Direct Manipulation
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Deleting a file 1
Early Mac Interface
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Deleting a file 2
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Action Cycle
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Direct Mappings of Interaction
Levels
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Gensys Screen Before Correction
Gulf of Execution
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Screen After Correction
Gulf of Evaluation
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Articulatory Directness
Mouse Locator, Macro Express
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Foundations of DM
• Visibility
– is the operation easily visible to the user?
– are relevant objects visible to the user
• Affordance
– is the use of the object apparent?
• Conceptual Models
– is the users concept of what needs to be done in
sync with the system?
• Mapping Principles
– does the use of the object follow standards?
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Foundations of DM cont.
• Feedback
– does the user know the exact state of the system at
all times?
– incremental action at the interface with rapid
feedback. E.g. moving a file, file is visible during
the move.
• Drawing on user knowledge
– can the user draw on experience knowledge to help
cope with the object or task?
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Foundations of DM cont..
• Constraints
– does the system ensure the user follows the
"Yellow Brick Road”
• Replacement of complex command languages
– actions manipulate the visible objects directly.
• Syntactic correctness
– every user action is a syntactic legal action.
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Icon Guidelines
A picture is worth a 1000 words
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Familiar and Recognizable
Limit number of different Icons
Icons should stand out from background
3D icons
Selected icons are clearly visible
Make Icons distinctive from other icons
Harmonious members of families
Movement animation
Detail information, shading, animation, colour
Combining Icons to show function, such as copying,
locking folders, Attribute Joins in Data Bases.
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Macro Express
allows automation of Windows Environment
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Access Expression Builder
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Access Query Design
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NextStep & OpenStep
• Started in 1989 by Steve Jobs
– Next computer, designed for edu. use.
• A failure, as a company
• NextStep OS - Object Oriented
– Ran on “Next” computers, Ported to Sun, HP, Intel & 68xxx
– Allowed desktop objects to be combined to form new applications.
– Took the lead in OPP programming.
– Now part of Apple (Mac OSx).
• Rapid Application Development (RAD)
– Visual tools to allow applications to be developed quickly
– Interface building applications.
• Legacy
– Developed Object C
– First WebBrowser
– Pioneered HTML
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Guideline for DM programming Environment
• Sufficient computational generality (conditionals, iteration)
• Access to data structures (files, directories, booleans, i/o
widgets)
• Ease of programming (by example, by demonstration)
modularity, argument passing.
• Simplicity in invocation and assignment of arguments
(direct manipulation, simple library strategies, in-context
execution).
• Low risk (should work, low error rate, halt & resume, error
recovery, reversal).
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Visual Basic in Excel
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Visual Basic Builder
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Access - Relation builder
Drag fields to make relationship
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VirtuSpere
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FT8gMCQaqRo&NR=1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NmpOQZgHUMo
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