Ch. 14 Introduction to Animals
PAGES 295 - 334
Introduction & Characteristics of Animals
 There is great variation within the animal Kingdom
 Despite the great differences there are several traits all
animals share:




All animals are multicellular (made up of 2 or more cells)
All animals are eukaryotes (cells have a nucleus)
Animals cannot make their own food, so they are heterotrophs
Animals cells do not have a cell wall, they only have a cell membrane.
This makes their cells more flexible and able to specialize.
 Animals: Importance and History Video (6:49)
http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/theevolution-of-animals-importance-evolutionaryhistory.html#lesson
Animal Structure & Function
 Animals have specialized cells & most have tissues
and organs which form organ systems (i.e. nervous
system).
 Due to animals higher levels of organization they can
perform complex functions such as:



Detect environmental stimili
All animals can move, at least during some stage of their life
cycle.
Virtually all animals have internal digestion of food.
Animal Life Cycle & Reproduction
 Animals have a simple life cycle and spend the majority




of their life as diploid organisms.
Just about all animals reproduce sexually.
The diploid adults will undergo meiosis to produce
gametes (sperm & egg) cells
Fertilization occurs when a sperm and an egg fuses,
which turns into a zygote, which develops into an
embryo, and finals turns into an adult.
Overview of Meiosis Video: http://educationportal.com/academy/lesson/overview-ofmeiosis.html#lesson (6:35)
Classification of Animals
 All animals share the same basic traits but they also
show a lot of diversity.
 Animals range from simple sponges to complex
humans.
 Animals are divided into more than 30 phyla.
 Animals are first divided depending on whether they
are Invertebrates (animals that lack a vertebral
column) or Vertebrates (animals that have a
vertebral column)
Invertebrates
 The majority of all animals are invertebrates
 Once again all invertebrates lack a backbone
 Invertebrates do not have bones but may have a
skeleton, but it isn’t made of bone.
 There are 8 major phyla of Invertebrates

Read and highlight the 8 major phyla of Invertebrates on page
# 313 - 314
8 Major Invertebrates Phyla
 Porifera = sponges
 Cnidaria = jellyfish & corals
 Platyhelminthes = flatworms, tapeworms, & flukes
 Nematoda = roundworms
 Mollusca = snails, clams, squids
 Annelida = earthworms, leeches, marine worms
 Arthropoda = insects, spiders, crustaceans,
centipedes
 Echinodermata = sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars,
sea cucumbers
Vertebrates
 All vertebrates belong to the phyla Chordata
 Vertebrates are actually a subphylum of Chordata
 The main distinguishing feature of vertebrates is
their vertebral column (backbone).
 The backbone runs from head to tail on the dorsal
side of the body and is the core of the endoskeleton.
 Vertebrates also have a notochord, a dorsal hollow
nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and post-anal tail.
 Read & highlight the different classes of vertebrates
on pg.# 318 – 321
Classes of Vertebrates
 There are about 50,000 vertebrate species, in nine
different classes which are listed below









Hagfish
Lampreys
Cartilaginous Fish
Ray-Finned Fish
Lobe-Finned Fish
Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals
Plants vs. Animals
 Read Pg. #323-328
 Write down 3 differences between plants and
animals.
Major Organ Systems of the Human Body
 Read & highlight the major organ systems of the human
body on pg.# 331-332 that you see below












Cardiovascular System
Lymphatic System
Digestive System
Endocrine System
Integumentary System
Muscular System
Nervous System
Reproductive System
Respiratory System
Skeletal System
Urinary System
Immune System
Human Systems Videos
 Circulatory, Respiratory, Digestive, Excretory, &
Musculoskeletal systems Videos: http://educationportal.com/academy/topic/physiology-i-thecirculatory-respiratory-digestive-excretory-andmusculoskeletal-systems.html
 Nervous, Immune, & Endocrine system Videos:
http://educationportal.com/academy/topic/physiology-ii-thenervous-immune-and-endocrine-systems.html