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Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryote Cell Structure... > Specialized External Structures of Prokaryotes
Specialized External Structures of Prokaryotes
• Endospores
• Basic Structures of Prokaryotic Cells
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Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryote Cell Structure... > Specialized External Structures of Prokaryotes
Endospores
• Examples of bacteria that can form endospores include Bacillus and Clostridium.
• Endospores can survive without nutrients. They are resistant to ultraviolet
radiation, desiccation, high temperature, extreme freezing and chemical
disinfectants.
• While resistant to extreme heat and radiation, endospores can be destroyed by
burning or by autoclaving.
Endospore morphology
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Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryote Cell Structure... > Specialized External Structures of Prokaryotes
Basic Structures of Prokaryotic Cells
• Prokaryotic cells lack a defined nucleus, but have a region in the cell, termed the
nucleoid, in which a single chromosomal, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule
is located.
• Archaeal membranes have replaced the fatty acids of bacterial membranes with
isoprene; some archaeal membranes are monolayer rather than bilayer.
• Prokaryotes can be further classified based on the composition of the cell wall in
terms of the amount of peptidoglycan present.
• Gram-positive organisms typically lack the outer membrane found in gram-
negative organisms and contain a large amount of peptidoglycan in the cell wall,
Prokaryotic cell structure
roughly 90%.
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• Gram-negative bacteria have a relatively thin cell wall composed of a few layers
of peptidoglycan.
• Gram-negative bacteria have a relatively thin cell wall composed of a few layers
of peptidoglycan.
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Appendix
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Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryote Cell Structure...
Key terms
• endospore A dormant, tough, and non-reproductive structure produced by certain bacteria from the Firmicute phylum.
• nucleoid the irregularly-shaped region within a prokaryote cell where the genetic material is localized
• osmotic pressure the hydrostatic pressure exerted by a solution across a semipermeable membrane from a pure solvent
• plasmid a circle of double-stranded DNA that is separate from the chromosomes, which is found in bacteria and protozoa
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Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryote Cell Structure...
Bacillus subtilis stained with the Schaeffer-Fulton stain.
A stained preparation of Bacillus subtilis showing endospores as green and the vegetative cell as red.
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Wikipedia. "Bacillus subtilis Spore." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bacillus_subtilis_Spore.jpg View on Boundless.com
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryote Cell Structure...
Endospore morphology
Variations in endospore morphology: (1, 4) central endospore; (2, 3, 5) terminal endospore; (6) lateral endospore.
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Wikipedia. "Bakterien%20Sporen." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bakterien_Sporen.png View on Boundless.com
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryote Cell Structure...
Domains of life
Bacteria and Archaea are both prokaryotes, but differ enough to be placed in separate domains. An ancestor of modern Archaea is believed to have
given rise to Eukarya, the third domain of life. Archaeal and bacterial phyla are shown; the evolutionary relationship between these phyla is still open to
debate.
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Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryote Cell Structure...
Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria
Bacteria are divided into two major groups: gram-positive and gram-negative. Both groups have a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan: in gram-positive
bacteria, the wall is thick, whereas in gram-negative bacteria, the wall is thin. In gram-negative bacteria, the cell wall is surrounded by an outer
membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides and lipoproteins. Porins, proteins in this cell membrane, allow substances to pass through the outer
membrane of gram-negative bacteria. In gram-positive bacteria, lipoteichoic acid anchors the cell wall to the cell membrane.
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Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryote Cell Structure...
Prokaryotic cell structure
The features of a typical prokaryotic cell are shown.
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Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryote Cell Structure...
Plasma membrane structure
Archaeal phospholipids differ from those found in Bacteria and Eukarya in two ways. First, they have branched phytanyl sidechains instead of linear
ones. Second, an ether bond instead of an ester bond connects the lipid to the glycerol.
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Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryote Cell Structure...
Which of the following describes an advantage to prokaryotes
capable of endospore formation?
A) Promotes survival in conditions that are devoid of nutrients
B) Provides resistance to harsh conditions such as ultraviolet radiation
and chemical disinfectants
C) Triggers DNA replication to allow release of a mature endospore once
the vegetative cell is degraded
D) All of the choices are advantages
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Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryote Cell Structure...
Which of the following describes an advantage to prokaryotes
capable of endospore formation?
A) Promotes survival in conditions that are devoid of nutrients
B) Provides resistance to harsh conditions such as ultraviolet radiation
and chemical disinfectants
C) Triggers DNA replication to allow release of a mature endospore once
the vegetative cell is degraded
D) All of the choices are advantages
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Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryote Cell Structure...
Endospore formation is considered to be a survival advantage for
prokaryotes capable of production. However, why can endospore
formation be considered a disadvantage?
A) The time required for activation, germination and outgrowth has an
effect on the population density
B) Endospore formation triggers a stress response in the bacteria and
causes mutations in the DNA
C) There are no disadvantages to endospore formation
D) The resistance to harsh conditions makes it difficult to destroy if they
are pathogenic
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Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryote Cell Structure...
Endospore formation is considered to be a survival advantage for
prokaryotes capable of production. However, why can endospore
formation be considered a disadvantage?
A) The time required for activation, germination and outgrowth has an
effect on the population density
B) Endospore formation triggers a stress response in the bacteria and
causes mutations in the DNA
C) There are no disadvantages to endospore formation
D) The resistance to harsh conditions makes it difficult to destroy if they
are pathogenic
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Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryote Cell Structure...
The resistant and impermeable structure of the endospore has
made it difficult to view and analyze. Which staining techniques
have shown success?
A) The Moeller stain
B) The Moeller and Schaeffer-Fulton stains
C) The Schaeffer-Fulton stain
D) The gram stain
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Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryote Cell Structure...
The resistant and impermeable structure of the endospore has
made it difficult to view and analyze. Which staining techniques
have shown success?
A) The Moeller stain
B) The Moeller and Schaeffer-Fulton stains
C) The Schaeffer-Fulton stain
D) The gram stain
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Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryote Cell Structure...
A newly-discovered species of prokaryote is subjected to various
tests to determine classification. It is determined that there are
very few layers of peptidoglycan present in the cell wall. Which of
these best classifies this organism?
A) Gram-positive
B) Domain Archaea
C) Gram-negative
D) Domain Bacteria
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Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryote Cell Structure...
A newly-discovered species of prokaryote is subjected to various
tests to determine classification. It is determined that there are
very few layers of peptidoglycan present in the cell wall. Which of
these best classifies this organism?
A) Gram-positive
B) Domain Archaea
C) Gram-negative
D) Domain Bacteria
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Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryote Cell Structure...
Attribution
• Wikipedia. "Endospores." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endospores
• Wikibooks. "Cell Biology/Cell types/Bacteria." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cell_Biology/Cell_types/Bacteria
• Wikipedia. "endospore." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/endospore
• Connexions. "Structure of Prokaryotes." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44605/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
• Wiktionary. "osmotic pressure." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/osmotic+pressure
• Wiktionary. "plasmid." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/plasmid
• Wiktionary. "nucleoid." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nucleoid
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