MLA格式講座
主講：劉育汝
 Writing a research paper requires
you to seek out information about
subject, take a stance in it, and back
it up with clear opinions and the
thought of others.
 The real value of a research report
depends on what you as a
researcher have discovered and
how well you tell others about it.
 In choosing a subject for research,
you will want first to think about what
you already know and what you
have to build on. The next stop is to
consider those subjects that you
think you want to learn about.
 Avoid too big topic. Avoid the topic
that can be traced only single
source.
Evaluating Sources
1. Is it up-to date?
2. What are the author’s credentials?
3. Is a journal or newspaper known to
be generally fair, or is it biased in
some definite way?
4. Does the author have a special
interest in the topic that might affect
the relaibility of the source?
5. Does the source seem adequately
documented?
6. In the case of controversial topics,
does a source give a balanced or a
one-sided view?
7. Does the source’s language reveal a
bias or call the author’s reliability
into question?
 vague, nonspecific use of language
 discriminatory langaugae
 percentages that are misleading
8. Is a book published by a respected
publishing house?
9. How was the book reviewed?
10.Is the source of a Web page or
gopher service reliable?
Evaluating Internet Sources
1. Note the e-mail address of the writer
of postings found on mailing lists and
newsgroups. The last three letters of
an address will at least tell you
something about the person—“gov ”is
a government office, “edu” indicates
an educational institution, “org” a
nongovernmental organization, and
“com” a private company.
2. What evidence do you have that the
person posting on a mailing list or
newsgroup is knowledgable.
3. Is a Web page posted by an
objective source?
4. Is a Web page actually an
advertisement in disguise?
5. Is the identifying information about
the author of a Web page convincing?
6. While electronic versions of respected
publications are as trust-worthy as their
print versions, what about electronic
journals, magazines, and newsletters
that have no print counterpart? What
evidence can you find to give you
confidence in such publications?
7. In the case where you have an e-mail
address of an individual or agency, send
a message requesting further information.
When you find a source that you want
to read thoroughly, consider using the
PQRST method:
P: Preview a text by quickly surveying it
from beginning to end.
Q: Jot down questions that you expect to
find answered in the source.
R: Read it carefully from beginning to end,
nothing passages you want to use.
S: Summarize the thesis and main points of
what you have read.
T: Test yourself; make sure you understand
the source before you use it.
Electronic source cards




author:
editor:
title of book or article or other source
part of book used(foreword, chapter,
essay, poem ):
 title of series the book is part of:
 page numbers relevant to your topic:
 type of source(book, essay in book,
article in journal, audio cassette, Web
page, etc.):
 title of publication or publisher:
 place of publication:
 volume and/ or issue number:
 date:
 other information( reprint, translator,
identifying numbers, Web address,
performers, etc):
 Quoting
 To quote is to reproduce exactly someone
else’s words.
 (double check, ask yourself what the
quotation will serve and whether it would be
better to express the idea in your own words)
 Paraphrasing
 To paraphrase is to reproduce the exact
sense of a written passage or oral statement
in your own words—to convey accurately
the ideas, facts, or attitudes of someone
else in words that are natural to you.
 Interpreting
 Interpreting begins as soon as you start to
say what something means, to draw
conclusions from facts, to explain why
certain information is significant.
 Summarizing
 Summarizing, like paraphasing, is a process
of putting someone else’s material in your
own words.
 Recording Original Observations and
Conclusions
 Throughout the process of research, you will
want to make cards on which you record
your own thoughts and observations.
 Plagiarism
 To plagiarize is to take the language, ideas,
or conclusions of another person and to
represent them as one’s own.
 Imaging the reader
 ( It is usually advisable to think your
audience as someone who wants to learn
about your topic, but ho knows a little about
it.)
 It is important to use only one
style for each research paper
and to be consistent about the
smallest details so that your
reader will know exactly what
each item means.
Citation 五大項：author, title, place
of publication, publisher, date of
publication
 內文
 引用書目
一、書
1. Buell, Lawrence. The Environmental
Imagination. Cambridge: Harvard UP,
1995.
 王振復。《建築美學》。台北：地景，1993。
2. Lash, Joseph P. Eleanor and Franklin.
New York: Norton, 1971.
 ---. Love, Eleanor. Garden City: Doubleday,
1982.
3. Ellmann, Richard. James Joyce. 2nd ed.
New York: Oxford UP, 1982.
 王存立編。《火的故事》。台北：牛頓，
1987。
 Ellmann, Richard, and Robert O’clair, eds.
The Norton Anthology of Modern Poetry.
2nd ed. New York: Norton, 1988.
4. Ehrlish, Paul R., and Anne H. Ehrlich.
Healing the Planet. Reading: Addison,
1991.
 林顯金、揭維恆、陳衍正編著。《野外求
生》。台北：新文京，2006。
5. Bailyn, Bernard, et al. The Great
Republic: A History of the American
People. Lexinton: Heath, 1977.
 喬昭華、鄭靜宜、蘇旭珺、饒湘蘭、賴郁綺。
《服飾與生活》。台北：國立工中大學，
2003。
6. U.S. Department of Energy. An
Assessment of Thermal Insulation
Materials. Washington: GPO, 1978.
 十三經注疏小組編。《十三經注疏分段標
點》。第二冊。台北：新文豐，2001。
7. Writers’ and Artisits’ YearBook, 1980.
London: Adam and Charles Black, 1980.
8. Innes, Michael 【J.I.M Stewart】. Going
It Alone. New York: Dodd, 1980.
9. Johnson, Edar. Sir Walter Scott: The
Great Unknown. 2 vols. London:
Hamilton, 1970.
10. Kettle, Arnold. An Introduction to the
English Novel. Vol. 2. London:
Hutchinson U Library, 1953. 2 vols.
11. Coles, Robert. Privileged Ones. Boston:
Little, 1977. Vol. 5 of Children of Crisis. 5
vols. 1967-77.
12. Huston , Zora Neale. Their Eyes Were
Watching God. 1937. Foreword. Sherley
Anne Williams. Urbana: U of Illinois P,
1978.
13. Ganies, Ernest J. The Autobiography of
Miss Jane Pittman. 1971. New York:
Bantam, 1972.
14. Ellmann, Richard. James Joyce. 2nd ed.
New York: Oxford UP, 1982.
15. Fowles, John. The Magus. Rev. version.
Boston: Little, 1977.
16. Homer. The Illiad. Trans. Richmond.
Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1951.
 高汀（William Golding）。《蒼蠅王》。楊
耐冬譯。台北：志文，1984。
 Lattimore, Richmond, trans. The Illiad. By
Homer. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1951.
二、單篇文章
1. Oliver, Mary. “ Crossing the Swamp.”
American Primitive. Boston: Little ,
Brown, 1983. 58-59.
2. Walker, Alice. Afterword. I Love Myself: A
Zora Neale Hurston Reader. Ed. Alice
Walker. Old Westbury: The Femenist
Press, 1979. 297-313.
3. Said, Edward W. “ An Ideology of
Difference” Critical Inquiry 12 (1985): 89107. Rpt. in “ Race, ” Writing, and
Dufferences. Ed. Diane Long Hoeveler
and Beth Lau. New York: The Modern
Language Assoication, 1993. 22-28.
4. Pope Alexander. “The Rape of the Lock.”
The Norton Anthology of World
Masterpiece. Vol. 2. Ed. Maynard Mack
er al. 6th ed. New York: Norton, 1992.
306-26. 2 Vols.
5. Suber, Howard. “ Motion Picture.”
Encyclopedia Americana. 1981 ed.
6. Monro, D. H. “ William Godwin.” The
Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Ed. Paul
Edwards. 8 vols. New Work: Macmillian,
1967.
三、期刊、報章文章
1. Whitney, Craig R. “ Under Pressure,
France Is Ending Its Nuclear Tests.” New
York Times 30 Jan. 1996: A1＋
2. Passell, Peter. “Czechs Tread Minefield
on the May to Capitalism.” New York
Times 18 Apr. 1992, natl. ed. : 17＋.
3. Smith, Gerard. “ Toward Arms
Control.”Editorial. New York Times 29
June 1982: A23.
4. Sprague, Claire. “Dialectic and CounterDialectic in the Martha Quest Novels. ”
Journal of Commonwealth Literature 14
(1979): 39-52.
四、其他
1. Rebel Without a Cause. Dir. Nicholas
Ray. With Janes Dean, Sal Mineo, and
Natalie Wood. Warner Brothers, 1955.
2. Twain, Mark. Adventures of Huckberry
Finn. New York: Harper & Bros. , 1886.
Online. Literature and Publications
Gopher. Internet. 4 Jan. 1996.
3. Rainforest Action Network. “Global Rates
of Destruction ”
http://( Retrieved 9 May 1996).
五、第二手資料
1. Squire, James R. The Responses of
Adolescents While Reading Four Short
Stodies. Urbana: NCTE, 1964. In David
Bleich, Subjective Criticism. Baltimore:
Johns Hopkins UP, 1978.101.
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