Chapter 9 * Transport Planning and Policies

THE GEOGRAPHY OF

TRANSPORT

SYSTEMS

THIRD EDITION

Chapter 9 – Transport

Planning and Policy

CONCEPTS

Copyright © 1998-2015, Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography,

Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, 11549 USA.

Jean-Paul.Rodrigue@hofstra.edu

You may use the figures within for educational purposes only. No modification or redistribution permitted.

For more information: http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans

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Systems, Hofstra University, Department of Global Studies & Geography, http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans .

Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.


TRANSPORT

SYSTEMS

THIRD EDITION

The Nature of Transport Policy

Concept 1


Main Involvement Sectors for Public Policy

Sector

Regulatory Policy

Infrastructure Policy

Labor Policy

Science & Technology

Economic Development

Energy & Environmental

Policy

Tax Policy

Trade Policy

Education, Talent &

Innovation

Healthcare

Categories

Financial regulation; Antitrust laws and regulations; Effective legal enforcement; Product liability laws; Tort law; Ease of doing business

Water; Transportation; Electric; PPP; Broad investment support

Wages; Benefits; Labor unions; Workplace safety; Discrimination; Severance; Worker rights

Intellectual property; Information security; Technology transfers; Investment & support

Export-import bank; Export incentives/restrictions; Strategic industries; Small & medium-sized enterprises; Special economic zones

Conventional energy; Alternative energy; Energy efficiency; Energy security; Environmental regulation and compliance

Corporate taxes; Individual taxes; Dividend and capital gains taxes; Tax incentives; Value-added taxes; Offshore taxes

Trade agreements; Tariffs, taxes, quotas & duties, Single window trade system

Investment/support for science; Visas and immigration; Labor retention; Training; Certification

Access to healthcare


Transport Regulations

Economic Regulations

Investments in transportation infrastructure (modal and intermodal).

Control of routes, ports of entry, pricing, scheduling.

Level of ownership and competition.

Social and Safety Regulations

Safety and operation regulations (speed and design).

Labor regulations (work hours).

Transportation of hazardous materials (HAZMAT).

Environmental emissions.

Security (passengers and cargo).


The Interstate Highway System

I105

I405

I705

I82

I90

I205

I84

I86

I80

I505

I680

I5

I210

I215

I15

I40

I515

I8

I17

I19

I115

I315

I10

I25

I225

I76

I27

I70

I94

I29

I35W

I540

I535

I135

I229

I129

I480

I235

I35

I380

I29 L

I335

I470

I44

I44 S

I39

I43

I296

I475

I88

I72

I155

I894

I190

I57

I196

I96

I469

I280

I270

I69

I490

I71

I74

I255

I164

I840 F

I265

I64

I275

I181

I244

I440

I240

I24

I575

I185

I495

I87

I81

I91

I390

I481

I787

I279

I68

I99

I684

I180

I476

I678

I83

I395

I79

I581

I77

I73

I664

I30

I20

I26 N

I526

I459

I85

I16

I220

I516

I35E

I49

I55

I65

I295

I45

I59 I110

I610

I410

I37

I4

I95

I75

I195

1,000 500 0 1,000 Kilometers


Some Legislations in the Deregulation of Transport in the United States and

Canada

Year

1967

1977

1978

1980

1982

1984

1987

1991

1995

1996

1998

1998

2001

Country

Canada

USA

USA

USA

USA

USA

Canada

USA

USA

Canada

USA

Canada

Canada

Legislation

National Transportation Act

Air Cargo Deregulation Act

Aviation Deregulation Act

Staggers Act; Motor Carrier Act

Bus Regulatory Reform Act

Ocean Shipping Act

National Transportation Act; Shipping Conference Exemption Act; Motor Vehicle Transport Act

Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act

Interstate Commerce Commission Termination Act

Canada Transportation Act

Ocean Shipping Reform Act

Canada Marine Act

Canada Shipping Act


Main Transport Policy Instruments

Nature Instrument

Public ownership

Subsidies

Regulatory control

Research and development

Labor regulations

Safety and operating standards

Examples


The Jones Act and International Maritime Markets

Issue

Vessel ownership

Vessel registration

Shipyard

Vessel crew

Vessel type

Vessel trading privilege

Legal jurisdiction

Taxation

Barriers to entry

Competition

Jones Act Market

US nationality

USA

US located

US citizens

Mostly coastal and river

Cabotage within USA

US federal courts

US corporate taxation system

Very high

Statutory protection against foreign players

International Market

Any (large shipping companies)

Any (flags of convenience)

Any (mainly Asia)

Any (developing countries)

Mostly deepsea

International shipments

Country of registry

Mostly offshore

Low

Intensive / Oligopolistic


Issue

Modes

Scale

Jurisdiction

Provision

Funding

Revenue

Regulatory framework

Shift in Public Transport Policy Perspective

Conventional

Independent Modes

Emerging

Intermodal Systems

Local Economies Regional / Global Economies

Independent Jurisdictions (“turf wars”) Coalitions / Consensus

Build (infrastructure provision) Manage (optimization of existing resources)

Publicly Funded

Users (public subsidy)

Plan (regulations; compliance)

Public / Private partnerships

Customers (revenue generation)

Market (deregulations; price signals)


Common Problems Linked with Government Intervention

Bureaucracy

Irresponsibility

Misallocations

Corruption

“Magic wand” syndrome

Regulatory reflex. Heavy administrative burden. Slow to respond, adapt and change.

Limited accountability for wrong policies. The blaming game.

Accumulation (diversion) of scarce capital in non-productive assets. “Pork barrel” politics. Parasitical stance on the productive economy.

Using public power to regulate, coerce and confiscate. Privileging politically connected firms.

Belief that any problem can be fixed by an appropriate government policy and intervention.


TRANSPORT

SYSTEMS

THIRD EDITION

Transport Planning

Concept 2


Generic Planning Process

1

• Problem Statement, Vision and Goals

• Safety, health, mobility, equity, economic development

2

• Objectives

• Improve safety, improve roadway and trail facilities, increase non-motorized travel

3

• Evaluation Criteria

• Accident / injury rates, Bicycle Compatibility Index, non-motorized travel rate

4

• Program Evaluation

• Did program achieve its stated objectives? What is the program’s acceptance? What are its costs and benefits?



Market Distortions Impacting the Automobile

Nature

Consumer Options and

Information

Underpricing

Transport Planning Practices

Land Use Policies

Description

Markets often offer limited alternatives to automobile transportation and automobile-oriented location.

Potential Reform

Recognize the value of alternative modes and more accessible development in planning decisions.

Many motor vehicle costs are fixed or external.

Transportation planning and investment practices favor automobile oriented improvements, even when other solutions are more cost effective.

Current land use planning policies encourage lower-density, automobileoriented development.

As much as feasible, convert fixed costs to variable charges and charge motorists directly for the costs they impose.

Apply least-cost planning so alternative modes and management strategies are funded if they are the most cost effective way to improve transport.

Apply smart growth policy reforms that support more multi-modal, accessible land use development.


Transport Planning (under construction)


Integration of Urban Transportation Modes

Passenger terminal

Main transit line

Parking area

Highway

Suburban development corridor

Inner-city pedestrian area

Primary ring road

Secondary ring road


U.S. Traffic Fatalities, 1960-2010

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990

Fatalities Per 100 Million Vehicle Miles

1995 2000 2005 2010


Regulation of Freight Transportation in the United States



TRANSPORT

SYSTEMS

THIRD EDITION

Transport Safety and Security

Concept 3


Classification of Dangerous Goods

Class

1 (Explosives)

2 (Gases)

3 (Flammable liquids)

4 (Flammable solids)

5 (Oxidizing agents and organic

Peroxides)

6 (Toxic and infectious substances)

7 (Radioactive)

Subclass

1.1 - Explosives with a mass explosion hazard (nitroglycerin, dynamite)

1.2 - Explosives with a blast/projection hazard

1.3 - Explosives with a minor blast hazard (rocket propellant, display fireworks)

1.4 - Explosives with a major fire hazard (consumer fireworks, ammunition)

1.5 - Blasting agents

1.6 - Extremely insensitive explosives

2.1 - Flammable gas (acetylene, hydrogen).

2.2 - Non-flammable gases (nitrogen, neon).

2.3 - Poisonous gases (fluorine, chlorine)

(fuel oil, gasoline)

4.1 - Flammable solids (nitrocellulose, magnesium)

4.2 - Spontaneously combustible solids (aluminum alkyls, white phosphorus)

4.3 - Dangerous when wet (sodium, calcium, potassium)

5.1 - Oxidizing agent (calcium hypochlorite, ammonium nitrate, hydrogen peroxide)

5.2 - Organic peroxide oxidizing agent (benzoyl peroxides, cumene hydroperoxide)

6.1 - Poison (potassium cyanide, pesticides)

6.2 - Biohazard (virus cultures, used intravenous needles)

(uranium, plutonium)

8 (Corrosive)

9 (Miscellaneous)

8.1 - Acids (sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid)

8.2 - Alkalis (potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide)

(asbestos, air-bag inflators, dry ice)


Probability of Pedestrian Fatality by Impact Speed

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

0

100

90

80

70

20 40 60

Impact speed (km/hr)

80 100 120

Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Economies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Transport Fatalities by Mode, United States, 1970-2009

60 000

50 000

40 000

30 000

20 000

Waterborne

Railroad

Highway

Air Carriers

10 000

0

1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2009

Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Economies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Road Fatalities per 100,000 People, Selected Countries

United States

UK

Sweden

South Africa

Malaysia

Korea

Japan

Italy

Germany

France

Canada

Belgium

Australia

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40


2011

2000

1990

1980

1970

Number of Yearly Fatalities due to Air Transport Crashes, 1918-2014

7 000

6 000

5 000

4 000

3 000

2 000

1 000

0

Deaths Billions of passengers-km


Thefts by Type of Cargo and Location, United States, 2010

10%

Thefts (899 Incidents)

5% 1% 3% 6%

11%

9%

8%

4%

20%

23%

Alcohol

Miscellaneous

Tobacco

Auto / Parts

Building / Industrial Clothing / Shoes

Consumer Care Products Electronics

Food / Beverages Home / Garden

Pharmaceuticals

Locations (497)

5%1%

7%

29%

25%

21%

Truck Stops

Public Access Parking

Roasides

5%

7%

Unsecured Terminals / Lots

Secured Parking

Fictitious Pickup

Driver Theft

Other


Supply Chain Security Dimensions

Cargo contents

Cargo integrity

Route integrity

Information integrity

Contents are what is stated on the bill of lading.

May involve direct (opening the container) or remote (scanning or probing) inspection.

Cross-referencing.

Contents remain unchanged from origin to destination.

Detect unauthorized access to the cargo.

Any change monitored and recorded (locks, alarms or probes).

No deviation from the scheduled route.

Cargo remains within secure modes and locations (terminals and distribution centers).

Authenticated and verifiable information about cargo.


Supply Chain Security Measures

Procedural security measures

Physical security measures

Employee security measures

Information systems security measures

Introduction and removal of goods in the supply chain (recorded and verifiable).

Requirements to insure security along the transport chain (monitoring and inspections).

Facilities (terminals, distribution centers) and conveyances (modes) used for security.

Secure premises.

Identification for access.

People dealing with the supply chain subject to screening and background checks.

Protection of the information integrity.

Tiers for information access.

Secure transactions.


Post-9/11 Legislations Relevant to Maritime Transportation System Security

Legislation

Aviation and Transportation Security

Act (2001)

Maritime Transportation Security Act

(2002)

Purpose

Gave the federal government broad authority in transportation security for all modes.

Required the U.S. Department of Homeland Security to create the National Maritime Security Plan. Outlines the coordinated action and incident-response plans between federal, state, and local governments to respond to security incidents involving maritime assets and infrastructure. Establishment of transportation worker identification cards, maritime safety and security teams, port security grants, and enhancements to maritime intelligence and matters dealing with foreign ports and international cooperation.

Critical Infrastructure Information Act

(2002)

Created the framework that allows private-sector entities and others to voluntarily submit information regarding critical infrastructure/key resources in their possession to the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, with the assurance that this information will not be publicly available.

The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism

Prevention Act (2004)

Required the development of the National Strategy for Transportation Security. This strategy is a classified document, but it is known that this document provides the framework for the federal government, working with state, local, and tribal governments and private industry, to secure the national transportation system and to prepare to respond to terrorist threats or attacks to transportation infrastructure.

Security and Accountability for Every

Port Act (2006)

Required the secretary of homeland security, in coordination with relevant federal, state, local, and tribal government authorities and the private sector and international community, to develop and implement a strategic plan to “enhance the security of the international supply chain.”


Maritime Security Initiatives Implemented by The United States or the European Union

Initiative

Automated Targeting System (ATS)

Customs-Trade Partnership Against

Terrorism (C-TPAT)

Type

Cargo screening

Certification

Container Security Initiative (CSI)

Megaports initiative

24 hour rule

Standards to Secure and Facilitate Global

Trade (SAFE)

EU Authorized Economic Operator (AEO)

Importer Security Filling and Additional

Carrier Requirements (ISF, 10+2)

Cargo tracking and screening

Cargo tracking and screening

Advance cargo information

Certification

Certification


EU Pre-arrival and Pre-departure

100% scanning


Cargo screening

Year

1999

2001

2002

2003

2003

2005

2008

2009

2009

2012?

Description

Weighted model applied to inbound cargo manifests to assign risk factors.

Transferring some of the Customs responsibilities to importers and exporters to reinforce overall security levels. Benefits include reduced likelihood that containers of participating firms will be examined.

Increasing security related to ocean going containers by targeting and screening high risk containers bound for the US before they are loaded.

Installation of radiation detection equipment in key foreign ports. Reducing the illicit trafficking of nuclear and other radiological materials.

Implementing the cargo-related information at least 24 hours before a container is loaded aboard the vessel at the last foreign port.

Implementing C-TPAT and CSI security practices with foreign trade partners.

Identifying reliable traders and providing them with trade facilitation measures.

Implementing the collection of cargo-related information by requiring information from both the importer (10 information elements) and the carrier (2 information elements) to be transmitted at least 24 hours before the goods are loaded.

Advance information on goods brought into, or exported from the Customs territory of the EU

(perimeter).

Non-intrusive inspection of 100% of all inbound cargo containers.



TRANSPORT

SYSTEMS

THIRD EDITION

Transportation and Disasters

Concept 4


Risks in Global Supply Chains

RISKS

Supply Risks

Environmental

Natural disasters

Extreme weather

Pandemic

Probability

High (>30%)

Average (15-30%)

Demand Risks Operational Risks

FACTORS

Geopolitical

Political instability

Trade restrictions

Terrorism

Corruption

Theft and illicit trade

Piracy

Economic

Demand shocks

Price volatility

Border delays

Currency fluctuations

Energy shortages

Low (<15%)

Technological

ICT disruptions

Infrastructure failures

Mitigation

Uncontrollable

Influenceable

Controllable


Global Plate Tectonics and Seismic Activity


Probability of a Geomagnetic Storm with a Field Change Greater than 300 Nanoteslas per

Minute (22 year cycle)


Remotely Sensed Sea Level Change, 1992-2012


Chapter 9 * Transport Planning and Policies

TRANSPORT

SYSTEMS