of permeability
Mass-volume relations
Seepage forces and erosion
Effective stress and capillarity
Seepage pressures
Hydrostatic conditions
Consolidation: transient flow of water
Capillary action
Friction, interlocking and dilation
Atterberg limits
Shear behavior: stiffness and strength
Liquidity index
Structure, fabric, and chemistry
Relative density
Drained and undrained shear
Seepage: steady state flow of water
Shear tests
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