THE GEOGRAPHY OF
TRANSPORT
SYSTEMS Chapter 6 – Urban
THIRD EDITION
Transportation
APPLICATIONS
Copyright © 1998-2015, Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography,
Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, 11549 USA.
Jean-Paul.Rodrigue@hofstra.edu
You may use the figures within for educational purposes only. No modification or
redistribution permitted.
For more information: http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans
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• Information cited from this document should be referred as: Rodrigue, J-P et al. (2013) The Geography of Transport
Systems, Hofstra University, Department of Global Studies & Geography, http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans.
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
THE GEOGRAPHY OF
TRANSPORT
SYSTEMS
Information Technologies and Mobility
THIRD EDITION
Application 1
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Organizational Form of the Information Society
Economic Wave Phase
Organizational Form
Political Representation
Agricultural (First Wave)
Hierarchy/Heredity
Feudalism
Industrial (Second Wave)
Bureaucratic/Vertical
Democracy
Information (Third Wave)
Networked/Horizontal
Human Rights
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Online Retail Sales as Share of Total Retail Sales, 2012
India
Mexico
Turkey
Russia
Brazil
Japan
China
France
Germany
Australia
USA
UK
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Information Technologies and the Corporate Structure
Head Office
Head Office
Division
Unit
ICT
A (Offshoring)
B
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Possible Impacts of ICT on Mobility
Substitution
Expansion
Contraction
Complementarity
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Factors behind the Impacts of ICT on Mobility Mitigation
No ICT counterpart
Mobility cannot be substituted. Mandatory co-location.
No practical or desirable ICT
counterpart
Mobility can be substituted, but outcome much less practical.
Positive utility of mobility
ICT not a replacement for travel
Time and cost substitution
Cheaper mobility
Efficiency improvements
Travel productivity
Additional travel demand
Globalization
Decentralization
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
THE GEOGRAPHY OF
TRANSPORT
SYSTEMS
City Logistics
THIRD EDITION
Application 2
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Urban and City Logistics: Core Relations Between Freight and Urban Areas
Urban Logistics
(Land Use)
The city as a unit of production,
consumption and distribution
City Logistics
(Transportation)
Strategies to insure urban freight
distribution (last mile)
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
City Functions and Urban Distribution
Production
Distribution
Consumption
Construction
Retailing
Industrial / terminal haulage
Food / Restaurants
Parcels
Waste disposal / recycling
Port Area
Terminals
Ports, airports and railyards. Localized
demand. Freight: Bulk, Containers (ISO &
Domestic), TLs, LTLs.
Logistic zones
Distribution and light manufacturing.
Clustered demand. Peripheral locations
(often co-location with terminals).
Freight: Containers, TLs, LTLs.
Commercial
Area
CBD
Manufacturing areas
Commercial areas
Light to heavy manufacturing. Clustered
demand. Central and peripheral locations. Manufacturing
Area
Freight: Bulk, Containers, TLs, LTLs.
Airport
Area
Retail, office complexes and institutions.
Clustered demand. Central and peripheral
locations. Freight: LTLs, Parcel deliveries.
Large Freight Generators
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Components of City Logistics and their Relative Externalities
High Externalities
Low Externalities
Modes
Infrastructures
Operations
Trucks
Roads
Parking
Distributions
centers
Loading /
Unloading
Terminals
Warehousing
Alternative
infrastructure
Scheduling /
Routing
Alternative
modes
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
The Material City
Consumption
Paris
Shanghai
Chicago
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Main Stakeholders in Urban Freight Distribution
Competition
Cargo owners
(Manufacturers,
wholesalers,
retailers)
Residents
(Consumers,
advocacy groups)
Cooperation
Conflicts
Distributors
(Carriers, thirdparty logistics,
freight
forwarders)
Planners and
Regulators
(National, state,
city)
Coopetition
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Conceptual Differences between Supply Chain Management and City Logistics
Supply Chain
Management
City Logistics
Organization
Regulation
Corporations (few actors)
City (multiple actors)
Network
Space
Efficiency
Effectiveness
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
World’s Major Cities and the Logistics Performance Index, 2010
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Population in Cities of More than 1 Million and National Logistics Performance Index
Population in Cities of More than 1 Million (in
millions)
700
592.6
600
500
400
330.2
278.1
300
200
100
56.1
0
Less than 2.50
2.50 to 3.00
3.00 to 3.50
More than 3.50
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
National Urban Populations and the Logistics Performance Index
4.5
Japan, 61.6
China, 244.3
4
LPI (2010)
3.5
Germany, 7.5
South Africa, 15.8
South Korea, 23.3
India, 135.5
Turkey, 20.2
Philippines, 12.5
Viet Nam, 11.7
3
Indonesia, 20.9
Mexico, 36.2
Bangladesh, 19.6
R² = 0.3708
2.5
Brazil, 73.8
Colombia, 16.1
Pakistan, 29.0
2
United States, 133.5
Egypt, 16.1
Nigeria, 20.5
Russia, 26.5
1.5
1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Share of Urban Population (2009)
70
80
90
100
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
City Logistics and Land Use
Scope
A
Distribution Center
Metropolitan Area
B
Central City
C
A
Urban Logistics Zones
D
Urban Freight
Distribution
Centers
Urban Freight
Stations
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Urban Freight Stations
With Freight Station
Without Freight Station
Carrier
Customer
Freight station
Clustered
Punctual
Large Facility
Parking
Truck delivery
Freight station delivery
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Suburban Logistics
A) Port centric
B) Airport centric
C) Road centric
D) Rail centric
E) Highway centric
Airport
B
Central City
Suburban Center
E
CBD
C
Exurban Center
A
D
Port
Intermodal
Suburbia
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
The Spatial and Functional Structure of Urban Logistics
Spatial Structure
Functional Structure
Infrastructures
Modes
Operations
Highway
Road Centric
Logistics Sprawl
CBD
Urban Core
Suburbia
Port
Port Centric
Airport
Airport Centric
Rail
Exurbia
Rail Centric
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Freight Transport Demand
The Urban Freight Landscape
Freight Transport Supply
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Transport Infrastructure Density (B)
The Urban Freight Landscape and its Diseconomies
Exhaustion of land
Development limit
(zoning)
A & B interdependent
Range of outcomes
City logistics
Suburban logistics
A & B mutually competitive
Rural logistics
Land Use Density (A)
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
The Layers of City Logistics
Transportation
Land Use
Flows
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
City Logistics: Consumer-Related Distribution
Independent Retailing
• Small scale retailing activities. High frequency of deliveries (3 to 10 times per week). Use of ownaccount delivery vehicles; mostly small to medium sized. Limited freight reception facilities (the street
as the delivery platform).
Chain Retailing
• Large stores and shopping centers. Provision of parking space and loading bays. Consolidated deliveries
(large trucks). Reliance of third-party logistics services providers (urban distribution and outsourcing).
Food Deliveries
• Specialized supply chains with goods that are often perishable. Cold chain logistics; used heavily by fast
food chains. Outdoor (central) markets (mostly in developing countries).
Parcels and Home Deliveries
• Specialized parcel companies also involved in home deliveries. Large freight integrators (consolidation
and deconsolidation of shipments) with a network of distribution centers. Fleet of delivery vehicles
(small and medium-sized).
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
City Logistics: Producer Related Distribution
Construction Sites
• Construction and renewal of urban infrastructure. Different suppliers
according to the construction phase. Large volumes and heavy trucks.
Waste Collection and Disposal
• Collection and disposal of wastes generated by daily urban activities.
Reverse logistics and recycling.
Industrial and Terminal Haulage
• Convergence towards transport terminals (ports, airports, railyards),
industrial and logistics zones. Significant transit traffic for gateway cities.
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Garbage Collection Costs per Ton by Public Agencies, Selected American Cities, c2013
Arlington, TX
Long Beach, CA
Miami-Dade
Oklahoma City
Dallas
Phoenix
Washington
Chicago
New York
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Dollars per Ton
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Types of Urban Freight Flows
Urban Area
Distribution
Residential
Terminals
Commercial
Manufacturing
Global
Regional
Local / Urban
Large scale flows (shipload, trainload)
Urban deliveries (trucks, vans, parcels)
Industrial and terminal haulage (container, truckload)
Consumer shopping trips
Producer-related flows
Consumer-related flows
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Key Issues in Urban Freight Transportation
Issue
Challenge
Growing freight volumes
Capacity of urban freight transport systems (congestion).
Lower driving speeds and frequent disruptions (reliability).
Passengers / freight interferences (conflicts).
Distribution sprawl (space consumption).
Nature of freight distribution
Smaller volumes and time-sensitive freight (frequency and repetitiveness).
Cold chain (shipment integrity).
E-commerce (home deliveries).
Environmental issues
Mitigate environmental externalities (emissions, noise).
Growing demand for reverse logistic flows (waste and recycling).
Policy and Regulations
Competition and conflicts (access and zoning).
Access (allowable vehicles, streets and time windows).
Zoning (land use, freight distribution clusters, urban consolidation platforms).
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Characteristics of Urban Deliveries from a Sample of French Cities
Delivery Duration
Parking Conditions
3%
4%
7%
9%
11%
39%
12%
15%
50%
20%
28%
Less than 5 min
5 to 10 min
Double-parked
Other infringements
10 to 15 min
15 to 30 min
Along sidewalks
Over pedestrian areas
Private space
Delivery area
More than 30 min
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Location of LTL and Parcel Distribution Centers, Paris 1974-2010
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Social Externalities of Freight Distribution
Dimension
Hazard
Externality
Air pollution
(regional and local)
Particulate matters, Carbon monoxide,
Nitrogen dioxide; Living in proximity to roads
or terminals;
Healthcare costs; Productivity losses, Quality
of life impairments
Noise
Emissions from trucks and terminal activities Stress; Quality of life; Lower property values
Health and safety
Contingent employment; Working conditions
(vehicles and facilities); Dangerous goods
Community
Industrial blight; 24-hour lighting; Congestion; Disruptions; Longer commuting time; Lower
Rights of way; Eminent domain
property values
Occupational risks; Limited work benefits
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Mitigation Strategies: Rationalization of Deliveries
Night deliveries
• Less congestion and faster deliveries. No conflicts with commuting.
• Organization of labor and work shifts. Potential community disruptions
(e.g. noise).
Extended delivery windows
• More delivery options (e.g. weekend) and fewer impacts during peak
hours.
• Organization of labor and work shifts.
Cooperative deliveries
• Better utilization of assets (consolidation).
• Synchronizing delivery times and loads among different consignees.
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Mitigation Strategies: Freight Facilities
Urban freight distribution centers
• Better usage of delivery assets. Less congestion.
• Additional costs and potential delays due to consolidation. May not well
service consignee delivery requirements (e.g. time).
Local freight stations
• Less delivery parking. A single consolidation / deconsolidation location.
• Deliveries from freight station to consignee. Management costs for the
freight station.
Designated delivery parking areas
• Better access to consignees. Less disruptive deliveries.
• Less parking space for passenger vehicles.
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Mitigation Strategies: Modal Adaptation
Adapted vehicles
• Less impact on local congestion. Easier to find a parking spot. Environmentally friendly
vehicles.
• More journeys for shipments larger than the load unit. Additional consolidation and
deconsolidation costs.
Alternative modes
• Better access to congested areas. Environmentally friendly modes.
• Load / load unit matching. Additional consolidation and deconsolidation costs.
Adapted public transit
• Availability of existing infrastructure (e.g. light rail). Usage of off-peak hours.
• Additional load breaks. Network structure not matching demand structure.
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Relationship between Urban Density and Commercial Freight Deliveries
Sparse Demand
Delivery Costs per Unit
Smaller loads
Ample inventory space
Less frequent deliveries
Limited constraints for
loading and parking
Long delivery distances
Moderate Demand
Full truck loads
Ample inventory space
More frequent deliveries
Few constraints on loading
and parking
Shorter delivery distances
Concentrated Demand
Smaller loads
Limited inventory space
Frequent deliveries
Many constraints on loading
and parking
Shortest delivery distances
CBD
Inner core
Rural
Outer core
Low density suburban
Inner suburbs
Medium density suburban
Low
Density
High
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Impacts of Urban Planning Strategies on City Logistics
Higher densities
• Concentration of the freight demand. Parking issues for deliveries.
Mixed land uses
• Complexity of deliveries. Potential conflicts with nearby land uses for freight activities
(access, parking).
Promotion of public transit, walking and cycling
• Parking availability and curb access. Restriction for deliveries in neighborhoods due to
the safety concerns. Increase in home deliveries.
Brownfield developments
• Conflicts with existing freight activities.
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Factors Impacting Truck Traffic in Large Metropolitan Areas
Economics
• Deindustrialization
• Global supply chains
• Congestion pricing and higher tolls
Operational
Efficiency
•
•
•
•
Switch to large suburban distribution centers
Consolidation into larger truck loads
Increasing vehicle size and weight
Usage of backhaul opportunities
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Number of Registered Freight Trucks and Vans per 1000 Inhabitants in Selected Cities,
2008
25
Inhabitants (Millions)
20
Mexico
15
Delhi
Buenos Aires
10
Paris
London
5
Queretaro
0
0
10
20
30
40
Freight Trucks and Vans
50
60
70
80
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Main Forms of Urban Retail Goods Movements
Delivery to retail stores
Consumer shopping trips
Home deliveries from online
purchases
Large quantities
Small quantities
One box
Boxes, pallets, roll cages
Bags
Parcels
Homogeneous loads
Heterogeneous loads
Heterogeneous loads
Trucks and vans
Passenger cars, public transit
Small trucks and vans
One stop
One stop + trip chaining
Several stops (delivery route)
Own transport and common carriers
Own transport
Courier and parcel companies
Distribution center to retail areas
Retail to residential areas
Distribution center to residential
areas
Distribution center opening hours
Store opening hours
Potential for many delivery failures
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
The “Motor Transition” in Urban Freight Distribution
Fourth Stage (London)
Third Stage (Milan, Seoul, Chicago)
Second Stage (Mexico, Delhi, Buenos Aires)
First Stage (Accra, Harare, Meda)
0%
Manual (Rickshaw)
20%
Light Motor (Vans, Motorbikes)
40%
60%
Heavy Motor (Trucks)
80%
100%
"Green"
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
The “Motor Transition” in Urban Freight Distribution
Share of Urban Freight Deliveries
Least Developed Countries
Developing Countries
Developed Countries
Manual
Light Motor
Light Motor
Manual
Heavy Motor
Heavy Motor
Alternative
Alternative
Stage I
Stage II
Stage III
Stage IV
Informal Logistics
City
Motorized Transition
City
Motorized Logistics
City
Green Logistics City
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Motomachi Consolidation Center, Japan
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Effects of Truck Environmental Regulations, Gothenburg, Sweden
Trucks of more than 16 tons
Trucks of less than 16 tons
0
500
1000
1500
2000
Without Regulation
2500
3000
PM10 (kg / year)
3500
4000
4500
5000
With Regulation
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Typology of Global City Logistics
Metropolitan areas of developed economies
• Chain retailing resulting in more optimized urban deliveries. Availability of suburban land generating
patterns of logistics sprawl. E-commerce and services.
Metropolitan areas of emerging economies
• Many independent stores and street based businesses requiring specific patterns of deliveries. Dual
transport and logistics system. Land generally available but supporting infrastructure often lacking.
Gateway cities
• Numerous drayage operations from port (airport, intermodal terminals) to region’s DCs. Prevalence of
freight in urban land use (terminals, DCs).
Medium-sized cities in developed economies
• Same than metropolitan areas. Case specific such as access to a congested central area.
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
THE GEOGRAPHY OF
TRANSPORT
SYSTEMS
Transportation and Mega-Urban
Regions
THIRD EDITION
Application 3
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Globalization and Urbanization
Mercantile Era
Industrial Era
Contemporary Era
Technology and
Processes
New transport technology:
long distance ships, sextant, etc.
Steam power;
Railroad;
Steamships;
Machine fabrication
New transport and communication
technologies;
Information-rich production
technologies
Supporting
Principles
Cartography (navigation);
New means of payment (credit):
precious metals, financial
Innovations (accounting &
banking).
Economies of scale;
Vertical integration of production;
Factory systems; Assembly line
Labor unions;
Property rights;
Central banking; Currency;
Monetary policies;
Compulsory education.
Economies of scope ;
Trade liberalization;
Logistical innovations to facilitate
flows of goods, services, capital,
and information.
Spatial Structure
Division of labor brings
increasing urbanization;
Size of major cities increases.
Massive urbanization;
Average town size increases;
Structural issues (housing,
infrastructure, spatial
organization);
Social issues (unemployment,
health, welfare, education).
Urban regions competing globally;
Relatively fast economic changes
causing local dislocations;
Rise of large urban regions
around major cities connected to
the global economy.
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Mega-Region Development
A – Single Cities
B – Interconnected Cities
Urban Center
Land Link (intensity)
C – Metropolitan Regions
Maritime Link (intensity)
D – Mega Region
Gateway
Urban Region
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Modal Corridors in Mega Regions
Road
River
Rail
Maritime
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
World’s Largest Urban Regions
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Urban Spatial Pattern in East Asia
EMR
MUR
Urban center
Metropolitan area
Peri-urban area
Transformation area (Desakota)
High density rural
Frontier
Major transport link
EMR: Extended Metropolitan Region MUR: Mega Urban Region
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Land Use
“Center of power”
Commercial /
Institutional
Compact
Transit-oriented
Labor intensive
industrial
High density
agricultural
Compact
motorized
Main arterial
Rail
Freeway
Mass transit
Administrative /
commercial
New industrial activities
Development zones
Terminals / logistical
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Freight Distribution Centers along a Corridor
Emerging Situation
Conventional Situation
Transport terminal
2
Distribution / warehousing
Freight Diversion
2
Agglomeration of
distribution
Transport Link
1
1
Sub-harborization
2
Suburban distribution center
Intermodal
Corridor
(A) Metropolitan
Spheres of Distribution
(B) Regional / Corridor
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Articulation Node and Transport Chains
ORIGIN
TRANSPORT CHAIN
DESTINATION
Articulation Node
Transport terminal
Added value to mobility
Cluster
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Modal Corridors in an Urban Region
Maritime Corridor
Land Corridor
Fluvial Corridor
Air Corridor
City
Articulation node
Maritime
corridor
Road and
rail link
Fluvial
corridor
Air
corridor
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
The BostWash Mega Urban Region
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Tokaido Megalopolis
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.