THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
SITI
HAJAR BINTI MUSTAFA
D20141066242
NUR ADIBAH BINTI
HASBULLAH
D20141066260
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
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INTRODUCTION
ARTICULATIONS
FUNCTIONS OF
THE SKELETAL
SYSTEM
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STRUCTURES OF
THE SKELETAL
SYSTEM
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JOINTS
GAMES
Introduction

Basically human’s skeletal system have 206 bones.
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FUNCTIONS OF THE
SKELETON
Provides a
framework
that supports
the body
Protects some
internal organs
from
mechanical
injury
FUNCTIONS
OF THE
SKELETON
Contains and
protects the
red bone
marrow
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Provides a
storage site for
excess
calcium
THE SKELETON

AXIAL SKELETON

Consists of the skull, vertebral column, and
rib cage
Forms the axis of the body

APPENDICULAR SKELETON
Consists of bones of the arm and legs and the shoulder and
pelvic girdle
Supports the appendages or limbs
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THE SKULL
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THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN
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THE RIB CAGE
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THE BONES OF THE ARMS
AND LEGS

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THE ARMS
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THE LEGS
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THE SHOULDER
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THE PELVIC GIRDLE
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JOINTS
There are three types of joints
1.
Synarthrosis (immovable)
2.
Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable)
3.
Diarthrosis (freely movable)
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Synarthrosis (immovable)

Suture-fibrous connective tissue between bone
surfaces

Example
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Amphiarthrosis (slightly
movable)

Symphysis-disc of fibrous cartilage between bones

Example
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Diarthrosis (freely
movable)

Ball and socket- movement in all planes

Example : scapula and humerus
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
Hinge- movement in one plane

Example : femur and tibia
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
Condyloid-movement in one plane with some
lateral movement

Example : temporal bone and mandible
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
Pivot- rotation

Example : radius and ulna

Gliding-side to side movement

Example : between carpals

Saddle-movement in several planes

Example : metacarpals
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SUMMARY ABOUT THE
JOINTS
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ARTICULATIONS
WHAT IS ARTHRITIS

The US National Library of Medicine1 says that if you have
trouble moving around or feel pain and stiffness in your body,
you could have arthritis. In the majority of cases arthritis causes
pain and swelling in the joints.

Eventually a swollen joint can suffer severe damage. In some
cases, arthritis can cause problems in the patient's eye, skin or
other organs.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC)2, about 1 in every 5 American adults, i.e. 50 million
people, have doctor-diagnosed arthritis. As the country's
population ages, it is estimated that this number will increase
to at least 67% by 2030.

Arthritis is not a single disease - it is a term that covers over 100
medical conditions. Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common
form of arthritis and generally affects elderly patients. Some
forms of arthritis can affect people at a very early age.
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WHAT CAUSES ARTHRITIS

Basically, a joint is where one bone moves on
another bone. Ligaments hold the two bones
together. The ligaments are like elastic bands,
while they keep the bones in place your muscles
relax or contract to make the joint move.

Cartilage covers the bone surface to stop the two
bones from rubbing directly against each other.
The covering of cartilage allows the joint to work
smoothly and painlessly.

A capsule surrounds the joint. The space within
the joint - the joint cavity - has synovial fluid.
Synovial fluid nourishes the joint and the cartilage.
The synovial fluid is produced by the synovium
(synovial membrane) which lines the joint cavity.
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
If you have arthritis something goes wrong with the joint(s).
What goes wrong depends on what type of arthritis you
have. It could be that the cartilage is wearing away, a
lack of fluid, autoimmunity (your body attacking itself),
infection, or a combination of many factors.

The following factors may contribute towards a higher
arthritis risk:
1.
Your genetic makeup
2.
A physically demanding job, especially one with
repetitive movements
3.
A previous injury
4.
Some infections or allergic reactions may cause shortterm arthritis. When it is caused by an infection it is known
as "reactive arthritis"
5.
For a number of people certain foods can either bring on
arthritis symptoms, or make existing ones worse
6.
Obesity, which places extra strain on joints4
7.
Arthritis may also be caused by autoimmune disease5.
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TYPES OF ARTHRITIS
1.

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Osteoarthritis
With osteoarthritis, the cartilage loses its elasticity.
If the cartilage is stiff it becomes damaged more
easily. The cartilage, which acts as a shock
absorber, will gradually wear away in some areas.
As the cartilage becomes damaged tendons and
ligaments become stretched, causing pain.
Eventually the bones may rub against each other
causing very severe pain.
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2.
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Rheumatoid arthritis

This is an inflammatory form of arthritis. The
synovial membrane (synovium) is attacked,
resulting in swelling and pain. If left untreated the
arthritis can lead to deformity.

Rheumatoid arthritis is significantly more common
in women than men and generally strikes when
the patient is aged between 40 and 60. However,
children and much older people may also be
affected.

During the first ten years after diagnosis, patients
with rheumatoid arthritis have a higher risk of
blood clots.
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3.
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Infectious arthritis (septic arthritic)

Infectious arthritis is an infection in the synovial
fluid and tissues of a joint. It is usually caused by
bacteria, but could also be caused by fungi or
viruses.

Bacteria, fungi or viruses may spread through the
bloodstream from infected tissue nearby, and
infect a joint.

Most susceptible people are those who already
have some form of arthritis and develop an
infection that travels in the bloodstream.
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TREATMENT FOR ARTHRITIS
Physical therapy and occupational therapy

Occupational therapy
 Teach you how to reduce the strain on your joints
as you go about your daily activities. The
occupational therapist can help you modify your
home and workplace so that your movements do
not aggravate your arthritis. You may need a splint
for your hands or wrists, as well as aids for dressing,
housekeeping, work activities, driving and
washing/bathing yourself.
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An occupational and/or physical therapist can
make an enormous difference to your quality of life if
you suffer from arthritis. He/she will help you learn
more about your arthritis, devise a dietary plan if you
are overweight and over-stressing the joints as a
result, help you make better decisions about what
shoes to buy if that part of the body is affected.
 You will learn how and when to rest - rest is crucial
for treating inflammation and pain, especially when
many joints are affected and you feel tired. Resting
individual joints is very helpful too - custom splints
can be made to rest and support affected joints.
 Local pain can be relieved with ice packs or
heating pads. Ultrasound and hot packs provide
deep heat which relieves localized pain and relaxes
muscle spasm around the affected joint. You may
find that a warm bath/shower makes it easier for you
to exercise afterwards.
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
Physical activity
Doctors warn that inactivity could harm the health
of most patients with arthritis or some kind of
rheumatic disease. Inactivity raises the risk of
cardiovascular disease and diabetes type
 Muscles become weaker with no exercise, joints
become stiffer, and the patient's tolerance for pain
decreases. Balance problems may also become
worse.
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