Overview -Lecture 3
Models of Development
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Developmental Science
Models of Development (World Views)
Biological Theories of Aging
Psychological Theories of Aging
Sociocultural Models of Aging
Myth Busting…Facts on Aging Revisited
Overview -Lecture 3
Models of Development
•
•
•
•
•
•
Developmental Science
Models of Development (World Views)
Biological Theories of Aging
Psychological Theories of Aging
Sociocultural Models of Aging
Myth Busting…Facts on Aging Revisited
Link Back
Lifespan Perspective says
• Development is lifelong
• Social or contextual influences on
development must be considered
• Nature versus Nurture debate is outdated
Emergence of
Developmental Science
Life-span
perspective
Contextual
Interdisciplinary
Overview -Lecture 3
Models of Development
•
•
•
•
•
•
Developmental Science
Models of Development (World Views)
Biological Theories of Aging
Psychological Theories of Aging
Sociocultural Models of Aging
Myth Busting…Facts on Aging Revisited
Models of Development
(World Views)
• Organismic (Nature side of debate)
• Mechanistic (Nurture side of debate)
• Interactionist/Contextual (interaction between
nature and nurture)
• Reciprocal relations with environment
Summary
Organismic Mechanistic
Nature
of change
Qualitative
Contribution Active
of organism
Main force
of development
Biological
intrinsic
maturation
Interactionist
Quantitative Multidirectional
Multidimensional
Passive
Active
External
stimulus
environment
Reciprocal
relations with
environment
Overview -Lecture 3
Models of Development
•
•
•
•
•
•
Developmental Science
Models of Development (World Views)
Biological Theories of Aging
Psychological Theories of Aging
Sociocultural Models of Aging
Myth Busting…Facts on Aging Revisited
Biological Theories of Aging
•Programmed aging
Two types of
theories
•Random error
Programmed Aging Theories
Genetic programming theory of aging
Sources of support:
•Gompertz Curve
•Heritability index
Gompertz Curve
•Age-specific death
rate plotted against
age in days
•Is species-specific
Heritability Index
=Correlation between monozygotic twins
=Correlation between dizygotic twins
Indicates strength of genetic influence on a characteristic
Programmed Aging Theories
Telomere Theory
•Replicative senescence- cells have limited
number of replications before they can no
longer replicate
•Telomere- end of chromosome that protects
genetic material during replication
Loss of telomeres may
cause aging
Programmed Aging Theories
Specific Systems Theories
•Nervous system theory
•Endocrine system theory
Aging caused by losses within these systems
Biological Approaches to Aging:
Random Error Theories
Wear and tear
Mechanical damage
Rate of living
Use up energy for life
Waste product
Materials accumulate
Cross-linking
Collagen cross-links
Free radical
Unstable molecules
Immune system
Autoimmunity
Mutation theories
Somatic mutation, error
catastrophe theory
Order to disorder
Entropy destroys system
Biological Theories of Aging
Conclusions
•Causes of aging not yet known
•Genetics is more likely cause
•Environment also plays important role
Overview -Lecture 3
Models of Development
•
•
•
•
•
•
Developmental Science
Models of Development (World Views)
Biological Theories of Aging
Psychological Theories of Aging
Sociocultural Models of Aging
Myth Busting…Facts on Aging Revisited
Psychological Theories of Aging
•Erikson’s psychosocial theory
•Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory
•Identity process model
•Multiple threshold model
•Sociocultural model
Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Biopsychosocial Nature of Theory
PSYCHO
SOCIAL
EGO
DEVELOPMENT
Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Epigenetic Principle
Old Age
Childhood
Each stage unfolds from
previous stage
Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Adult Stages
Identity Achievement vs. Identity Diffusion
+
Sense of purpose
-
Lack of direction
Basis for later adult stages
Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Adult Stages
Intimacy vs. Isolation
+
Mutual relationships
-
Self-absorption
Builds on identity
Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Adult Stages
Generativity vs. Stagnation
+
Productivity and care
-
Inward energy
Expressed most often in parenting
and work
Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Adult Stages
Ego Integrity vs. Despair
+
Acceptance of past
-
Fear of death
Sets stage for young
Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory
Basic Concepts
•Stages of development in childhood
•Processes of development
•assimilation
•accommodation
Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory
Processes of Development: Assimilation
Existing structure (“schema”)
Used to interpret
New experiences
Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory
Processes of Development: Accommodation
New experiences
Cause change
New or changed schema
Identity Process Theory
Definition of Identity
Identity = sense of self
Identity Process Theory
• Identity assimilation
– Interpret experiences in terms of existing self
• Identity accommodation
– Change in self as result of new experiences
• Balance
Identity Process Theory
Multiple Threshold Model
•Stepwise recognition of age changes
•Identity processes influence age-related control
behaviors
Overview -Lecture 3
Models of Development
•
•
•
•
•
•
Developmental Science
Models of Development (World Views)
Biological Theories of Aging
Psychological Theories of Aging
Sociocultural Models of Aging
Myth Busting…Facts on Aging Revisited
Sociocultural Models of Development:
Ecological Perspectives
• Emphasis on relations between individual
and environment as forces to change
– multiple levels to the environment
Sociocultural Models of Development:
Ecological Perspectives
Bronfenbrenner model
Sociocultural
Proximal social
Inner
processes
Overview -Lecture 3
Models of Development
•
•
•
•
•
•
Developmental Science
Models of Development (World Views)
Biological Theories of Aging
Psychological Theories of Aging
Sociocultural Models of Aging
Myth Busting…Facts on Aging Revisited
Myth busting…Facts on Aging
Revisited
• #11 The majority of old people
are unable to adapt to change.
• False
Myth busting…Facts on Aging
Revisited
• # 17 The majority of old people
are socially isolated.
• False