What’s a Concept map?
Example: Photosynthesis
Terms: solar energy, food energy, CO2, H2O, O2, green plants
solar energy
CO2
green plants
H2O
glucose + O2
food energy
Concept Map: carbohydrates
Objective: to help see the link between terms and ideas
learned in class
Terms: simple carb, fiber, fructose, added sugar, glucose,
complex carb, natural sugar, sucrose, glycogen, lactose,
starch, grains, honey, plain yogurt, pears, liver and muscle
stores.
Practice: Draw a diagram logically linking all of the terms.
Concept Map: carbohydrates
Objective: to help see the link between terms and ideas
learned in class
Terms: simple carb, fiber, fructose, added sugar, glucose,
complex carb, natural sugar, sucrose, glycogen, lactose,
starch, grains, honey, plain yogurt, pears, liver and muscle
stores. NOW add blood sugar
Practice: Draw a diagram logically linking all of the terms.
Blood Sugar
Lows and Highs
Tools for Control-Overview
 Insulin
(I)
 Protein based, pancreas produced hormone
 Attaches to cells-Allows glucose inside cell
 Result  blood glucose (sugar) level decreases
 Glucagon (G) raises blood sugar level (BSL)
 Goal BSL ~80-100 mg %
 Too high or too low= TROUBLE
To: TREAT ACUTE SYMPTOMS: simple carb (sugars)
To: PREVENT SYPTOMS: restrict simple carb (sugars)
sweaty, rapid
heart rate
dizzy, confused
grouchy, anxious
Hypoglycemia (Low BSL)
 Acute
danger but uncommon condition
 RBC’s and brain need glucose 24/7
 Basic Cause: I:G out of balance low BSL
 Prevention (different than treatment)
 No meal skipping
 Include healthy complex carb/protein at meals
 Limit simple and avoid ‘added’ sugar
 Focus naturally high fiber foods
What happens….???
>126 mg%
Diabetes Projections: 2000 to 2030
Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
 Hyperglycemia
(high fasting BSL)
 Cause: not enough or ineffective Insulin

Not caused by consuming too much sugar!
 Result:
too much sugar in blood-not enough in cell
 Consequence: cells/tissues are glucose starved
 chronic inflammation occurs
 blood lipids, blood pressure rise, arteries harden
 tissue/cell function declines
DM: A chronic, progressive disease
 Common
consequences
 Vascular disease (#1 cause-diabetic deaths)
 Blindness
 Amputations
 Kidney disease
Renal Dialysis
Classifications of Diabetes
 Type
I
 pancreas fails to
make insulin
 early onset in life
 Rx: requires insulin.
Monitor diet,
regular exercise.
Classifications of Diabetes
 Type
2
 90-95% of all cases
 Insulin is ineffective
 Most adult DM
 Increasingly common in kids
 Treatment:
Medical  pills/injections
Lifestyle  diet/exercise/stress mgt.
Self-Check BSL
Helps gauge day to day management success
Fasting BSL ✓ morning, bedtime and/or exercise
Long term ✓of BSL = hemoglobin A1C
Check List: Managing BSL
 Achieve
a healthy weight
 Quit smoking
 Daily exercise
 Trickle in healthy carbs over the day
 No meal skipping
 Foods/beverages without added sugar
 Replace saturated (animal) with unsat (plant) fats
 Monitor BSL
Concept Map: Blood Sugar Level
Terms: blood sugar (glucose), hyperglycemia,
hypoglycemia, glucagon, insulin, type 1 diabetes, type 2
diabetes, ineffective insulin, inadequate insulin
Draw a diagram logically linking all of the terms.
Optional slides
Concept Map: Controlling BSL
Blood Sugar Level
Hyperglycemia
Hypoglycemia
Insulin released
Inadequate Ineffective Glucagon released
Insulin
insulin
DM Type 1
DM Type 2
Blood glucose
Release liver
glycogen
Blood
glucose
Concept Map of Diabetes
No insulin
(not
enough)
insulin deficiency
1
cells no
longer
sensitive to
insulin
cells can’t absorb sugar
2
Too much sugar in blood vessels (hyperglycemia)
Not enough sugar IN cells
1
cells burn
fat and
protein only
ketones
build up
2
glycosuria
polyuria
polydipsia
kidneys
3
kidneys can’t
handle excess sugar
dialysis
shock
5
kidney
transplant
coma
death
6
heart
retina
nerves
heart
disease
retinal
damage
Neuropathy
kidney failure
dehydration
blood
becomes
acidic
4
vessel damage
numbness
heart
attack
gangrene
blindnes
s
amputation