AP Biology – Cellular Biology Unit Outline
Mr. J. Miller
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
Physiological Importance of the Cell
A. The cell as a basic unit of life
B. Unique capabilities of cells
C. Organization of the cell
D. Cells as the product of evolution
E. The human body – a community of cells
Organization of the Cell
A. Cell Size and Function
B. Unity and diversity as key principles of biology
C. Protoplasm vs. cytoplasm/nucleoplasm
Techniques for Studying Cells
A. Light microscope
B. Staining techniques
C. Phase contrast microscopes
D. Electron microscopes
E. Micromanipulators
F. Micro lasers
G. Ultracentrifuges and centrifugal fractionation
H. Radioactive isotopes
I. Cell Cultures
J. Other techniques: see handouts
Cell Membrane
A. Functions of the cell membrane
B. Danielli model of cell membrane
C. Lipid Mosaic Model of the cell membrane
D. Cell receptor sites
E. MHC markers
F. Surface Area – volume relationships in the cell
G. Physical Connections between cells
1. Desmosomes
2. Tight Junctions
3. Gap Junctions
H. Cell coverings
Movement of Materials in and out of Cell
A. Diffusion
B. Facilitated diffusion
C. Active transport
D. Endocytosis, Exocytosis
Nucleus
A. General Structure
B. Nucleolus
C. Membrane
D. Experiments with Acetabularia
VII.
VIII.
IX.
Cytoplasm
A. Endoplasmic reticulum
B. Ribosomes
C. Golgi bodies
D. Mitochondria
1. Endosymbiotic hypothesis
E. Lysosomes
F. Centriole
G. Peroxisomes
H. Vacuoles
I. Cytoskeleton
J. Plant and Animal Cells
Cell Division
A. Chromosomes – key players in cell division
B. Cell Cycle
C. Details of mitosis
Chemical Basis of Life
A. Water – Chemistry of life is the chemistry of water.
1.
How prevalent is water in the environment and human body
2.
Water as a polar molecule
3.
Hydrogen bonds
4.
Adhesion and capillary action
5.
Cohesion and surface tension
6.
Thermal stability of water
7.
Water as a solvent
8.
Hydrophilic and hydrophobic
9.
Water as a participant in chemical reactions
(hydrolysis/dehydration synthesis)
10.
Ionization of Water
11.
Importance of 4oC as the point of greatest density of water
B. Inorganic Salts
C. General nature of organic compounds, polymers, macromolecules
D. Carbohydrates
1.
General characteristics
2.
Monosaccharides
3.
Disaccharides
4.
Polysaccharides
E. Lipids
1.
General characteristics
2.
Neutral fat
3.
Phospholipids
4.
Steroids
5.
Cholesterol
F. Proteins
1.
General characteristics
2.
Proteins as polymers of amino acids
X.
XI.
XII.
XIII.
3.
Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary structure
Nucleic Acids
A. General Characteristics
B. Nucleotides
C. DNA – Watson-Crick model
D. Organization of DNA into Chromosomes and genes
E. Genetic code: DNA
F. Replication of DNA
G. mRNA and transcription
H. tRNA and translation
I. rRNA
J. Triplets, codons, anticodons, degeneracy of the code
K. Conservative or semi-conservative replication
L. Control of gene function
1.
Jacob and Monad’s Operon Theory
2.
Inducers and copressors
M. Recombinant DNA research
N. Chargaff
O. Wilkins-Franklin
P. Hershey-Chase
Q. Griffith
R. Avery
Enzymes
A. General nature of enzymes
B. Importance of enzymes
C. Characteristics of enzymes and the enzyme-substrate reaction
D. Factors influencing enzymes activity
E. Co-enzymes and co-factors
F. Inducers, co-repressors
G. Conformational change: induced fit
H. Allosteric enzymes
I. Inhibition enzymes – competitive inhibition
Energy Systems of the Cell
A. Energy and the laws of thermodynamics
B. Basic plan for releasing energy for cellular work
C. Glucose breakdown
1.
Glycolysis
2.
Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid)
3.
Electron Transport Chain
D. ATP
E. Phosphocreatine
F. How cells make ATP
1.
Substrate level phosphorylation
2.
Chemiosmosis
Cellular Respiration
A. Oxidation
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
Role of Oxygen
Role of NAD
Glycolysis
Fermentation
Lactic acid formation
Metabolism
Citric Acid formation
Chemiosmosis
Electron Transport Chain
Proton Pump