CHAPTER 18
THE BEGINNINGS OF MODERNIZATION:
INDUSTRIALIZATION AND NATIONALISM, 1800-1870
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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. Which of the following did not play a crucial role in making Britain the site of
the first Industrial Revolution?
a. Over ninety-five percent of the population was literate.
b. The nation produced a surplus of food, thus allowing its people extra
buying power to purchase manufactured products.
c. Its increased population served as a labor source for the nation’s new
factories.
d. British manufacturers were willing to accept and seek new methods of
manufacturing.
2. The ability to make yarn at a much faster pace
a. was achieved by the development of George Stephenson’s Rocket.
b. was retarded by adoption of the Lysenko Doctrine in 1808.
c. became necessary after the development of the flying shuttle.
d. depended upon the inventions of Charles Seurat.
3. The steam engine was developed by
a. Edmund Cartwright.
b. James Hargreaves.
c. Hans Krieger.
d. James Watt.
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4. Steam power
a. could be used anywhere there was a river of sufficient size.
b. was limited by the ability of the horses to keep the generators turning.
c. required no maintenance once the original pistons were operational.
d. had a significant impact upon the production of cotton cloth.
8. Which of the following statements is a false observation about the
development of the Industrial Revolution?
a. The use of machinery in factories helped to stimulate urban growth.
b. The highly productive nature of industrial manufacturing created
continuous opportunities for reinvestment and increased production.
c. Price reductions produced increased markets that led to more sales,
more factories, and more machinery, thus continuing the traditional,
self-sustaining nature of the European economy as it had functioned
since the early 1600s.
d. Rural workers found new employment opportunities in railroad
construction.
9. Continental European industrialization
a. started a full generation before it did in England.
b. began in Belgium, France, and the German states.
c. didn’t gain momentum until the 1890s in France.
d. was centered in northwestern Piedmont until 1815.
13. A country that was forced to reduce its industrial production by a more
powerful competitor was
a. Argentina.
b. India.
c. Prussia.
d. Russia.
15. By aiming at establishing legitimacy and a traditional balance of power in
European political affairs, Metternich and his followers in Vienna were advocates
of the ideology known as
a. nihilism.
b. liberalism.
c. conservatism.
d. nationalism.
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16. Population in Europe during the nineteenth century
a. remained steady until the 1830s, and then began to decrease steadily.
b. was notable for rapid overall growth and a far more rapid increase in city
populations.
c. was dramatically reduced when the Great Famine killed twenty-five
percent of the Russian, Irish, and Prussian populations.
d. decreased as peasants, reassured by falling death rates, reduced the
rural birth rate by over sixty percent due to their adoption of birth
control.
17. The basic purpose of the Concert of Europe was to
a. obliterate the Ottoman Empire.
b. maintain conservative political control over Europe.
c. expedite liberal change in European governments.
d. allow the great powers of Europe to unilaterally intervene wherever they
chose to.
20. Britain’s Factory Act of 1833
a. reduced the number of women working in factories.
b. reduced the number of children working in factories.
c. established an eight hour work day for all workers.
d. placed a high tariff on imports in order to increase the profits of
industrialists.
21. Nineteenth-century liberals advocated
a. equal voting rights for all citizens.
b. equal voting rights for all male citizens.
c. voting rights only for male citizens who met certain property
requirements.
d. an egalitarian democracy of universal suffrage.
23. Nationalism
a. was a potential threat to the existing political order.
b. had major support only in western, Atlantic-coast Europe until the late
1860s.
c. was firmly opposed by Louis-Philippe and Cavour.
d. won speedy acceptance across Europe because every government was
helped by it.
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25. German unification
a. was achieved by the Frankfurt Assembly.
b. was achieved by Klemens von Metternich.
c. was finally achieved by the militaristic Prussian politicians.
d. resulted from the efforts of the German liberals.
26. Which of the following statements is not true about the revolutions of 1848 in
Europe?
a. The overthrow of the tsar in Moscow initiated the series of upheavals.
b. After uprisings in Budapest, Prague, and Vienna, Metternich had to flee
Austria.
c. Revolutionary forces took control of Vienna.
d. The Austrians needed the help of the Russians to put down the
Hungarian revolution.
27. The most multinational state in Europe in the nineteenth century, and thus the
one most threatened by the new ideology of nationalism, was
a. Austria.
b. France.
c. Britain.
d. Germany.
28. The first Mexican emperor was
a. Benito Juarez.
b. Simón Bolívar.
c. Father Miguel Hidalgo.
d. Augustín de Iturbide.
29. The liberators of Venezuela and Argentina, respectively, were
a. Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín.
b. Augustín de Iturbide and Toussaint Prado.
c. José de San Martín and Alfonso Stroessner.
d. Santa Ana and Toussaint L’Ouverture.
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32. The new Italian kingdom established in 1861
a. was created as a result of the Italo-Prussian Treaty of Halberstam in
1853.
b. was created as a result of the mass uprising of 1860 and 1861, when
Russian and French troops were driven out.
c. was, to a significant degree, the result of the diplomatic and political
work of Cavour and the military actions of Garibaldi.
d. seized Greece as soon as the Ottoman Empire withdrew from it.
33. The “Eastern Question ” in the nineteenth century concerned the fate of
a. the Austrian Empire.
b. Great Britain.
c. Germany.
d. the Ottoman Empire.
34. The Crimean War
a. enormously strengthened Russia’s military prestige.
b. strengthened the Concert of Europe, as well Russia’s stature on the
Continent.
c. resulted in Russian domination of European politics for the rest of the
century.
d. isolated the Austrians from the rest of the great powers of Europe.
37. Which of the following was not a result of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870?
a. Louis Napoleon made himself Emperor of the Third Republic.
b. German unification was achieved.
c. The French suffered a military and political humiliation.
d. The south German states came under Prussian domination.
38. Revolution and chaos were avoided in Britain during the nineteenth century
by all except the
a. creation of a secret and effective secret political police unit, the
“Peelers.”
b. economic prosperity it experienced during the period.
c. passage of the Reform Act of 1832.
d. national unity that was engendered by the reign of Queen Victoria.
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41. The emancipation of the Russian serfs
a. required that the former serfs pay for their freedom in installments.
b. angered peasants because it only gave them six acres each, too little to
support themselves.
c. led to Russian participation in the Crimean War in order to divert peasant
attention.
d. led to the 1867 Revolution.
42. Which of the following was true of developments in the United States through
the Civil War?
a. Mass white male electoral participation was instituted during the era of
Andrew Jackson.
b. Liberal social policies gave every inhabitant 1000 acres of free land.
c. Westward expansion kept slavery a relatively minor issue until 1870.
d. United States cotton production peaked in 1820 and dropped steadily
after that.
43. Which of the following was not an aspect of nineteenth-century development
in Canada?
a. Rebellions against British policy occurred in 1837 and 1838 in both
Upper and Lower Canada.
b. The British created a formal union of Upper and Lower Canada in 1840.
c. John Macdonald led a bloody rebellion against the British in 1860.
d. The British North American Act created the Canadian nation in 1867.
44. Romanticism emphasized
a. a commitment to group solidarity.
b. a focus on feeling, emotion, and imagination.
c. fascination with the future.
d. the common and everyday.
47. Charles Darwin presented a theory of evolution that
a. claimed humans were aggregations of atomic attraction and
radiomagnetic induction.
b. stated that all living things are involved in a struggle to survive.
c. excluded human beings from the process of natural selection.
d. strengthened the concept of the universe possessing purpose and
design.
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49. Major Realist works include
a. Gustave Courbet’s The Stonebreakers.
b. Gustave Flaubert’s Nicholas I: Tsar of Ill Fortune.
c. Ludwig van Beethoven’s Eroica.
d. Mary Shelley’s Prometheus Unbound.
50. The forces unleashed between 1800 and 1870 that led to Western global
dominance by the end of the nineteenth century were the result of the
a. Scientific and Communist revolutions.
b. Realistic and Romantic revolutions.
c. French and Liberal revolutions.
d. French and Industrial revolutions.
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