Part 2
İnterpersonal
Communication
İntrprsnl communication
involves
a. interaction between two
persons.
Q: Is it nercessary to have at least two
people for any communication?
interaction between two persons.
b. Use of
natural
and/or
technological means
of communication
c.
Differing or matching
Goals, interests and needs
d. Power relations
e.g.: between master and slave;
between boss and worker;
between sellers and buyers;
even between two friends
e. Organized place
Place is socially, politically, culturally
and/or economically organized.
Social organization of place:
Political orgnzn:
Economical organization:
Personally organized space:
Q: Is public space organized?
Is a mountain organized?
Public space is organized by the state:
There is no free public space where in
people can freely express themselves and
do things as they wish.
Public space is culturally, economically, and
political organized. You cannot do
anything ypou want.
f.
Organized time (and also space/place)
1. Socially organized in general:
e.g. Organization of time according to
minutes, hours, days and weeks (What
kind of organized time is “work time? Who
can organizes it? Who can not?
THEN, is socially organized time
“organized by “social entity as a whole?
Can you organize a space for a social
activity?
2. Politically organized:
e.g., election time and place, voting time
and place, campaign time and place,
demonstration time and place.
Can you as an individual organize a time
(or space) politically? Outcome of it?
f. Organized time
3. Culturally organized: Festivals,
special days, holidays
(Is cultural organizaton independent from others?)
Can you organize a time and space for a cultural
activity?
f. Organized time
4. Economically organized time (and
space): organizing working time and
place
Can you as an individual (not as, e.g., a manager)
organize a time and space for an economical
activity?
f. Organized time
5. Personally organized time and space
What are the determining conditons of organizaton
of time by someone/you?
Interpersonal communication
May be:
 Technologically mediated or unmediated
 Now or delayed
 Informal or formal
 Friendly or not
Who and where are persons in
interpersonal Communication ?
Who?
You and others as friend, parents, child, student, boss,
worker, manager, soldier, policeer.
Where?
At home, school, work place, street, mall, cinema, stadium
Always keep in mind that
You are somebody
in
some organized time and place
Under
certain organized conditons
With
Certain power and interests
You do not live in a vacuum
as an independent and free agent/entity:
You can not live and act as you wish.
You live in a society which is organized
according to power realtions
Your freedom does not start at the point
where my freedom ends.
Your freedom is determined by your and
others’ economical power.
Why is interpersonal
Communication ?
Because of
 Social
 Psychological
 Cultural
 Economical
 Political
 Necessity
 Need
 Goal
 Interest
Objectives and outcomes
of
interpersonal communication




Attaining a goal/objective
Meeting a need
Identifying ourselves and others
Establishing a context for certain relationship
(e.g., understanding)
 Identity construction, maintenance or repair
 Explaining/understanding, forecasting and
controlling a relationship
 Establishing and tanimlama a relationship
 Establishing and tanımlama context of
relationship
 Relationship maintenance
 Relationship development
 Relationship repair
 Mediation and conflict resolution
 Ending a relationship
 Resatarting a relationship
 To eliminate uncertainty and gain
knowledge
 Participate in reproduction of dominant
interests and goals in organized structures
 Participate in struggles against the injustice,
despotism, exploitation, slavery, oppression
in organized structures
Nature of interpersonal communication
changes according to, e.g.:
Expectations
Goals
Interests
Position of a person in the interaction
Organized roles and duties
Property relations
Power relations






Interpesonal communication
Can be:
Coincidental
Spontaneous, unplanned or planned
Temporary, midterm, long term or lifetime
Superficial or profound/intense
Fake, insincere or frank, genuine, sincere
Informal or formal
Context of interpersonal communication
includes. E.g.:
• Nature of organized space
• Nature of organized time
• Nature of power relations
• Nature of objectives, personal and/or
organized interests
• Nature of past and present contexts
• Personal and structural feelings
Interpersonal Communication
Beginnings
• Relationship bulilding
• Self-disclosure
• Attachment
Interpersonal Communication:
Decision to stop at the beginning
• Who can and who can not
decide on starting and ending a
relationship at the beginning?
Interpersonal Communication
Maintenance and
intensification
• Relationship maintenance
• Getting closer
• Establishing domination
Uncertainty reduction
• Uncertainty reduction for deciding on
starting a relationship
• Uncertainty reduction for relationship
development
Interpersonal Communication
Maintenance
a. Avoiding conflict
b. Conflict and conflict
resolution
Oral Communication
and
Verbal Communication
Oral Communication:
involves communication via word of
mouth; speaking, saying something.
Verbal Communication:
Word of mouth or speaking or saying
something also becomes verbal
communication when society at the
literate level.
Oral Communication:
is historically the oldest form of
communication as compare to the
verbal communication.
Oral Communication
and verbal
communication is done
via saying something by
using voice.
Saying something by using
human voice can be
Simply a sound that means something;
calling; expression of fear, pain,
happiness; informing a danger or a
happening
Saying something by using
human voice can be
using socially coded unwrritten
language (oral tradition, illiterate times;
no written codes).
Saying something by using
voice can be
Using words in a written language. This
is also verbal communication.
(we generally use oral communication and
verbal communication interchangably)
Verbal communication requires
use of Language in literate sense.
It is the word of mouth expression
beyond oral traditon of illeterate societies,
at the level of written tradition of literate
age.
Verbal communication
includes articulation and
pronunciation of written codes
(alphabet).
People using oral communication
in illeterate times can not spell or
articulate by using letters.
E.g.,
You can articulate the oral
expression of “dna” in reverse,
however an illeterate person can
not.
Oral communication is the
establishement, maintenance or
termination of any kind of
relationship by means of only
saying (the unwritten words).
Verbal communication is the
establishment, maintenance or
termination of any kind of
relationship by means of saying
written or unwritten words.
Oral/Verbal communication occurs
in organized time
in organized space
in power relations
to attain certain goals
Oral/verbal communication can be
technologically mediated
Or
technologically unmediated
technologically unmediated:
Using human voice
Technologically mediated:
Using instruments in oral/verbal communication
in order to
(a) reach beyond a human voice can be heard
(domination over spatial boundaries).
(b) Overcome immediacy of orality
Technologically mediated:
1. Spatial extension of oral calling
by using instruments similar to
megaphone (they still use their
voices)
(same time, but long distance)
Technologically mediated:
2. Spatial extension of voice, sound
and oral expression by using
megaphone, microphone, telephone,
cellphone
(same time but long distance)
Technologically mediated:
3. Spatial extension of voice, sound
and oral expression by using
Recording
(different time and different
space/place)
Oral/verbal communication can be:
• at the same time and same place
•at the same time but diferent place
•
• at diffrent time and same place
•at different time but diferent place
A word or vocal sound by itself
is not communication per se.
A word or vocal sound is a
necessary mean for
establishing oral/verbal
communication.
Non verbal
communication
Nonverbal Communication
is the communication done
by non-verbal means (no
words are used)
In nonverbal
communication,
we establish, sustain or
terminate a relationship or
activity without using
words.
Nonverbal communication
İncludes signs that have social
meaning.
Social meaning of a sign can be same
or different in different communities.
E.g.: leg crossing, head shaking,
crying, gazing
If a sign has no socially attached
meaning, then it is not
considered as means of
communication.
E.g.: hand movements while
talking
Nonverbal signs:
1. Icons (iconic signs)
They resemble the signified
a photograf, picture, chart, map, maniken, model
car, a person’s profile, some road signs.
Iconic signs are used in, e.g., conveying a meaning
and directing/controlling a behavior. Web
understand what they mean when web see
them and behave accordingly (or otherwise).
Nonverbal signs:
1. Icons (iconic signs)
They resemble the signified/referred:
a photograf, picture, chart, map, maniken, model car, a
person’s profile, some road signs.
Iconic signs are used in, e.g., conveying a meaning and
directing/controlling a behavior. Web understand
what they mean when web see them and behave
accordingly (or otherwise).
Nonverbal signs:
2. Symbols (Symbolic signs)
They do not resemble the signified/referred:
A letter in an alphabet, a word ile “cat”
Symbols have socially attached meaning.
Nonverbal signs:
3. Index
They are learned in such a way that web
establish meanings and drive conclusions.
Dark clouds ……. It will rain
Smoke…………… fire
Knock on the door… someone at the door.
Signs can have
a. Common codes
b. No codes
.
Signs with common codes are
part of a language, thus are
means of non-verbal
communication
For instance:
Shaking head
Hand shaking
Some hand motions
Signs with no common codes
are not considered as language
and thus are not means of nonverbal communication
Signs with no common codes are also
used in interpersonal interaction, but
they are arbitrary, subjective,
personal and abstract, hence it does
not considered as language. in
general.
Some signs have more than one
meaning and higly context
bound:
arms crossing, looking
downword, winking, looking
straight to other person’s eyes,
crying when accused.
Functions of nonverbal
communication
• İdentity building and management,
identity marketing, promotion of self
•
via certain behavior, dress/clothing,
eating and drinking certain products,
attending to certain places,
• Relational status marketing by
using the same tools in the
personal identity politics of
consumerism.
• Expressing
reaction
certain
emotional
Via tone of voice, facial expression,
hand motions, looking, manner of
walking,
• İkna: Nasrettin Hocanın kürküne
bakarak Hocayı değerlendiren,
biçimin özün önüne geçirildiği hasta
dünyada, kürkü giyen Nasrettin
Hocanın ikna gücünü artırır.
Sözsüz Communication sosyal ilişkide önemli görevlere sahiptir:
• Regulation of interaction:
Ortak kodlar kullanımıyla (örneğin
tastik, kabul, devam et, anladım gibi
anlamlara gelen sözsüz ifadelerle)
karşılıklı konuşmanın düzenlenmesine
yardım eder.
• Regulation of flow of
communication:
Sözsüz Communication paylaşılan
sözsüz semboller yoluyla
communication akışını düzenlemeye
yardım eder.
Sözsüz Communication sosyal ilişkide önemli görevlere sahiptir:
• Affirmation or disagreement
function:
Sözlü kelimelere anlamla ilgili ekleme
yapar.
sözü pekiştirir veya tam aksine kasıtlı
olarak sözü yadsır.
Sözsüz Communication sosyal ilişkide önemli görevlere sahiptir:
• Completion function:
• Sözü tamamlar; Sözü kelimelerin
anlattığından daha güçlü olarak
veya
daha
farklı olarak
anlamlandırmadır;
Sözsüz Communication sosyal ilişkide önemli görevlere sahiptir:
• Attention gathering function:
Dikkat çekmek için vurgulamayı
sağlar (örneğin masaya vurma,
sesini birden yükseltme);
Sözsüz Communication sosyal ilişkide önemli görevlere sahiptir:
• Replaces the oral expression
Sözle olan bir anlatımın sözsüz
olarak bir işaretle yerini alır
(örnegin evet anlamına baş sallama,
Amerikalılarda küfür yerine orta
parmağını göstermesi).
Types of nonverbal
Communication
• Yer ve mesafe tutma: Proxemics
• Dokunma: Haptics
• Jestler: Kinesics
• Göz ve bakış: Occulecsics
• Zaman ve statü kullanımı:
Chronemics
• Paralanguage
• Maddeler ve Eşyalar: Artifacts
• Fiziksel görünüş: Physical
appearance
Organized mind an
behavior management:
PUBLIC RELATIONS
The earliest definitions
emphasized press agentry
and publicity, while more
modern definitions
incorporate the concepts of
“engagement” and
“relationship building.”
The 1982 definition by PRSA:
“Public relations helps an
organization and its publics
adapt mutually to each other.”
In 2011/12, PRSA led an
international effort to modernize the
definition of public relations:
“Public relations is a strategic
communication process that builds
mutually beneficial relationships
between organizations and their
publics.”
“the deliberate, planned and
sustained effort to establish and
maintain mutual understanding
between an organisation (or
individual) and it’s (or their)
publics” (www.pria.com.au, 2007)
PR
1. is a basic function of
management/admnstrtn
2. has unavodable
managerial/admnstrv functions
PR
3. Meets the research and
evaluation needs before an
managerial decision and
activity.
PR
4. Is a tool to establish
rastionalism and effectiveness
in admnstrtv decision making.
5. is a continuous and
systematic process .
PR
6. Manages relationship with
audience, consumer or public.
7. public participation,
mediation, agreement and
service are important in PR.
PR
8. Requires long term
commitment
Pr is activity to influence
an organization’s
internal and external
rerlations.
PR
Are planned activites to manage
minds and behaviors in order to
reach certain objectives.
PR
Helps society to reach decisions
helps society to work effectively
Helps private and public policies in
harmony.
PR History
Press agentry: describes the activities
of people who would do
anything to get attention for their
organisations, event or product.
Public information: describes public
relations becoming more
sophisticated and evolving into accurate
one-way information on
behalf of organisations.
Two-way asymmetric: describes two-way
public relations work which is biased to
propagating the organisation’s views, rather than
responding to messages from publics.
Two-way symmetric: is Grunig and Hunt’s
ideal model for public relations. In this model,
the publics’ views are respected and are given
the same importance as the views of the
organisation sponsoring the public relations
work” (Johnson & Zawawi 2004, p63).
What is the basic
activities of pr?:
What does pr do?
• PR protects and enhances the reputation of a company.
• PR provides information to the public as well as
specific audiences about any changes or news occurring
within an organization.
• PR concentrates on what a company needs to gain
public attention and uses the media to accomplish this.
• PR acts as a trained spokesperson on behalf of a
company and looks for new ways to improve the way the
public views it.
1. Consultancy
2. Advocacy
3. Publicity
4. Making and applying personel
or member relations
5. Managing Public affairs.
6. Relations with Public institution
7. Issue management
8. Managing finance relations
9. Managing Industrial relations
10. Fund raising.
11. Managing ethnic/ azınlık relations
and multicultural affairs.
12. Private events and gatting public
participation
13. Marketing relations
14. Setting objectives, planning, butget
praparation, personel trainingf, facility
improvement
PR benefits society:
It is a tool for public interest
It talks to insensitive
organizations for public
It talks to public for organizations.
Hence, ıt establishes mutually
beneficial connection between
public and organizations.
PR Ethics
“let public be fooled”
Circus promoter
Phineas Taylor Barnum
PR:
PR associations and their
ethics principles
Organized mind and
behavior management:
Advertising
Concept of Advertising
The Advertising Industry
1.The Advertisers (The clients)
Regional and National Advertisers
2. The Advertising Agency
The Client-Agency Relationship
3. The Suppliers in Advertising
4. The Media of Advertising
Advertising is
Communication
Scope and Importance of
Advertising
Advertising Functions
Nature of Advertising
Advertising and Society
The Economic Impact of Advertising
The Social Impact of Advertising
Social Responsibility and Advertising
Ethics
How Government Regulates Advertising
Government Restraints on International
Advertisers Gevernment and
nongovernment regulations
Technologically
mediated mind
management system:
Mass
Communication
Mass Com is com
mediated by newspaper,
radio, book, magazines,
television, internet etc.
Mass com development
Development of carriers of
communication
Development of recorders
of communication
Development of capacity
Development of size
(movable, carriable)
Development of durability
Newspapers
Books and Printing
Development of print
technology
Maps
Technical Media
Telegraphy and Analog
Technology
Photography ("writing with
light")
Telephony ("sound over
distance")
Phonography ("writing with
sound")
Phonography ("writing with
sound")
Motion Pictures
Film and gramophone
Radio
Advertising
Publicity/PR
Television
Broadcast News
Computer-Mediated
Communications
Digital Technology
The Turing machine
Organization of mass
communication
Groups of mass communicaiton
Printing
tech: e.g.,
Books
Newspapers
Magazines
Elekronic
and digital
tech: e.g.,
Radyo
Televizyon
WEB
Cemical
tech: e.g.,
Film
Kitle iletişiminin endüstri tiplerine göre gruplandırılması
WEB
Kitaplar
Genel ilgi
Okul
Referans
uzmanlık
Televizyon
Ulusal
Yerel
Uluslararası
Magazinler
Haber magazinleri
Kadın magazinleri
Erkek magazinleri
Gazete ekleri
Tüketici magazinleri
Ticari magazinler
Vb.
Gazeteler
.Günlük gazeteler
Ulusal bölgesel Yerel
.Günlük olmayan gazeteler
Radio
Ulusal
Yerel
Uluslararası
Müzik ve plak
. Gramafon ve Plak
. Teyp ve digital teknoloji
Film
Sinema
Tv
Roles of Mass
communicaiton
media
and
representation
Who Controls the Media
and their Meanings?
PUBLIC
COMMUNICATION
.
Public communication occurs
whenever there are a large
number of people.
Public communication involves
lectures, rallies, convocations,
and religious services.
 Public
speaking is usually
much more structured than
interpersonal communication.
 Public
speaking usually requires
more formal language and a
more formal style of delivery than
other types of communication
 Computer
mediated
communication
 and
 İnternet
International
Communication
. Flow of resources
Flow of media and tools
Flow of end products
Software
Programs
Films
. Flow of professional
ideologies and
professional practices
. The end