Lecture No 10
Extending the Processor’s
Power to Other Devices
Microcomputer Processors
Creating Computer Programs
Extending the Processor’s Power to
Other Devices
• All the components of the computer are tied into CPU
by BUS.
• Can plug the devices into existing Sockets or Ports.
• If no Ports available then install a board that includes
the required ports.
Extending the Processor’s Power to
Other Devices
• Parallel Ports:
- 25 holes.
- It transfers 8 bits at a time.
- Makes Data transfer several times faster than serial
ports.
- Monitor is connected to the system through Parallel
port.
Extending the Processor’s Power to
Other Devices
• Serial Ports:
• 9-25 pins
• Data bits are transmitted one at a time.
• PCs come with dedicated serial ports for
keyboard and mice.
• UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver
Transmitter):
• It converts parallel data from the bus into serial
data that flows through serial ports.
Extending the Processor’s Power to
Other Devices
• Specialized expansion ports:
- Extends the computer bus to establish links with
peripheral devices.
Examples of Specialized Expansion Ports
• SCSI: (Small Computer System Interface)
- 1 card, daisy chain the devices and Fast.
• USB
- connect up to 127 devices, 1 or 2 USB ports.
• IEEE 1394 (FireWire)
- 1 port. Used as standard for plugging video and High
data throughput devices.
• Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI)
– Plug in musical instruments. For recording, writing
and performing. Lighting, drum machines,
synthesizers.
System Expansion
• When a user wants to have more of memory than the
normally used memory or more sound, graphics
capabilities than the normal ones, then that can be
possible through Add-in Boards or PC cards.
Add-in Boards
• Add in Boards expand the functions of the system.
• Card-Like pieces of circuitry that plug into Expansion
Slots within the system.
• These enable the users to add specific types of
peripheral devices or expand the capabilities of the
system.
• E.g. Accelerator Board, Fax\Modem Board, Sound
Board etc
Plug and Play
• The Plug and Play standard makes it easier to install
hardware via an existing port or expansion slot.
• Plug in the hardware, OS detects a new components
automatically, checks the correct drivers and load the
required necessary files.
PC Card
• Another type of expansion card.
• Almost the size of a credit card.
• A PC card fits into a slot on the back or side of the
notebook computer to provide new functions.
• It is used for variety of purposes, can house Disk
drives, network cards, memory.
• Three types:
• Type I ( To add Memory), Type II ( To add
Networking or sound capability), Type III (
Removable Hard drives)
Microcomputer Processors
• Intel
• Advanced Micro Devices (AMD)
• Motorola processors
• RISC
• Parallel processing
CPUs Used in Personal Computers –
Intel Processors
• Since 1978, Intel's processors have evolved from the
8086 and the 8088 to the 80286, 80386 and 80486, to
the Pentium family of processors. All are part of the
80x86 line.
• Intel's Pentium family of processors includes the
Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium with MMX, Pentium
II, Pentium III, IV, Celeron, and Xeon processors.
• The earliest Intel processors included only a few
thousand transistors. Today's Pentium processors
include 9.5 million transistors or more.
Latest Technology - Intel
• Speed doubles every 18 months.
• Pentium 4- up to 3.2 GHz, 50 Million transistors
• Pentium III /Xeon- up to 2.0 GHz, 50 Million
transistors.
• Celeron- up to 1.8 GHz, 40 Million transistors
• Itanium- up to 2 GHz, 32 bit.
• Centrino Mobile Technology.
CPUs Used in Personal Computers –
AMD Processors
• Advanced Micro Devices was long known as a
provider of lower-performance processors for use in
low-cost computers.
• With its K6 line of processors, AMD challenged
Intel's processors in terms of both price and
performance.
• With the Athlon, AMD broke the 1.0 GHz barrier,
claiming the fastest processor title for the first time
in IBM-compatible computers.
CPUs Used in Personal Computers –
Motorola Processors
• Motorola makes the CPUs used in Macintosh (680x0)
and PowerPC computers.
• 1) 680x0 family
2) PowerPc Family
• Macintosh processors use a different basic structural
architecture than IBM-compatible PC processors.
• With the release of the G3 and G4 PowerPC
processors, Macintosh computers set new standards
for price and performance. New G5, 64-bit.
Apple’s G4 computers are based on Motorola
processors
CPUs Used in Personal Computers
- RISC Processors
• Most PCs are based on complex instruction set
computing (CISC) chips which contain large 200-300
instruction sets.
• Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC)
processors use smaller instruction sets. This enables
them to process more instructions per second than
(CISC) chips.
• RISC processors are found in Apple's PowerPC
systems, as well as many H/PCs, workstations.
Popular in minicomputers (AS/400), and mainframes.
Compaq’s Alpha Server computers are based on
RISC processors
CPUs Used in PC’s - Parallel Processing
or Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP)
• In parallel processing, multiple processors are used in
a single system, enabling them to share processing
tasks.
•In a Massively Parallel Processor (MPP) system,
many processors are used.
•Some MPP systems utilize thousands of processors
simultaneously.
Creating Computer
Programs
Computer Program
• A set of instructions or statements, also called code,
to be carried out by the computer’s CPU.
Examples of Common Program
Extensions
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Executable (.EXE) files
Dynamic link library (.DLL) files
Initialization (.INI) files
Help (.HLP) files
Files
• Typically, a program is stored as a collection of files.
Some common file types used in programs are:
• Executable (.EXE) files actually send commands to
the processor.
• Dynamic Link Library (.DLL) files are partial
.EXE files.
• Initialization (.INI) files contain configuration
information for a program.
• Help (.HLP) files contain information for the user.
Interrupt
• A preprogrammed set of steps that the CPU
follows.
Machine Code
• Also called machine language.
• The 1s and 0s that form the language of computer
hardware.
Programming Language
• A Higher-level language than machine language,
enables the programmer to describe a program using
a variation of basic English.
Source Code
• File where programming instructions are kept.
Ways to Convert Source Code to
Machine Code
• Compiler – converts a source code program into
machine language. Creates an executable file.
– C++, Java, COBOL, Fortran, Visual Basic
• Interpreter – translates the code ‘on the fly’.
Results immediately. No executable file produced.
– BASIC, Unix, Perl
Program Control Flow
• The order in which program statements are
executed
How Programs Solve Problems –
Program Control Flow
• The order in which program statements are executed
is called program control flow.
• To determine program control flow, programmers
may use a flowchart to map the program's sequence.
• Programmers may also create a simple text version
of a program's code – called pseudo code – to
determine how the program will flow.
Flowchart
• A chart that uses arrows and symbols to show
the order in which a program’s statement will
run.
Pseudo code
• Simplified text version of programming code.
Algorithm
• The steps represented in a flowchart that lead
to a desired result are called an algorithm.
Common Flow Patterns
• To determine when and where to pass program
control, a developer may use conditional statements
or loops.
• A conditional statement determines whether a
condition is true. If so, control flows to the next
part of the program.
• A loop repeats again and again until a condition is
met. Control then passes to another part of the
program.
Common Flow Patterns
• Conditional statement:
- A conditional statement determines whether a
condition is true. If so, control flows to the next part
of the program.
• Loop:
- A loop repeats again and again until a condition is
met. Control then passes to another part of the
program.
Examples of Loops
• For
• While
• Do-while
How Programs Solve Problems Variables and Functions
• A variable is a named placeholder for data that is
being processed. Programs contain variables to hold
inputs from users.
• A function is a set of steps that are followed to
perform a specific task. By assembling a collection
of functions together, a developer can build a
complete program.
Structured Programming
• The practice of building programs using a set
of well-defined structures.
Three Control Structures of
Structured Programming
• Sequence structure (flow of the program) – branch
• Selection structures (if blocks – T/F)
• Repetition or looping structures (checks a condition
– loop repeats while condition is true
Syntax
• Programming language rules.
Syntax Examples
• Provide information in a certain order and structure
• Use special symbols
• Use punctuation (sometimes)
Three Programming Categories
Based on Evolution
• Machine languages
• Assembly languages
• Higher-level languages
Fading Third-Generation Languages
• FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslator)
• COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented
Language)
• BASIC (Beginner’s All-Purpose Symbolic
Instruction Code)
• Pascal
Thriving Third-Generation
Languages
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C
C++
Java
ActiveX
Fourth-Generation Languages
(4GLs)
• Builds programs with a front end, which is an
interface that hides much of the program from the
user
• Provides prototypes, which are samples of the
finished programs.
Examples of Fourth-Generation
Languages
• Visual Basic (VB)
• VisualAge
• Authoring environments
Fifth-Generation Languages (5GLs)
• Advanced authoring environments considered
by some to be 5GLs
World Wide Web Development
Languages
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HyperText Markup Language (HTML)
Extensible Markup Language (XML)
Wireless Markup Language (WML)
Dreamweaver
Flash
Director