Welcome to class !
11-30 and 12-1

Warm up # 22-26
 Do your vocabulary set #10 (raptor time if not finish)
 Brieftly go over the Tests from last week (next Wednesday
afterschool for test correction)
 Discussion on Cell Cycle
 Homefun:
– Write a one page front and back using word document to compare
structures and functions of 4 Biomolecules (Carbs, Lipids, Proteins,
Nucleic acids). Including enzymes! Print a hard copy Due next
Monday and Tuesday. This is a quiz grade! (no late work accept it)
– In class assignment today, if not finish, then complete at home due
next class.
Check for Understanding Assignments
1. Why is smaller cells are better than larger ones?
2. Compare and contrast Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cell
3. Compare and contrast cell cycle of prokaryote and eukaryote
4. List and describe stages of the Eukaryotic Cell Cycle
5. What is a chromosome? Explain in details the differences (their
locations and compositions)between chromosome in
prokaryotes and eukaryotes (including, singular circular
chromosome, histone proteins, coils, supercoils, sister
chromatids, chromosomes)
6. Draw and concept map to summarize this lecture notes
copyright cmassengale
• Large cells cannot
transport nutrients
across membrane
• A group of smaller cells
has a larger surface
area than a single cell
with the same
volume...
Remember, cells must use diffusion and osmosis
to obtain important nutrients, like oxygen and
glucose
Cell Reproduction
Prokaryotes
- All Bacteria
 Eukaryotes
- Plants, animals,
fungi and protists

copyright cmassengale
Prokaryotes
 Lack
a nucleus
 Have a single chromosome
 Reproduce by binary fission
In prokaryotic cells, DNA is
 Include bacteria packaged into a single, circular
chromosome in cytoplasm.
copyright cmassengale
Chromosomes
In eukaryotic cells, DNA is packaged into multiple
chromosomes in nucleus.
DNA double
helix
coils
sister
chromatids
centromere
nucleosome
supercoils
histone proteins
What are chromosomes?
• DNA containing cell’s
genetic code
• Each chromosome has a
matching pair (homologous)
• During interphase, each
chromosome copies itself
Which Cell Cycle?
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Steps in Binary Fission
1.
2.
3.
Cells increase
their cell mass
slightly
DNA & cell
components are
replicated
Each cell divides
into 2 daughter
cells (exactlycopyright
thecmassengale
Binary Fission of Bacterial Cell
copyright cmassengale
E. Coli Dividing by Binary
Fission
copyright cmassengale
Eukaryotes
 Contain
a nucleus &
membrane bound organelles
 Asexually reproduce cells by
mitosis
copyright cmassengale
Cell Cycle
Stages in growth &
division
1. G1 Phase
2. S Phase
3. G2 Phase
4. M Phase
5. Cytokinesis
Why does cell cycle important
to the growth of organism?
copyright cmassengale
G1 Phase
 First growth
stage
 Cell increases in
size
 Cell prepares to
copy its DNA
copyright cmassengale
Synthesis Phase
 Copying
of all
of DNA’s
instructions
 Chromosomes
duplicated
copyright cmassengale
G2 Phase
 Time
between
DNA synthesis
& mitosis
 Cell continues
growing
 Needed
proteins
produced
copyright cmassengale
Mitosis Phase
 Cell
growth &
protein
production
stop
 Cell’s energy
used to make 2
daughter cells
 Called mitosis
or karyokinesis
(nuclear
copyright cmassengale
Life Cycle of a Cell
Mitosis is a cycle with no beginning or end.
copyright cmassengale
Interphase – Resting Stage
 Cells
carrying on
normal activities
 Chromosomes
aren’t visible
 Cell metabolism
is occurring
 Occurs before
mitosis
copyright cmassengale
Interphase
copyright cmassengale
Check for Understanding Assignments
1. Why is smaller cells are better than larger ones?
2. Compare and contrast Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cell
3. Compare and contrast cell cycle of prokaryote and eukaryote
4. List and describe stages of the Eukaryotic Cell Cycle
5. What is a chromosome? Explain in details the differences (their
locations and compositions)between chromosome in
prokaryotes and eukaryotes (including, singular circular
chromosome, histone proteins, coils, supercoils, sister
chromatids, chromosomes)
6. Draw and concept map to summarize this lecture notes
copyright cmassengale
Welcome to class !
12-2 and 12-3

Warm up # 27-31 Turn in warm up! Get new warm up
 Turn in “Check for understanding assignments”
 Briefly go over the Tests from last week (next Wednesday
afterschool for test correction)
 Discussion on Cell Cycle continue
 2-D Lab (if not finish, due this Friday!)
 Semester Exam Study Guide is on my webpage under this
PPT slides (print out and start studying!)
 Homefun:
– Write a one page front and back using word document to compare
structures and functions of 4 Biomolecules (Carbs, Lipids, Proteins,
Nucleic acids). Including enzymes! Print a hard copy Due next
Monday and Tuesday. This is a quiz grade! (no late work accept it)
Eukaryotic Chromosome
copyright cmassengale
Human Chromosomes
Karyotype – tell male or female, genetic diseases
copyright cmassengale
Stages of Mitosis
 Prophase
 Metaphase
 Anaphase
 Telophase
copyright cmassengale
Cells Undergoing Mitosis
copyright cmassengale
Steps in Prophase





DNA coils tightly &
becomes visible as
chromosomes
Nuclear membrane
disappears
Nucleolus disappears
Centrioles migrate to
poles
Spindle begins to form
copyright cmassengale
Steps in Metaphase
 Spindle
fibers
from centrioles
attach to each
chromosome
 Cell preparing to
separate its
chromosomes
 Cell aligns its
chromosomes in
copyright cmassengale
Metaphase
copyright cmassengale
Steps in Anaphase
Cell chromosomes
are separated
 Spindle fibers
shorten so
chromosomes pulled
to ends of cell

copyright cmassengale
Mitotic Spindle
copyright cmassengale
Anaphase
copyright cmassengale
Steps in Telophase





Separation of
chromosomes
completed
Cell Plate forms
(plants)
Cleavage furrow
forms(animals)
Nucleus & nucleolus
reform
Chromosomes uncoil
copyright cmassengale
Telophase
Plant
copyright cmassengale
Animal
Cytokinesis
Occurs after
chromosomes
separate
 Cytoplasm pinches
off in the center
 Forms two, identical
daughter cells

copyright cmassengale
Cytokinesis
Cell Plate Forming in Plant Cells
copyright cmassengale
Mitosis Overview
List and describe the stages of mitosis.
Interphase
Cytokinesis
4Telophase
1 Prophase
2 Metaphase
3 Anaphase
1.Name the phases
starting at the top.
1. Name the phase
2. Identify X
3. Identify Y
5. Name the
phase
6. Name the
phase