GIS-aided for marine
conservation planning:
Case study in Phu Quoc island, Vietnam
Mai Ky Vinh
Examination committee:
Dr. Rajendra Shrestha
Dr. Wenresti Gallardo
Dr. Dietrich Schmidt-Vogt
Dr. Hakan Berg
(chairman)
(member)
(member)
(member)
1
Outline
• Introduction
• Literature review
• Methodology
• Study area
• Results and Discussion
• Conclusion & Recommendations
2
Introduction - Background
• Wetland & important role
• Phu Quoc archipelago
•
•
•
•
Seagrass
Coral reef
Marine resources
Dugong dugong
3
Introduction - Problem statement and Rationale
Problem statement
•PQ Marine ecosystem is
degraded
•Population
•Fishing activities
•Zoning MPA
•Conservation planning
•GIS database
•MPA management
Rational of study
•PQMPA declared
•There are many
proposed MPAs boundary
•Zoning plan needs
•GIS data
•New situation MoFi
merged to MARD
4
Introduction - Objectives
Overall objective
Suggest conservation measure for
PQMPA including boundary
selecting, zoning, and conservation
measure.
Specific objectives
1: To establish a GIS database for PQ
2: To propose MPA boundary & zoning for PQMPA
3: To suggest the conservation measures
5
Literature review
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
Wetland, seagrass and coral reefs
Biodiversity and conservation
Marine Protected Areas (MPA)
Land evaluation
Remote Sensing, GIS and GPS
Decision, multi-criteria, Analytical Hierarchy Process
Social analysis
Institutional analysis and assessment
6
Study AREA
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
3.11
Selection of the study area
Location of Phu Quoc Island
Topography & geomorphology
Geology and soil
Climatic condition
Hydrology
Marine area around Phu Quoc
Flora and fauna overview
History and culture
Socio-economic condition
Tourism
Phu Quoc – from the West
7
Methodology
Problem
&objective setting
Site selection
Conceptual Framework of GIS-added
PQMPA conservation planning
MPA
Management
Objectives
Literature review
Secondary Data
•GIS layers, RS data
Report, data
Policy and program
Stakeholder
Planning development
DATA
ACQUISITION
DATA
AUTOMATION
DATABASE
GENERATING
Data requirement
Seminar, workshop,
consultation mapping
Spatial Data
Attribute Data
GIS, RS, Processing, Digitizing & Input
Socioeconomic
GIS database
Layers involving potential
for marine conservation
Weighting Rating
Scoring
MPA SELECTION
CONSERVATION
PLANNING
Primary Data
Hardcopy maps, GPS
Semi-str. Questionnaire
Observation, Survey
Local Mapping participation
Key informants interview
Mapping consultation
Weighting, scoring
Zoning models
Maps, Tables,
Figures, Texts
Non-spatial
database
Socioeconomic
Stakeholder
…
Stakeholders
Institutional
PQMPA
Spatial
Conservation measures
MPA selecting & zonning
8
Methodology
Primary Data
Secondary Data
GIS/GPS/RS Technique
Local participatory mapping
Expert consultation
Workshop,
Intweview the key informants
Semi-structured interviews
Criteria for MPA
potential
GIS database
Weighting Rating
Scoring
Maps overlay
& calculation High potential
techniques
Review, revise
MPA
• Procedure for
selecting and
suggesting
conservation
measure
Socio-economic
aspects
Stakeholder
analysis
MPA
selecting/zoning
Institutional
analysis
Suggest conservation measure
9
Methodology
– Data collection
• Interview key informants
10
Methodology
– Data collection
• Field visit and observation
11
Methodology
– Data collection
• Local participatory mapping
•Fishermen, sea product merchants,
•Got information
•Need to have crosschecking
12
Methodology
– Data collection
• Workshop, seminar
13
Methodology
Data collection, tools & materials
• Data collection
• Secondary data
•Topographical maps
•Satellite images
•Ancillary data
•Primary data
•Mapping data, Social data
•Interview key informants
•Field data (GPS/Field)
TOOLS:
•Camera
•Scanner
• Laptop
• Color printer
• GPS Receiver
• Small boat
• Motorbike
• Compass
• Digital camera
• Voice recorder
Software
•ENVI 3.5& ERDAS
8.7
•Map/info
•ArcGIS 9.2 & ARC
VIEW 3.3
•Microsoft Excel,
• Mapsource
14
Methodology
No
I
Mapping Layer
Data preparation
Data sources
Mapping method
Scale
Base map
Scanning,
do geometry, digitizing
1
Administrative
Topographical map
2
River, stream
Topographical map
3
Road
Topographical map
Local Participatory mapping (LPM), expert consultation
1: 50,000
4
Contour
Topographical map
(LPM), expert consultation
1: 50,000
II
1: 50,000
1: 50,000
Bio-geographical feature
1
Bathymetry
Topographical map
Spatial analysis
1: 50,000
2
Seabed slope
Depth contour
Spatial analysis
1: 50,000
3
Marine current
Base map
Local Participatory mapping (LPM), expert consultation
1: 50,000
4
High productivity area
Base map
(LPM), expert consultation
1: 50,000
5
Distribution of seagrass
NIO, UNEP
Digital image processing and field check, diving survey
1: 50,000
6
Distribution of coral reefs
NIO, UNEP
Digital image processing and field check, diving survey
1: 50,000
7
Global threatened species
Local people, KGDoFi, NIO,
Local Participatory mapping (LPM), expert consultation
1: 50,000
8
Distribution of marine resource
Local people, KGDoFi
Local Participatory mapping (LPM), expert consultation
1: 50,000
9
Land use planning inland
KG DARD PQNP, sub-FIPI
Remote sensing and field check
1: 50,000
III
Socio-economic
1
Population
KG DoFi
PQ DSO
Secondary data, Field work
expert consultation
1: 50,000
2
No. of catching unit
KG DoFi
Communes data
Secondary data, Field work
expert consultation
1: 50,000
15
Methodology
Data Analysis
• Land evaluation process:
applied into marine evaluation /
marine conservation planning - multicriteria analysis
• Remote Sensing – enhancing
satellite image
• GIS analysis
• Spatial analysis, overlaying
layers, Buffering, DEM,
modelling
• Data preparation, GIS
database
16
Methodology
• Scoring by
ranking and
classifying
each
criteria into
classes
• Weighting
by rating
MPA selecting
I
D
Criteria/ Methods
1
Biogeographical criteria
Local participate mapping
Expert consultation (EC)
Layer/ Data source
Unit
High
potential (3)
Medium
potential (2)
Low
potential (1)
No
potential (0)
Bathymetry
Depth contour
meter
0 to -5
-5 to -10
-10 to -20
-20 to - 100
Seabed slope average
Depth contour
degree
0 to 0.1
0.1 to 1.0
1.0 to 5.0
> 5.0
Marine current
LPM
Logic
Yes
Marine current
No
Marine
current
High productivity area
LPM
Relative
level
High
productivity
Low
productivity
2
Distribution of seagrass
EC,
Seagrass
NIO, RS&surveys
Relative
important
High cover,
species
Medium cover,
species
Low
cover,
species
No seagrass
3
Distribution of coral reefs
EC
Coral reefs
NIO, RS&surveys
Logic
High cover,
species
Buffer 200m
Buffer 400m
No coral reefs
4
Global threatened species
EC
Rare Species
LPM, KG DoFi
Relative
abundan
ce
Very
abundance
No abundance
5
Fishery resources
EC
Fishery resources
LPM, KG DoFi
Relative
abundan
ce
Very
abundance
No
abundance
6
Land use planning inland
EC, GIS buffering
Inland planning
KQ DARD, sub-FIPI
Relative
potential
High potential
conservation
No potential
conservation
7
Socio-economic
EC
Relative
potential
High potential
conservation
No potential
conservation
Population density per
1km coastal line
Boats/
1km
0-200
200-500
500-5000
Fishing boat density
Unit
0-15
15-20
20-100
• Final score = ni=1 (weight of factor i) * (score of class)
• Reclassifying, mapping consultation, review and revise MPA –
propose MPA selecting and zoning
17
Methodology
MPA conservation planning
Socio-economic overview
Stakeholder Analysis
Framework cons.
programs
Institutional Analysis
18
1. GIS database
ID
Key informants
Workshop
Seminar
-Identifying criteria
Criteria
Theme
Sub-criteria
Data source/
mapping method
1
Bio-geographical
criteria
Seabed, Sea depth
(Bathymetry), Currents,
High Productivity Areas
Local participatory mapping;
Topo map, Spatial analysis
Expert consultation mapping
2
Coral reefs
include relative importance
in term of marine
conservation
KG DoFi; NIO Local
knowledge; PQMPA;
3
Seagrass
relative importance in term
of marine conservation
species, density and biomass
KG DoFi; NIO; Local
knowledge
4
Distribution of
threatened species,
nesting beaches
Dugong, dolphin, sea turtle
relative importance in term
of marine conservation
KG DoFi, NIO, Local
participatory mapping,
Expert consultation mapping
5
Fishery resources
relative abundance in term
of marine conservation
KG DoFi, NIO, Local
participatory mapping,
Expert consultation mapping
6
Terrestrial planning
forest and land-use planning
FIPI, scientific knowledge
7
Socio-economic
criteria
Population density per an
unit of coastal length,
Statistical data, GIS analysis
19
GIS database
Results
20
MPA Selecting/Zoning
Identifying MPA goals
PQMPA Goals & Objectives
ID
PQMPA goals
I
BIOPHYSICAL goals
1
Sustain and/or protect marine resources
12.50
2
Protect biological diversity
11.75
3
Habitat protection
10.67
II
Workshop
Seminar
Average points
for goal
SOCIO-ECONOMIC goals
1
Maintain or enhance food security
7.25
2
Maintain or improve livelihoods
9.00
3
Enhanced environmental awareness and knowledge
III
17.50
MANAGEMENT goals
1
Effective management structures and strategies maintained
8.86
2
Effective legal structures and strategies maintained
9.20
3
effective stakeholder participation and representation
7.00
21
MPA Selecting/Zoning
ID
Name
Office
Weighting by Voting
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
Seminar
1
Lê Văn Tính
KGDoFi
5
30
30
15
10
5
5
Workshop
2
Phạm Thống Nhất
KGDoFi
7
25
25
20
7
10
6
3
Nguyễn Quốc Trường
KG Fish P
15
19
19
14
11
5
17
4
Dương Minh Tâm
PQ FPMB
15
10
15
20
20
10
10
Hồn Văn
Phú
15
15 is20decided
15
10
The
weight
of PQNP
each criterion
6 Nguyễn Văn Thuấn
PQ MPA
8
25
20
15
15
by rating or scoring criteria weights by
…
allocating 100 points among criteria
15
10
8
9
15
25
5
Priority
ranking of
criteria
20
Nguyen Quoc Dung
FIPI
Standard Error
Statistical
Median
5
20
20
5
10
0.88
1.08
0.93
0.94
0.63
0.97
1.20
10
20
20
15
10
10
12.5
3.94
4.84
4.15
4.21
2.82
4.36
5.35
1.8
2.3
1.9
2.0
1.3
2.0
2.5
Analysis
Standard Deviation
Weighting for
criteria
Confidence Level (95.0%)
Average weight (mean)
9.5
20.0
20.1
15.0
10.8
11.4
13.4
22
MPA Selecting/Zoning
No
Criteria
Weight
Note
1
Biogeographical
10
C1
2
Coral reefs
20
C2
3
Seagrass
20
C3
4
Key species
15
C4
5
Fisheries resources
11
C5
6
Inland planning
11
C6
7
Socio-economic
13
C7
Total
100
Map overlay & calculation
IMCP = 10* C1 + 20* C2 + 20* C3 +
15* C4 + 11* C5 + 11* C6 +13* C7
•Overlaying Maps of 7 criteria
•(Union, Intersect, Identity)
•Mapping calculation
•Data processing
23
MPA Selecting/Zoning
MC
Potential
Total
Score
Area
(ha)
%
Low
Potential
0-100
24028.3
33.8
Medium
Potential
100200
35029.7
49.3
High
Potential
200300
12010.6
16.9
71068.5
100.0
Total
MPA selecting
Mapping
consultation
Reclassifying
Review,
revise
MPA
24
MPA Selecting/Zoning
Mapping MPA & statistical area
MPA
planning Location
Area
(ha)
Core zone –
seagrass
protection
Coastal Bai
Thom, Bai
Bon
2776.0
16.1
Rehabilitatio
n zone –
seagrass
protection
Bai Thom to
Mui Cay Sao
5416.5
31.5
Core zone –
coral
protection
Hon Gam
Ghi, Hon
Xuong, Hon
Vong and
Hon Mong
Tay
760.7
4.4
Rehabilitatio
n zone –
coral
protection
Hon Thom
commune
8240.1
47.9
17193.2
100.0
Total
%
25
Proposed Cons. Planning
Gen
Socio-economic overview
(4 commune involving MPA)
Stakeholder Analysis
Institutional Analysis
Framework cons. programs
26
Proposed Cons. Planning
Socio-economic overviewing
• Bai Thom
Socio-economic overview
(4 commune involving MPA)
• Population, labors
• Economic condition
• Income
• Livelihood
• Fishing activities
• Ham Ninh
• Hon Thom
• An Thoi
27
Proposed Cons. Planning
Stakeholder Analysis
Stakeholders
Secondary
Stakeholder Analysis
NGOs
Primary
Impacts
(MARD)
+
FPD
+
Kien Giang PPC
+
KG DARD, DoFi, DOST, DONRE, FiPD
+
Phu Quoc District PPC
+
PQMPA Management Board
+
PQ National Park
+
PQ Forest Protection MB
+
Commune PPC
+/-
Red Cross Association
+
Travel agencies and companies
+/-
Schools
+
DANIDA
+
WWF
+
Farmers associations
+
Youth unions
+
Women’s unions
+
Local credit funds for the poor
+
Village leaders
+
Tour guiders
+/-
Teachers
+
Fishermen
28
-
Proposed Cons. Planning
Institutional Analysis
Institutional Analysis
Roles
MARD/DARD/DoFI/PQNP, PQMPA
Staffing capacity, Human resources
Funding by province
29
Proposed Cons. Planning
Framework cons. programs
Objectives:
•To protect PQMPA’s
resources
•To implement and
enforce MPA rules and
regulations,
Proposed Framework cons. pr
conservation and protection
programme
Activities:
•Establishment of Zoning regulation
•Preparation protection schedules for
each zone
•Enforcement of the rules and
regulations.
•Regular inspection and interviews
•Implementation the patrolling and
controlling activities to protect marine
resources
30
Proposed Cons. Planning
Framework cons. programs
Objectives:
•To enhance scientific
knowledge and
activities
•To continue inventory
and survey activities
of seagrass and coral
reefs
•To monitor and
assess the changes
Proposed Framework cons. pr
Scientific research programme
Activities:
•Field survey, Establishment studies of
the range, habits and ecology of rare
and endemic species
•Application of new technology such as
remote sensing, GIS, reef check,
seagrass measurement
•Cooperate with international, national
institutes, NGO for study
•Seminar, meeting, workshop,
conference
31
Proposed Cons. Planning
Framework cons. programs
Objectives:
•To reduce the
negative impacts of
tourism
•To cooperate with
DOET to do EE acts
•To increase the
awareness of people
local people
Proposed Framework cons. pr
education and awareness
programme
Activities:
•Evaluating and raising the awareness of
local people on marine resource and
environment
•Education activities to increase the
awareness
•Training, mobilizing and increasing the
awareness of local people on marine
resource and environment
32
Proposed Cons. Planning
Framework cons. programs
Objectives:
•To find our the
dependency of local
people on marine
resources.
•To find alternative
livelihood for local.
•Mobilize the
participation
Proposed Framework cons. pr
communities participation
programme
Activities:
•Supplying vocational training, eg. tourism
•Offering the credit loans for economic dev.
•Promotion aquaculture, maquaculture
•Seeking alternative livelihood such as
handcraft products
33
Conclusion
1. The establishing of GIS dataset using GIS/RS/GPS, local
participatory mapping, expert consultation and secondary data will be
useful for later international study.
2. The GIS dataset supplied the basic information for selecting and
zoning MPA using multi-criteria analysis and GIS zoning model. The
model is flexible in case we can add some more criteria and identify
again the weights by ranking and rating. As the result, it would bring
further positive impacts on conservation planning process.
3. Socio-economic data, stakeholder analysis, institutional
assessment together with GIS database will useful tools for
conservation planning
4. Four programmes were designed for MPA management. The main
actor is PQMPA management board and involvement of NGOs and
national research institutes.
5. The research proposed ways to improve the effective collaboration
between PQMPA and the district and comune authorities in MPA
conservation and development
34
Recommendations
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Potential analysis should be done with many scientists from
different sectors.
Local participatory mapping is powerful tool in combination of
local knowledge with GIS/GPS/RS. The satellite data brings the
overview of study area. Meanwhile, local people could supply
precious information of location of rare species and the
distribution of marine habitat.
It will be better to have more involvement of stakeholders in
mapping, zoning and conservation planning process
The use of multi-criteria analysis added GIS techniques should
become standard operating procedures in the planning, zoning,
and management for any MPA or PA in Vietnam.
It is high recommend to integrating between terrestrial/ forest
conservation, coastal and marine conservation.
It needs to create the regulation for MPA as the basic for
implementing conservation activities. Law enforcement.
35
• Examination Committee:
–
–
–
–
•
•
•
•
Dr. Rajendra Shrestha
Dr. Wenresti Gallardo
Dr. Dietrich Schmidt-Vogt
Dr. Hakan Berg
(Chairperson)
(member)
(member)
(member)
SIDA, WAP, WWF Vietnam
PQMPA, KQDoFi,
AIT, SERD, International friends,
…
36