THE GEOGRAPHY OF
TRANSPORT
SYSTEMS Chapter 4 – Transport
THIRD EDITION
Terminals
APPLICATIONS
Copyright © 1998-2015, Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography,
Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, 11549 USA.
Jean-Paul.Rodrigue@hofstra.edu
You may use the figures within for educational purposes only. No modification or
redistribution permitted.
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Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
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THE GEOGRAPHY OF
TRANSPORT
SYSTEMS
Mega Airport Projects
THIRD EDITION
Application 1
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published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Surface of the World's Largest Airport Terminals
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Passenger Density of the World’s Largest Airports (In Passengers per Hectare)
King Fahd International Airport
Cairo International Airport (Wadi al Jandali)
Kansas city
Washington-dulles
Shanghai, Pudong
Salt Lake City
Denver International Airport
Buenos Aires, Pistarini
Dallas Fort Worth
Rio de Janeiro, Galeao International Airport
New International Bangkok Airport
Madrid Barajas
New Delhi, Indira Gandhi International
París, Charles de Gaulle
Toronto Pearson
Amsterdam, Schiphol
Chicago O'Hare
Moscow Sheremetyevo
Rome Fiumicino
New York, JFK
Beijing Internacional airport
Dubai International Airport
Sao Paulo, Guarulhos International
Barcelona, El Prat
Frankfurt Airport
Aeropuerto Internacional Ciudad de Mexico
Hong Kong
Tokyo, Haneda
Sydney Airport
Los Angeles International
Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport
Atlanta
London Heathrow
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
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Hong Kong Chek Lap Kok Terminal
Skycity
North Satellite Concourse
07L
25R
Hong Kong Boundary
Crossing Facilities
(under construction)
25L
07R
Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge (under construction)
To Kowloon
and Hong Kong
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
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Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport
17R 17C
18R 18L
13L
13R
B
A
D
C
17L
31R
E
31L
36L 36R
35L 35C
35R
Fort Worth
Dallas
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Passengers and Freight Traffic, DFW, 1982-2014
70
1,200
60
1,000
800
40
600
30
400
20
Tons of Cargo (1,000s)
Million of Passengers
50
200
10
0
0
Passengers
Cargo
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
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Kansai International Airport
24R
Terminal 2
24L
Sky Gate Bridge
(To Osaka)
06L
Logistics and
cargo area
06R
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
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THE GEOGRAPHY OF
TRANSPORT
SYSTEMS
The Port Authority of New York and
New Jersey
THIRD EDITION
Application 2
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Major Planning Agencies Involved in the New York Metropolitan Area
Agency
Jurisdiction
New York Metropolitan
Transportation Council
Type
Functions
New York City and 5 counties in NY
MPO
Plan, coordinate
North Jersey Transportation
Planning Authority
13 counties in New Jersey
MPO
Plan, coordinate
New York State Department of
Transportation
State of New York
State highways and traffic control
systems
DOT
Plan, build, maintain
New Jersey Department of
Transportation
State of New Jersey
State highways and traffic control
systems
DOT
Plan, build, maintain
New York City Department of
Transportation
City of New York
Local streets, arterials, traffic control
DOT
systems
Plan, build, maintain
Port Authority of New York and New
Port district in NY and NJ
Jersey
Marine terminals, bridges, tunnels,
airports, transit system
Special purpose
Plan, build, operate, maintain, issue
debt, toll, collect rent
Metropolitan Transportation
Authority
New York City and 7 counties in NY
Buses, subways, commuter lines,
bridges, tunnels
Special purpose
Plan, build, operate, maintain, issue
debt, toll, collect rent
New York City Economic
Development Corporation
New York City
Marine terminals
Special purpose
Plan, operate, maintain
Federal Agencies: USDOT, FHWA, FTA United States
Modes
Oversight, regulate
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
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Financial Profile of the New York – New Jersey Port Authority, 2003
Gross Operating Revenues ($2.76
billion)
5%
Assets ($11.4 billion)
5% 3%
29%
32%
Interstate Transportation
Network
Air Terminals
Port Commerce
World Trade Center
Interstate Transportation
Network
Air Terminals
3%
2%
Port Commerce
12%
World Trade Center
51%
58%
Economic & Waterfront
Development
Economic & Waterfront
Development
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Gross Operating Revenues ($3.837
billion)
Aviation
Tunnels, Bridges & Terminals
Rail (Path)
Port Commerce
Development
World Trade
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Distribution of General Cargo Operations, Port of New York, 1959, 1987 and 2000
2000
New Jersey
1987
Brooklyn
Manhattan
Staten Island
1959
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Main Container Ports of the American East Coast, 1985-2010 (TEUs)
Boston
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Philadelphia
Palm Beach
Wilmington DE
Baltimore
Jacksonville
Port Everglades
Miami
Savannah
Hampton Roads
Charleston
New York/New Jersey
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
Millions
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Millions
Cargo Handled by the Port of New York, 1991-2011 (metric tons)
90
80
70
60
50
Bulk Cargo Exports
General Cargo Exports
40
Bulk Cargo Imports
General Cargo Imports
30
20
10
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
0
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Millions
Container Traffic Handled by the Port of New York, 1991-2011
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
Containers Handled
TEUs
2.0
1.0
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
0.0
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Motor Vehicles Handled by the Port of New York, 1991-2011
1,200,000
1,000,000
800,000
600,000
400,000
200,000
0
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Imports Exports
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
On-Dock Rail Lifts, 1991-2012
500,000
450,000
400,000
350,000
300,000
250,000
200,000
150,000
100,000
50,000
0
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Millions
Passengers Handled at New York’s Major Airports, 1989-2011
120
100
80
60
40
20
JFK
EWR
LGA
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
0
SWF
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published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Millions of short tons
Freight handled at New York’s Major Airports, 1985-2011
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
JFK
EWR
LGA
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
1985
0.0
SWF
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Inland Flows, Port of New York c2010
Exports
57
7
4
14
18
NY/NJ Metropolitan Region
Other Mid Atlantic (NJ,NY,PA)
New England
Other East of Mississippi
West of Mississippi
Imports
76
0%
20%
40%
60%
Share of Tonnage
4 3
80%
10
7
100%
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Port Inland Distribution Network of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
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published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Containers Handled by the Port of Albany – PIDN, April 2003, January 2006
600
500
400
300
200
100
Jan-06
Dec-05
Nov-05
Oct-05
Sep-05
Aug-05
Jul-05
Jun-05
May-05
Apr-05
Mar-05
Feb-05
Jan-05
Dec-04
Nov-04
Oct-04
Sep-04
Aug-04
Jul-04
Jun-04
May-04
Apr-04
Mar-04
Feb-04
Jan-04
Dec-03
Nov-03
Oct-03
Sep-03
Aug-03
Jul-03
Jun-03
May-03
Apr-03
0
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published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Number of Containers Handled, Northbound and Southbound Routes, Port of Albany, 2005
Northbound
Southbound
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Full
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
Empty
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published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Potential Modal Split Changes Due to the PIDN
2020
Truck
Rail
Barge
2001
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
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published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Daily Truck Volumes Generated by Port Container Terminals, 2001
Red Hook
Global Marine
Port Newark
Howland Hook
Port Elizabeth
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
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published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
THE GEOGRAPHY OF
TRANSPORT
SYSTEMS
The Port of Savannah Logistics
Cluster
THIRD EDITION
Application 3
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published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Container Traffic at Selected East Coast Ports, 1990-2013
3,000,000
2,500,000
Savannah
Charleston
Hampton Roads
Halifax
Montreal
Jacksonville
Miami
2,000,000
1,500,000
1,000,000
500,000
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
0
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Monthly Traffic in TEU, Port of Savannah, 2003-2014
350,000
300,000
250,000
200,000
150,000
100,000
50,000
Sep-14
Apr-14
Nov-13
Jun-13
Jan-13
Aug-12
Mar-12
Oct-11
May-11
Dec-10
Jul-10
Feb-10
Sep-09
Apr-09
Nov-08
Jun-08
Jan-08
Aug-07
Mar-07
Oct-06
May-06
Dec-05
Jul-05
Feb-05
Sep-04
Apr-04
Nov-03
Jun-03
Jan-03
0
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Containerized Imports and Exports, Port of Savannah
3,000,000
1
0.9
2,500,000
0.8
0.7
2,000,000
0.6
1,500,000
0.5
0.4
1,000,000
Imports
Exports
Share Imports / Exports
0.3
0.2
500,000
0.1
0
0
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
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published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Main Logistics and Industrial Development Zones in the Savannah Logistic Cluster
Development
Owner
Acreage
Warehousing (sf)
Bryan County Interstate Centre
Bryan County
1074
9,000,000
CenterPoint Intermodal Center
CenterPoint Properties
233
1,457,600
Chatham County Industrial Site
Chatham County
1662
TBD
Crossgate Industrial Park
Solution Property Group
352
4,116,100
Crossroads Business Park
SEDA
1661
2,711,000
Dean Forest Road Site
North Point Industrial
131
TBD
I-16 Industrial Park
Research Tract
Effingham County Development Authority
Effingham County Development Authority
1739
3150
TBD
TBD
Effingham Industrial Park
Effingham County Development Authority
550
NA
Exley Tract South
Grande View
New Savannah LLC
Old Augusta Road Developers LLC
754
457
6,000,000
TBD
Riverport
McCormick-Kicklighter Tract
Morgan Center
Newton Tract
North Point Industrial
SLF
Monteith Road
1440
555
251
720
100
15,500,000
3,745,000
3,322,108
2,900,000
1,105,000
Northport Industrial Park
Solution Property Group
320
4,184,000
Savannah River International Trade Park
Tradeport Business Center (West)
Tradeport Business Center (East)
Tremont Industrial Center
GPA
Liberty County Development Authority
Liberty County Development Authority
Johnson Development
433
3590
1644
143
NA
NA
NA
1,429,080
Belfast Commerce Centre
Terrapointe
904
7,300,000
AMB
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Crossroads Business Park
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published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
THE GEOGRAPHY OF
TRANSPORT
SYSTEMS
Inland Ports
THIRD EDITION
Application 4
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published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Some Terms Used to Define Inland Nodes
Term
Definition
Inland clearance depot
A common-user inland facility, with public authority status, equipped with fixed installation, and offering services for handling and
UNECE (1998), see also Roso (2005), Jaržemskis and
temporary storage of any kind of goods (including container) carried under customs transit by any applicable mode of inland surface
Vasiliauskas (2007), Roso et al (2009)
transport, placed under customs control to clear goods for home use, warehousing, temporary admission, re-export, temporary storage
for onward transit, and outright export.
Inland container depot
A common user facility with public authority status, equipped with fixed installations and offering services for handling and temporary
storage of import/export stuffed and empty containers.
Roso (2005), Jaržemskis and Vasiliauskas (2007),
Roso et al (2009)
Intermodal freight centre
A concentration of economic independent companies working in freight transport and supplementing services on a designated area
where a change of transport units between traffic modes can take place.
Cardebring and Warnecke (1995), Roso et al (2009)
Inland freight terminal
Any facility, other than a seaport or an airport, operated on a common-user basis, at which cargo in international trade is received or
dispatched.
An inland port is located inland, generally far from seaport terminals. It supplies regions with an intermodal terminal or a merging point
for traffic modes – rail, air, and truck routes – involved in distributing merchandise that comes from seaports. An inland port usually
provides international logistics and distribution services, including freight forwarding, customs brokerages, integrated logistics, and
information systems.
A dry port is an inland intermodal terminal directly connected to seaport(s) with high capacity transport mean(s), where customers can
leave/pick up their standardized units as if directly to a seaport. Dry port can be understood as an inland setting with cargo-handling
facilities to allow several functions to be carried out, for example, consolidation and distribution, temporary storage, custom clearance,
connection between transport modes, allowing agglomeration of institutions (both private and public) which facilitates the interactions
between different stakeholders along the supply chain.
This type of terminal is almost exclusively aimed at transshipping continental freight. There is almost no collection and distribution in the
region where the terminal is located. The freight arrives at and departs from the terminal in huge flows. The terminal is characterized by
large areas that enable direct transshipment between trains and/or barges. The corresponding bundling model is the hub-and-spoke
network.
UNECE (1998), see also Jaržemskis & Vasiliauskas
(2007), Roso et al (2009)
Economic Commission for Europe (2001), see also
Jaržemskis and Vasiliauskas (2007), Roso et al
(2009)
Inland port
Dry port
Transfer terminal
Source
Leveque and Roso (2002), Roso (2005), Roso et al
(2009), Ng and Gujar (2009)
Wiegmans et al (1999)
Distribution terminal
At this terminal value added is created in the form of an extra service provided by the terminal operator. From location A, B, and C
Wiegmans et al (1999)
continental freight arrives at the terminal and is consolidated into shipments for customers X, Y, and Z. One or more terminal services is
added by the terminal operator to the shipments at the terminal. The corresponding bundling model is line network.
Hinterland terminal
Small continental cargo shipments are brought to the hinterland terminal and consolidated into bigger freight flows. These bigger freight Wiegmans et al (1999)
flows are further transported by larger transport means such as trains or barges. The corresponding bundling model is the trunk line
with a collection and distribution network.
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Basic Requirements for Inland Ports
Intermodal
Rail Terminal
(Massification)
Logistics
Activities
(Agglomeration)
Rail Corridor
to the Gateway
(Massification)
Co-Location
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
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Main Advantages of Co-location
Factor
Advantages
Real estate
Lower land acquisition costs. Higher acquisition capital. Joint land use planning.
Specialization
Rail company; terminal development and operations.
Real estate promoter; logistic zone development and management.
Interdependency
Respective customers. Joint marketing.
Drayage
Priority gate access. Shorter distances. More delivery trips. Higher reliability.
Asset utilization
Better usage level of containers and chassis. Chassis pools. Empty container
depots.
Information technologies
Integration of terminal management systems with inventory management systems.
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
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Functions of Inland Terminals
Port
B
A
Corridor
C
Access regional
markets;
Intermodal,
warehousing, and
logistics functions;
Linked with logistics
parks and foreign
trade zones.
C – Transshipment
Close to a port
facility; Handle
traffic and functions
that have become
too expensive at the
port; Container
transloading.
B – Load Center
A – Satellite Terminal
Drayage
Link systems of
freight circulation
either through the
same mode (e.g.
rail-to-rail) or
through
intermodalism (e.g.
rail-to-truck).
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
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Main Driving Forces behind the Setting of Inland Terminals
Input Costs
Capacity and Congestion
Hinterland Access
• Land and labor costs as significant logistics costs.
• Intensification of activities at the main terminal and the search of lower value
locations supporting less intensive freight activities.
• Increases the intermodal capacity of inland freight distribution.
• Diminishing returns such as congestion, energy and empty movements.
• Lower distribution costs and improved capacity.
• Allow ports to compete and to extend their cargo base.
• A commercial and trade development tool.
Supply Chain Management
• Integrated within supply chain management practices.
• Freight distribution centers, custom clearance, container depots and logistical
capabilities.
Policy and Regulation
• Economic development strategies, land use policy, and financial incentives by
port authorities and economic development agencies.
• Policies related to foreign trade zones and customs procedures.
• Cargo safety and security procedures.
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
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Functional Pairing of Inland Ports
Functional Pairing
Hinterland
Corridor
Gateway
Inland Port
Foreland
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The Massification of Transportation in Inland Systems
Inland Load Center Network Formation and Logistics
Port
Port
Port
On-dock / near
dock rail
Direct truck
IT
IT
Port-Centric
Corridor
Rail / Barge
IT
Inland
Terminal
End haul
IT
IT
Inland
Port
Intermodal
Industrial Park
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
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Modal Shift and Inland Freight Diversion
A
A
Flows
Relations
Road
Gateway
Satellite
Terminal
Inland Port
Rail
B
B
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
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Functional Relations between Inland Terminals and their Hinterland
Freight Region
Logistics Pole
FLOWS & INTEGRATION
Port
I
II
III
Inland
Terminal
Logistics activities
Retailing and manufacturing activities
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
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Profitability of Inland Terminals: Balancing Volume and Service Area
Gateway Port
TEU Potential
High Profitability
Inland Terminal
High volume potential and
low haul costs
(Ideal Case)
High haul costs
compensated by high
volume
20,000 TEU
10 km
Low volume compensated
by low haul costs
Volume
15 km
Service Area
High
Low
Bad situation with high
haul costs. Limited
costumers
Service Area
Low Profitability
60 km
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
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Inland Terminal Life Cycle
Planning
Setting
Growth
Maturity
Decline
Subsidies / Investments
Traffic
Profit
Concept
Stage 1
Operations
begin
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4
Stage 5
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Inland Terminal Life Cycle
Phase
Characteristics
Planning
Relevance and viability studies. Local support. Attraction of users and investment
commitments. High risk and subsidy level.
Setting
Construction of terminal and distribution facilities. First users (some can be
transitional).
Growth
Realization of market potential. Growth of traffic. Capture of additional users.
Clustering effect and generation of added value.
Maturity
Traffic stabilization. Available space filled and/or few new users. Non-commercial
activities (housing). Revenue generation optimal.
Decline
Change in market conditions. Departure of users. Reemergence of subsidies.
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
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Added Value Activities Performed at an Inland Port
Activity
Functions
Consolidation /
Deconsolidation
Inventory management practices.
Cargo consolidated (or deconsolidated) into container loads (paletization).
Attaining a batch size (group of containers) fitting a barge or a train shipment.
Breaking down batches so that they can be picked up by trucks.
Transloading
Change in to load unit (Maritime / Domestic).
Consolidation, deconsolidation and transloading commonly mixed.
Postponement
Opportunity to route freight according to last minute and last mile considerations
(dwell time).
Buffer within a supply chain.
Light transformations
Forms of product and package transformations (packaging, labeling).
Customization to national, cultural or linguistic market characteristics.
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
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Operational Advantages of Foreign Trade Zones (FTZ)
Issue
Example
Custom clearance
Done inland instead of at the gateway port.
Simpler and faster.
Higher security level (lower insurance rates).
Consignment can stay for an unlimited amount of time in the FTZ.
Consignee gets further advance notice that shipment is ready.
Quotas can be managed through postponement.
Duties and Fees
Duties and merchandise processing fee not paid until the consignment is released and moved
out of the FTZ (storage).
Not paid if goods are exported or re-exported.
Deferred if goods moved to another FTZ.
Not paid for damaged, defective or obsolete goods.
Lower insurance rates since no duties.
If transformation is performed in the FTZ, the duty class may change (Select the taxation
regime).
Settlement
Vendors often not paid until consignments leave the facility for delivery (Delay settlement).
Remove damaged or defective products from the settlement.
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
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Main Governance Models for Inland Ports
Model
Characteristics
Implications
Single Ownership
A public or a private actor entirely responsible
for development and operations.
Single vision and conformity to a specific role.
Help combine public planning of infrastructures
with private operational expertise.
Public (local) interests represented.
Public ownership and private operations (a form
of PPP).
Long term concession agreements.
Potential lack of flexibility in view to changes (single
mandate).
Potential conflicts with surrounding communities.
Tendency to prioritize public interests over private
interests.
Public – Private
Partnership
Landlord Model
Managerial flexibility between the owner, the site
manager and the operators.
Most of the risk assumed by private operators.
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
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International Inventory of Inland Ports and Port Centric Logistics Zones
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Some Initiatives by European and North American Port Authorities to Develop Inland Links
Port authority
Europe
Antwerp
Project
Aim
Trilogiport – Liège
Joint development of a 100 ha logistics platform along the Albert Canal. Status: Joint entity under the legal status
of an ‘economic interest grouping’
Marseille
Other planned locations
Puerta de Atlantico – Mostoles
EIT – European Inland
Terminals
tm-concept (Terminal
Maritima)
Inland port Lyon
HHLA - Hamburg
Rail terminals
North America
New York / New
Jersey
Virginia
Los Angeles & Long
Beach
Port Inland Distribution
Network
Virginia Inland Port
Alameda corridor
Lisbon
Rotterdam
Barcelona
Development of a logistical platform in Mostoles in the outskirts of Madrid. Status: Contract signed, January 2008
Minority shareholding in inland terminals in immediate hinterland via separate holding. Status: abandoned
Joint partnerships to set up dry ports / logistics zones in hinterland. Status: tmT (Toulouse), tmZ (Zaragozza), tmM
(Madrid) are operational. New projects in Perpignan, Montpellier and Lyon
Development of Lyon as a multimodal satellite port of Marseille. Status: Société d’économie mixte founded in 1997.
Port authority is one of shareholders. Joint barge and rail services between Lyon and Marseille
HHLA ha participations in rail terminals (Melnik, Budapest, etc.) to support its rail products via Potzug, Metrans and
HHCE
Network of rail and barge services to inland and port terminals. Status: barge service to Albany abandoned in
2006.
Setting of an inland rail terminal at Front Royal. Status: Virginia Inland port operational
Joint governance of the Alameda Corridor Transport Authority. Rail link between the satellite rail terminals of
downtown Los Angeles (BNSF, UP) and on-dock and near dock rail facilities. Status: operational with more than
10,000 TEU per day
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
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Inland Ports and Logistics Zones Around the Rhine / Scheldt Delta
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Selected European Inland Ports, Average Traffic, 2007-10 (in TEU)
Mannheim
110,575
Mainz-Wiesbaden
113,432
Born
120,127
Worth
137,985
Lyon
143,871
Dortmund
160,000
Enns
179,214
Bonn
195,281
Linz
217,724
Gernsheim
226,256
Strasbourg
298,193
Paris
307,626
Vienna
316,766
Cologne-Niehl
554,878
Duisburg
947,333
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
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Modal Split at Selected European Inland Terminals, 2007
Linz
46.9%
Enns
1.3%
51.7%
52.3%
47.1%
Basel
0.6%
100.0%
Mulhouse
42.3%
Lyon
47.3%
Lille
47.2%
Karlsruhe
12.6%
45.1%
13.0%
39.7%
70.9%
39.8%
Duisburg
0.6%
59.7%
49.8%
0%
10%
Inland Shipping
41.1%
29.1%
Koblenz
Rail
52.8%
58.9%
Manheim
Road
20%
29.6%
30%
40%
50%
60%
20.6%
70%
80%
90%
100%
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Intermodal Terminals and Selected Co-Located Logistic Zones Projects in North America
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Ownership of North American Intermodal Rail Terminals
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Inland port of agglomeration: Lyon terminal
Actors
Functions
URBAN LOAD CENTER
Shareholders
Compagnie Nationale du Rhone (64%)
Grand Port Maritime de Marseille (16%)
Compagnie fluviale de transport (13.5%)
Naviland Cargo (6.5%)
Barge shuttle operations
Rail Shuttle operations
Partners
Logistics services
River shutter containers
Logirhone
Arnal
Progeco
Insertion / Distribution
Port Edouard Herriot
Marseille
Lyon urban agglomeration
Corridor (310 km)
Inland terminal
Inland port in a competitive market area: Zaragoza Maritime Terminal
Actors
Functions
Partners
REGIONAL LOAD CENTER
Port of Barcelona
Mercazaragoza
• Municipality of Zaragoza
• Mercasa national company
Logistics operators
Road transport operators
Handling companies
RENFE (National rail company)
Road shuttle operations
Rail Shuttle operations
Logistics services
Logistics area of Mercazaragoza
Insertion / Distribution
Barcelona
Corridor (260 km)
Center / North of
Spain, Portugal
Inland terminal
Crossborder satellite terminal: Venlo
Actors
Functions
Partners
European Container
Terminal (ECT)
APL Logistics
Betutweroute (Key Rail)
SATELLITE TERMINAL
Road shuttle operations
Barge Shuttle operations
Trimodal Container
Terminal Venlo
Consolidation / Deconsolidation
Custom clearance
Venlo
Netherlands
Insertion / Distribution
Rotterdam
Germany
Betuweroute (160 km)
TCTV
Gateway logistics: Savannah
Actors
Savannah Port Authority
Savannah Economic
Development Authority
Duke Realty
Functions
Savannah River International
Trade Park (SRITP)
Savannah Port Authority
International Park (SPAIP)
SATELLITE TERMINAL
Transloading
Import Logistics
Crossroads Business Park (CBP)
NorthPoint Real Estate (NPRE)
CSX Railway
NS Railway
Near dock rail (CSX,NS)
Southeast USA
Insertion / Distribution
Savannah
Cordele Intermodal
Center
Logistics cluster (SRITP,SPAIP,CBP,NPRE)
BNSF Logistics Park
Actors
BNSF
CenterPoint
Prologis
Functions
LOAD CENTER
TRANSMODAL
Joliet Intermodal Terminal
BNSF Logistics Park
Import logistics
Rail-Truck-Rail
Insertion / Distribution
Joliet Intermodal Terminal
Seattle / Tacoma
BNSF Logistics Park
Eastern Seaboard
Los Angeles / Long Beach
Midwest
CenterPoint-KCS Intermodal Freight Gateway
Actors
Functions
KCS Railway
CenterPoint
Hunt Midwest
Port Authority
of Kansas City
LOAD CENTER
TRANSMODAL
CenterPoint – KCS Intermodal
Freight Gateway (IFG)
Import logistics
Rail-Truck-Rail
Insertion / Distribution
KC Intermodal
Laredo
IFG
Lazero Cardenas
Chicago
Mexico
USA
Midwest / Great Plains