Chapter 11.2 PowerPoint Notes - Human Applications Genetic Engineering
Name:
The Human Genome Project:
The Human Genome Project is a research project linking ___ labs in __ countries.
Teams of scientists in the project worked to identify and map all ________ pairs of all the DNA that
makes up the human genome.
One of the most surprising things about the human genome is the large amount of DNA that does NOT
___________________.
In fact, only about _________% of the human genome is DNA that codes for proteins. Each human cell
contains about ______ of DNA but less than 1 inch is devoted to exons.
(recall that exons are sequences of nucleotides that are transcribed and translated)
Exons are scattered about the human genome in _____ that are not spread out ______ among the
chromosomes.
On most human chromosomes, great stretches of ___________________ fill the chromosomes
between the scattered clusters of -__________________________.
The Number of Human Genes:
When they examined the complete sequence of the human genome, scientists were surprised at how
___________________ their actually are.
Human cells contain about 30,000 to 40,000 genes. This is only about __________ the number of
genes in a ____________.
It is only about one _______________ of the 120,000 genes scientists had expected to find.
How did scientists make such a large mistake estimating the number of ________?
When scientists had counted messenger RNA (mRNA) they had found over _______. Each of these
can in turn be translated into a unique ____________.
Scientists had “expected” to find as many types of genes as there were different types of
__________ molecules.
Genetically Engineered Drugs and Vaccines:
Drugs: Many genetic disorders and human illnesses occur when the body fails to make critical
proteins.
________________________ is such an illness.
The body is unable to control levels of ____________ within the blood because a critical protein,
_______, cannot be made.
These failures can be ___________ if the body can be supplied with more of the ______ it lacks.
Today, _____________ companies worldwide produce these medically important proteins using
_________ and _____________ in combination.
Chapter 11.2 PowerPoint Notes - Human Applications Genetic Engineering
Name:
Today many genetically engineered medicines are used to treat everything from ______ to ________.
Examples include:
Erythropoetin for ___________
Growth factors for treating burns, _____________
Human Growth _____________ for growth defects
__________________ for diabetes
_______________ for viral infections and cancer
Taxol for ___________ cancer
Vaccines:
Many _______________, such as ___________ and _________, cannot be treated by existing drugs.
Instead, they are combated by prevention through use of ____________.
A vaccine is a solution containing all or part of a harmless version of a _____________ (diseasecausing microorganism).
It is a ____________ version of the disease; incapable of causing serious harm”
When a vaccine is injected, the immune system reads the _____________ surface proteins and
responds by making defensive proteins called ___________. The _____________ system creates a
defense system against this form of the disease.
In the future, if the same pathogen enters the body, the _____________ are now there to combat
the pathogen and stop its growth before it can cause a ___________. The immune system stays in
place so when the _____ or __________ strikes in full force, the antibodies are already there to
fight it before it can grow.
Traditionally, vaccines have been prepared by either killing a __________ microbe or by making the
microbe _________ to grow.
The disease causing microbe is rendered into a “________- form”; strong enough to cause a reaction
in the immune system but not strong enough to make the taker ___________.
This ensures that the vaccine itself will not cause the disease but only activate the ____________ to
form.
With these types of vaccines there is always some __________ danger for getting __________ as
some people are more ___________ to the vaccine. Their threshold is lower.
Vaccines made by genetic engineering __________ this danger and are less likely to risk infection to
those who are extra-sensitive to the _________.
DNA Fingerprinting:
Other than _________, no two individuals have the _______ genetic material.
Chapter 11.2 PowerPoint Notes - Human Applications Genetic Engineering
Name:
Scientists use DNA ______ technology to determine a DNA fragment’s _________ sequence.
Because the places a _______ enzyme can cut depend on the DNA sequence, the lengths of the DNA
fragments will _______ between any two individuals.
A DNA fingerprint is a pattern of _______ bands on photographic film that is made when an
individual’s DNA restriction fragments are exposed to an ______ film.
Because these _________ are unique to every individual, they are like _________.
The banding patterns from any _______ individuals can be compared to determine if they are
related.
Because fingerprinting can be performed on a sample of DNA from _____, bone, or hair; DNA
fingerprinting is used in forensics as a tool.
DNA fingerprinting can also be used to identify the genes that cause genetic disorders, such as
___________ and ___________ Anemia.