Overview -Lecture 3 Models of Development • • • • • • Developmental Science Models of Development (World Views) Biological Theories of Aging Psychological Theories of Aging Sociocultural Models of Aging Myth Busting…Facts on Aging Revisited Overview -Lecture 3 Models of Development • • • • • • Developmental Science Models of Development (World Views) Biological Theories of Aging Psychological Theories of Aging Sociocultural Models of Aging Myth Busting…Facts on Aging Revisited Link Back Lifespan Perspective says • Development is lifelong • Social or contextual influences on development must be considered • Nature versus Nurture debate is outdated Emergence of Developmental Science Life-span perspective Contextual Interdisciplinary Overview -Lecture 3 Models of Development • • • • • • Developmental Science Models of Development (World Views) Biological Theories of Aging Psychological Theories of Aging Sociocultural Models of Aging Myth Busting…Facts on Aging Revisited Models of Development (World Views) • Organismic (Nature side of debate) • Mechanistic (Nurture side of debate) • Interactionist/Contextual (interaction between nature and nurture) • Reciprocal relations with environment Summary Organismic Mechanistic Nature of change Qualitative Contribution Active of organism Main force of development Biological intrinsic maturation Interactionist Quantitative Multidirectional Multidimensional Passive Active External stimulus environment Reciprocal relations with environment Overview -Lecture 3 Models of Development • • • • • • Developmental Science Models of Development (World Views) Biological Theories of Aging Psychological Theories of Aging Sociocultural Models of Aging Myth Busting…Facts on Aging Revisited Biological Theories of Aging •Programmed aging Two types of theories •Random error Programmed Aging Theories Genetic programming theory of aging Sources of support: •Gompertz Curve •Heritability index Gompertz Curve •Age-specific death rate plotted against age in days •Is species-specific Heritability Index =Correlation between monozygotic twins =Correlation between dizygotic twins Indicates strength of genetic influence on a characteristic Programmed Aging Theories Telomere Theory •Replicative senescence- cells have limited number of replications before they can no longer replicate •Telomere- end of chromosome that protects genetic material during replication Loss of telomeres may cause aging Programmed Aging Theories Specific Systems Theories •Nervous system theory •Endocrine system theory Aging caused by losses within these systems Biological Approaches to Aging: Random Error Theories Wear and tear Mechanical damage Rate of living Use up energy for life Waste product Materials accumulate Cross-linking Collagen cross-links Free radical Unstable molecules Immune system Autoimmunity Mutation theories Somatic mutation, error catastrophe theory Order to disorder Entropy destroys system Biological Theories of Aging Conclusions •Causes of aging not yet known •Genetics is more likely cause •Environment also plays important role Overview -Lecture 3 Models of Development • • • • • • Developmental Science Models of Development (World Views) Biological Theories of Aging Psychological Theories of Aging Sociocultural Models of Aging Myth Busting…Facts on Aging Revisited Psychological Theories of Aging •Erikson’s psychosocial theory •Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory •Identity process model •Multiple threshold model •Sociocultural model Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Biopsychosocial Nature of Theory PSYCHO SOCIAL EGO DEVELOPMENT Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Epigenetic Principle Old Age Childhood Each stage unfolds from previous stage Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Adult Stages Identity Achievement vs. Identity Diffusion + Sense of purpose - Lack of direction Basis for later adult stages Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Adult Stages Intimacy vs. Isolation + Mutual relationships - Self-absorption Builds on identity Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Adult Stages Generativity vs. Stagnation + Productivity and care - Inward energy Expressed most often in parenting and work Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Adult Stages Ego Integrity vs. Despair + Acceptance of past - Fear of death Sets stage for young Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory Basic Concepts •Stages of development in childhood •Processes of development •assimilation •accommodation Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory Processes of Development: Assimilation Existing structure (“schema”) Used to interpret New experiences Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory Processes of Development: Accommodation New experiences Cause change New or changed schema Identity Process Theory Definition of Identity Identity = sense of self Identity Process Theory • Identity assimilation – Interpret experiences in terms of existing self • Identity accommodation – Change in self as result of new experiences • Balance Identity Process Theory Multiple Threshold Model •Stepwise recognition of age changes •Identity processes influence age-related control behaviors Overview -Lecture 3 Models of Development • • • • • • Developmental Science Models of Development (World Views) Biological Theories of Aging Psychological Theories of Aging Sociocultural Models of Aging Myth Busting…Facts on Aging Revisited Sociocultural Models of Development: Ecological Perspectives • Emphasis on relations between individual and environment as forces to change – multiple levels to the environment Sociocultural Models of Development: Ecological Perspectives Bronfenbrenner model Sociocultural Proximal social Inner processes Overview -Lecture 3 Models of Development • • • • • • Developmental Science Models of Development (World Views) Biological Theories of Aging Psychological Theories of Aging Sociocultural Models of Aging Myth Busting…Facts on Aging Revisited Myth busting…Facts on Aging Revisited • #11 The majority of old people are unable to adapt to change. • False Myth busting…Facts on Aging Revisited • # 17 The majority of old people are socially isolated. • False