Election of 1828
• By the Presidential Election of 1828, the National Republicans,
who supported Quincy Adams, and the Democratic
Republicans, who supported Jackson were out for revenge
after the Election of 1824. The Election of 1828 quickly turned
to the two candidates slandering one another. Both Jackson
and Jackson’s wife were accused of many false actions;
however, Jackson was victorious in the end. Jackson’s victory
was decisive but sectional. Jacksonians claimed a new era of
democracy, the “era of the common man,” had begun. (Page
211)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Andrew_Jackson_Da
guerrotype-crop.jpg/220px-Andrew_Jackson_Daguerrotype-crop.jpg
John C. Calhoun (1820s)
• No sooner than Jackson had entered office in 1828, his vice
president, John C. Calhoun, began to champion a controversial
theory to his. Jackson supported the preservation of the
Union; Calhoun supported Nullification/individual states’
rights. Tensions soon became so dramatic that Jackson chose
Van Buren to succeed him in the White House, apparently
ending Calhoun’s dreams of the presidency. Calhoun’s active
years in government mainly pertained to the 1820s. (Page
219)
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Jo
hn_C_Calhoun_by_Mathew_Brady,_March_1849-crop.jpg/220pxJohn_C_Calhoun_by_Mathew_Brady,_March_1849-crop.jpg
Nullification Crisis (Late 1820s)
• The Nullification Crisis was the period of time when Calhoun
finished his position as Jackson’s Vice President. Jackson
supported Nationalism and Calhoun supported individual
states’ rights. Calhoun backed South Carolina’s decision to
nullify the Tariff of 1832. Jackson passes Force Bill,
threatening to use military action. Clay’s Compromise then
“settles” the problem temporarily. Clay proposes that every
year the Tariff would decrease. This compromise avoids
physical battle between South Carolina and the United States.
The Compromise also shows that no single states could stand
up to the Federal Government alone. (Page 219)
http://blogs.e-rockford.com/applesauce/files/2011/08/states-rights.png
Trail of Tears (1830-1838)
• The Trail of Tears was the path that the Five Civilized Tribes
of the East (Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and
Seminole) had to travel along in order to move west after
the Indian Removal Act was passed by Jackson. The Trail of
Tears clearly defined Indian’s status among Americans. The
American Government ruled that there was no place for
them in the nation through the passage of the Indian
Removal Act. Also, many Indians died while traveling along
the Trail of Tears- America did not care. (Page 223)
Cherokee suffer on
Trail of Tears
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/images/4tear44m.jpg
Nativism (Roughly 1837-1854)
• Nativism was the attitude that developed and united nativeborn Americans as more and immigrants moved to the United
States from countries such as Ireland and Germany. Nativeborn Americans were afraid that immigrants would out-breed,
out-vote, and out-work native-born Americans. Out of the
concerns that the country would fall to the hands of
immigrants, parties, such as the American Party, came into
existence. These radical parties’ members (i.e. KnowNothings) believed that immigrants (& Catholics) should not
be able to hold public office and should have to pass more
complex tests for immigration rights (legal status) and the
right to be able to vote. (Page 241)
http://backstoryradio.org/files/2008/08/aliens.jpg
Telegraph (1844)
• The Telegraph was a dramatic advance over traditional methods and a
symbol of national progress and technological expertise. Before the
telegraph, communication over long distances relied on direct, physical
contact/mail. Invented by Samuel Morse, the telegraph improved
communication immensely. Using Morse code, a person can send
messages over an electrical cable long distances. Information was now
available to most parts of the country; the information could be
transmitted and received quickly. The telegraph improved overall
efficiency in the United States; it provided for a revolutionary news
experience. Newspapers could now receive information all over the
United States rapidly and share it almost immediately. (Page 246)
http://samuelmorsebiography.com/images/samuel_morse_telegraph.jpg
Railroad (Beginning: 1820s-1830s)
• The foundations for major railroad transportation systems were laid in the
1820s and 1830s. At first relatively small, railroads would quickly move to
become the primary transportation system in the United States, Railroads
emerged from many technological advances such as rails, steam-powered
locomotives, and the development of trains as public carriers of
passengers and freight. The first railroad company to begin actual
operations was the Baltimore and Ohio, which opened a thirteen-mile
stretch of track in 1830. In the United States, railroads would quickly
advance to critical transportation systems, transporting people and goods
all over the country. Railroads made these transportations much cheaper
and more efficient. (Page 244)
http://www.sssmre.org/baltimore-and-ohio-railroad-3.gif
“Cotton Kingdom” (Roughly 1820s1860s)
•
By the 1830s, many farmers in the South were shifting their crop focus to cotton.
Tobacco, what they had previously grown, was notoriously unstable and rapidly
exhausted the land on which it grew. Short-staple cotton; however, was much
more versatile versatile than long-staple cotton or any other previously grown
crop. With the invention of the cotton gin, short-staple cotton production
increased rapidly; it became a staple to southern farmers’ lives. The rapid growth
of the textile industry also helped further progress the rapid production of cotton.
By the 1850s, cotton had become essential to the southern economy. Cotton
delivered much profit and became a dominant crop in the deep South; the
southern United States became known as the “cotton kingdom.” Slaves were
needed to pick this cotton in the South; the quick expansion of cotton, therefore,
led to a rapid expansion of slavery in the southern United States. (Page 267)
https://courses.cit.cornell.edu/hist100.06/hodges/maps2.jpg
Romanticism
• Pg 288-296
Much of the nation was striving for a new form of
liberation and the idea/era of romanticism was
brought to America from Europe
In literature, philosophy, art, politics and
economics, Americans were committed to the
liberation of spirit
The peak of romanticism occurred between 1800
and 1850 in response to the Industrial Revolution
and Age of Enlightenment
Transcendentalists
Pg 291-293
One of the most outstanding expressions of the
romantic impulse (1830’s)
Came from group of New England writers and
philosophers
Embraced theory of the individual’s distinction of
“reason” and “understanding”
Strong connections between God man and nature
Each individual should strive to transcend the limits
of the intellect
“Civil Disobedience”
• Pg 302-303
Civil disobedience is the active, professed refusal
to obey certain laws, demands, and commands
of a government, or of an occupying
international power.
Civil disobedience in the early 1800’s occurred
in many forms, the most common were religious
reformations and civil dissent
William Lloyd Garrison
• Pg 303, 305-307, 329
In 1830 William Lloyd Garrison emerged in the midst of
slavery, and the collapse if anti-slavery, as an abolitionist
Garrisons theory was, the opponents of slavery should not talk
about the evil influence of slavery on white society, but rather
the damage the system did to the blacks.
His philosophy was so simple it was revolutionary
Garrison attracted a large group of followers throughout the
north
Garrison founded the New England anti-slavery society in
1832
Rise of Feminism
• Pg 301-302
In the 1830’s and 40’s women began to play a much larger role
in society after the reform movements in the 1820’s and
began to argue that women didn't have enough rights in
America and should be entitled to the same as men
The first two American feminists were Sarah and Angelina
Grimek and argued that men and women were created equal
Other feminists included Dorothea Dix, Harriet Beecher Stowe,
Catherine Beecher, and Lucretia Mott
In 1840 American female delegates arrived at a world
antislavery convention in London, only to be turned away by
the men in control
Abolitionism
• Pg 302-308
Early opposition to slavery began in 1817 with the
organization of the ACS or American Colonization
Society, which proposed the gradual freeing of slaves,
while their masters received compensation
After the ACS had collapsed due to the impossibility of
transporting the number of slaves, many more
abolitionists began to rise in America whereas before
those who opposed slavery were quiet and to
themselves
Black abolitionists started with David Walker, preceding
the white abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison, and others
included Sojourner truth and Frederick Douglass
Frederick Douglass
• Pg 303-304
Know as the greatest black abolitionist of all and the most
electrifying orator
Douglass was born a slave in MD and escaped to Mass. In
1838 and became an outspoken leader of antislavery
sentiment
Douglass purchased his freedom in 1847 and founded an
antislavery newspaper, “the North Star” in NY
He was well known for his autobiography, “narrative of the
Life of Frederick Douglass
Douglass demanded freedom along with social and
economic equality
Underground Railroad
• Pg 282,307
The underground railroad was a series of
routes that slaves would travel at night led
by “conductors” like Harriet Tubman
The routes led north toward free states or
Canada, places where slavery was nonexistent
It is believed that over 100,000 black slaves
escaped through use of the railroad its
height in 1860
Harriet Beecher Stowe
• Pg 301, 307-308, 329
Harriet Beecher Stowe was the author of the popular novel, Uncle
Tom’s Cabin, in 1831
The novel illustrated the hardships slaves and slave families faced
and attacked white southerners and their society
In defense to this white southerners produced an intellectual
defense of slavery using Prof. Thomas R. Dew
Stowe’s novel still shows significance today and impacted society’s
view on slavery tremendously during it’s time
58. Manifest Destiny
Pg. 311
• 1840s-1860s
• The Manifest Destiny idea was fueled by
the growing pride in nationalism by
Americans and the view of social
perfection. Americans felt that they
were “destined by God and history” to
expand into new territories. By the
1840s, this idea of expansion was
spreading throughout the country
thanks to the penny press. Advocates of
Manifest Destiny dreamed of a empire
that included Canada, Mexico, the
Caribbean, and Pacific Islands. Not all
Americans liked the idea of expansion.
Led by Henry Clay, some Americans
feared that this idea of expansion would
refuel the argument of slavery.
However, their voices and concerns
couldn’t compete with the nationwide
enthusiasm of expansion.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/America
n_progress.JPG/300px-American_progress.JPG
59. Texan Revolution
Pg. 312
•
1835-1836
•
In the mid- 1830s, tension between the Americans
living in Texas and the Mexican Government began.
General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna became
dictator of Mexico as instability increased in Mexico.
He began to increase the power of the federal
government, which took power away from the state
governments. Americans saw this action by Santa
Anna as a direct hit at them, and fighting broke out
between the Americans and Mexicans in 1835.
Americans later declared their independence from
Mexico in 1836. Santa Anna led his Mexican Army
into Texas and destroyed American garrisons at the
Alamo and Goliad. By the end of 1836, Americans
thought there revolution effort was over. However,
General Sam Houston led a remaining American
force in the Battle of San Jacinto, and defeated the
Mexicans. Santa Anna was taken prisoner, and later
signed a treaty that officially gave Texas their
independence.
http://www.sonofthesouth.net/texas/pictures/alamo_s
mall1.jpg
60. The Mexican-American War
Pg. 318-320
•
1846-1848
•
After the Mexicans refused an offer by President Polk to buy the
Mexican territory, Polk ordered General Taylor to move from the
Nueces River to the Rio Grande. At first the Mexicans refused to fight,
but after attacks by the Americans, the Mexicans responded and
attacked an American unit at the Rio Grande. On May 13, 1846,
Congress declared war. War didn’t come easy for the Americans. Polk
had ordered Taylor to seize the city of Monterrey, then march into
Mexico City and seize it to. Taylor succeeded in taking Monterrey, but
he let the Mexican garrison escape without pursuit. Polk now feared
that Taylor lacked the tactical skills to lead the attack on Mexico City.
He also feared he would become a popular political figure. The
Mexicans finally surrendered after Gen. Winfield Scott led an attack on
Mexico City in which he seized the city. Nicholas Trist was sent to
negotiate a peace treaty with the Mexicans which became know as the
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. In the treaty, Mexico ceded California and
New Mexico to the U.S and recognized the Rio Grande as the boundary
of Texas. The U.S were to pay Mexico 15 million dollars and assume the
financial claims new American citizens had against Mexico.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_Veracruz.jpg
61. California Gold Rush
Pg. 322-323
•
1848- 1856
•
In 1848, a worker working in a sawmill found hints of
gold at the foothills of the Sierra Nevada. As news of
the discovery spread throughout the nation, hundreds
of Americans traveled west to search for the gold.
California migrants known as “Forty-Niners”
abandoned their jobs, homes, and families to try their
luck with the gold. Most of the migrants who came to
California were white males. The gold rush also
attracted some of the first Chinese migrants to the U.S.
The gold rush created serious labor shortages in
California with so many men leaving their jobs to go
find gold. The gold rush was also helpful in the growth
of California. Not all people profited from the gold, but
instead of returning home, the stayed in California and
increased the agriculture and urban populations. Cities
like San Francisco, who had a population of 1,000
before the gold rush, now held over 50,000 people.
http://www.learnnc.org/lp/media/uploads/2009/06/
miners_.jpg
62. The Compromise of 1850
Pg. 323-324
•
September 1850
•
With sectional tension rising, Henry Clay presented a series of
bills that he formed into one. The bill included:
– the admission of California as a free state,
– the formation of territorial governments in the rest of the
lands acquired from Mexico (without restrictions on
slavery),
– abolition of slavery, but not slavery itself, in D.C,
– a new and more effective fugitive slave law.
•
Clays compromise sparked great controversy within the
government. After six months of heated debating, a new group
of leaders replaced the old “triumvirate “of Webster, Clay, and
Calhoun. This group was able to produce a compromise, which
the old leaders couldn’t do. One reason for this was the death of
President Taylor. Taylor was replaced by Millard Fillmore, who
supported the compromise, and used his power as president to
persuade the northern Whigs into supporting the compromise.
The leaders also succeeded because of their own strategies.
Stephen A. Douglas proposed that the bill be split into separate
bills. That way, representatives could support the ideas they liked
and oppose the ones they didn’t. By mid- September, Congress
passed of the components.
http://wwwtc.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/media/uploads/lincol
ns_shifting_1850.jpg
64. Transcontinental Railroad
Pg. 326, 341
•
1863-1869
•
With many Americans moving west, many people
began to push the idea of a transcontinental
railroad. The problem with the railroad was where
to place it, and more importantly, where to place
the railroads eastern terminus. Northerners
wanted it to be placed in Chicago, while
Southerners wanted it in St. Louis, Memphis, or
New Orleans. While preparing for the Civil War,
Congress pushed for the completion the railroad.
They created two federally funded corporations:
the Union Pacific Railroad Company and the
Central Pacific. The Union Pacific was to build
westward from Omaha and the Central Pacific was
to build eastward from California. The two
railroads would meet in the middle, which they did
at Promontory Point, Utah in 1869
http://www.tcrr.com/Golden-Spike-wiki.jpg
63. Kansas-Nebraska Act
Pg. 326-327
•
May 1854
•
In January 1854, Stephen A. Douglas
proposed an bill that would organize a new
territory known as Nebraska. Douglas knew
that the south would oppose the new bill
because it would open up the possibility of
another free state. The new territory was
north of the Missouri compromise line. To
satisfy the southerners, Douglas presented a
plan that would allow slavery to be
determined by the territorial legislature.
When southern Democrats asked for more,
Douglas agreed to clause that repealed the
Missouri Compromise. He also agreed to split
the area into two separate territories- Kansas
and Nebraska. Kansas was more likely to
become a slave state, which would keep the
ratio of slave to free states even. The South
fully supported the new bill, but northern
democrats only partially supported it.
http://library.thinkquest.org/CR0215469/kansas1.gif
65. Election of 1860
Pg. 333-335
•
1860
•
Before the presidential election of 1860, the Democrats
were divided between southerners who wanted slavery,
and westerners who wanted popular sovereignty. At the
Democratic convention, 8 delegates from lower southern
states walked out. The remaining delegates couldn’t
agree on a candidate and agreed to meet in Baltimore. In
Baltimore, they nominated Stephen Douglas. Meanwhile,
the delegates who had walked out of the convention met
in Richmond and nominated John C. Breckinridge.
Meanwhile, the republicans nominated Abraham Lincoln
as their candidate. Lincoln was a favorable choice
because his growing reputation for eloquence, his firm
but moderate position on slavery. In the election, Lincoln
won the presidency with the majority of electoral votes.
However, he only won two-fifths of the popular vote. The
election showed the southerners that their place in the
Union was non-existent. Within weeks of Lincoln’s
election, the process of disunion began.
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_n0kOLTsDBsw/TNXTisqh__I/AAAAAAAAB
MA/tOmGCVvfivQ/s1600/ElectoralCollege1860-Large.png
Confederacy
• In 1861, the Confederacy
seceded from the Union
under President James
Buchanan. South Carolina,
Mississippi, Florida,
Alabama, Georgia,
Louisiana, and Texas made
up the Confederate States
of America.
• Pg. 338
http://www.united-statesflag.com/media/catalog/produ
ct/cache/1/image/9df78eab33
525d08d6e5fb8d27136e95/f/l/
flgdecl1000004685_00_confederate-flag-decal.jpg
Emancipation Proclamation
•
January 1, 1863
•
The document that declared forever free the slaves inside
the Confederacy.
Does not apply to slaves in Union or border states.
Clearly established that the war was being fought not
only to preserve the Union, but to abolish slavery.
Paved the way for the thirteenth amendment- which
abolished slavery in all parts of the United States.
•
•
•
•
This can be found on page 344
•
•
Robert E. Lee
•
•
January 19, 1807 -October 12, 1870
Appointed by Jefferson Davis, the Confederate military
leader/ political leader
Opposed secession and had mixed feelings about
slavery
Remained a symbol for the “Lost Cause” of the
Confederacy
Left the U.S army to lead Confederate forces.
Regarded as one of the best generals in American
military history
Brilliant military strategist
Actually a good friend of Abraham Lincoln
•
This can be found on page 351-352
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Ulysses S. Grant
April 27, 1822 - July 23, 1885
Only general Lincoln trusted to command Union Army.
Believed in unrelenting combat and making enemy
armies and territories the focus of military targets.
Was willing to fight when most other generals held
back
Presided over some of the worst carnage of the Civil
War
This can be found on page 350-351
“States Rights” Argument
No specific date, but was very intense during early years
of Civil War
• White southerners resisted all efforts to exert
national authority, even those to win the war.
• Went against conscription and rejected Davis’ ability
to impose martial law, and suspend habeas corpus.
• Some governors tried to keep their forces away from
other Confederate forces.
• The national government permitted soldiers to seize
food from farms, and the confederate government
seized railroads and shipping
• The states were the ones who voted on the
constitution and its laws. The states believed that if a
law was unconstitutional, they did not have to follow
it.
•
This can be found on page 346
•
•
•
•
•
•
Anaconda Plan
Late 1864 to Early 1865
It was a military strategy developed by General Winfield
Scott
It was a two-stage plan, which would consist of a Union
naval blockade of the southern and Confederate ports, as
well as taking over the Mississippi River, and “winding” its
way to the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia
through the Ohio River
This plan would cut off trade routes on both land and
river, and would split the Confederacy in two parts.
The loss of trade for the Confederacy, which was mainly
cotton, would deliver a crushing economic blow, and
would possibly result in the Confederate surrender.
This is referenced on page 352-353
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Battle of Antietam
September 17, 1862
McClellan’s 86 thousand vs. Lee’s 50 thousand.
Staggering casualties on both sides
Jackson’s troops arrived just as the Confederate line was
about to break
McClellan could have broken through the line with one
more assault, instead he allowed Lee to flee into
Virginia.
Technically a Union victory, but McClellan had blown an
opportunity to destroy the majority of the Confederate
army.
In November, Lincoln removed McClellan from
command for good.
This can be found on page 361
Battle of Vicksburg
•May 18-July 4, 1863
•Ulysses Grant was driving on the well fortified and protected
area on the Mississippi River.
•The city itself had good artillery cover near the river
•Grant moved men and supplies into the city, which was
being bombarded.
•Grant then attacked from the rear of the city, and the battle
lasted six weeks.
•The citizens of the city surrendered due to starvation
•This can be found on page 361
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Battle of Gettysburg
July 1-3, 1863
Lee moved his army into Pennsylvania, and encountered
Meade’s army.
Meade’s army established a well fortified position on the
hills, south of the town.
Lee ordered his famous “Pickett’s Charge” on Meade’s
position.
The Confederate army was mowed down over the mile
they had to advance to get to the hill.
Only 5,000 made it up the hill, and the remainder had to
surrender or retreat.
After the retreat, never again did the Confederate forces
seriously threaten Northern territory.
This can be found on page 363
•
•
•
•
•
•
Sherman’s March to the Sea
Late 1864 – 1865
Sherman left Atlanta, and living off the land, destroyed
cities, supplies and farms that were critical to the
survival of the Confederacy
Sherman only wanted to deprive the Confederacy of
war materials and railroad communications.
He wanted to break the will of the Southerners, and to
force them to surrender, by burning towns and
plantations.
He was virtually unopposed until Johnston’s small force
(in North Carolina) caused Sherman to experience a
brief delay.
This can be found on page 365
Radical Republicans
• 1865
• A political party that from the end of the civil
war favored harsh punishment of the
southern states.
• Pg 343, 372-374, 378
•
http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=radical+republicans&FORM=HDRSC2#view=detail&id=2790C79A031424E9593612ADB283BB0FD7414D30&selectedIndex=15
Appomattox Court House
• April 1865
• This is where the civil war came to a close.
Northern troops cornered Confederate
General Robert E. Lee here and he
surrendered.
• Pg 367
•
http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=appomattox+court+house&qs=IM&form=QBIR&pq=appom&sc=85&sp=1&sk=#view=detail&id=A063A1A69B01C98EBBC92FEE4C4C0EE85631DD5F&selectedIndex=0
13th, 14th, 15th Amendments
• 1865, 1868, 1870
• 13th- Outlawed slavery and indentured
servitude.
• 14th- Gave all male citizens equal citizenship
and protection under the law!!
• 15th- Universal male suffrage.
• Pg 345, 377-378, 378
http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=13th+14th+15th+amendments&go=&qs=bs&form=QBIR#view=detail&id=5F2019AD2E67BE3CA74FDCF652AF89D69A5AD2FD&selec
tedIndex=0
Sharecropping
• 1865
• A system in which freedmen would work on a
plot of land (usually owned by a white
southerner) in order to earn a portion of the
crops they produce. This was a bad system
though because the freedmen did not have their
own supplies which would result in the freedman
losing more money than they were making.
• Pg 382
http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=sharecropping&go=&qs=bs&form=QBIR#view=detail&id=E2F204BADFB3287360CF7EE78E0293BE8B029DAF&selectedIndex=2
Ku Klux Klan
• 1865-1870s
• A secret society founded in the south in order
to control and terrorize newly freed slaves.
• Pg 388
•
http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=ku+klux+klan&go=&qs=bs&form=QBIR#view=detail&id=E10BF2817172EC15775BDACDD8E24D2803BDCEF7&selectedIndex=0