J IGSAW P RESENTATION A NSWERS
CHAPTER 6: P ROSPERITY AND
D EPRESSION
P ROSPERITY IN THE 1920’ S
1.I N
GENERAL , HOW DOES THE TEXT
DESCRIBE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
THE

1920’ S
AND
1930’ S ?
The text describes the 1920’s as years
of economic growth and prosperity,
during which newly developed
technologies became part of everyday
life for many Canadians. During the
1930’s, Canadians experienced sever
economic hardship… The Great
Depression.
2. W HAT
FACTORS )
ECONOMIC SURPRISES
AWAITED RETURNING
SOLDIERS AFTER

(2
W ORLD WAR I?
The first of two economic surprises
that awaited the returning soldiers
after World War I was that goods cost
as much as 2X the price they had due
to goods and services being scarce
during the war. The second was that
wages hadn’t kept up so people
couldn’t afford the necessities. This
lowered sales and jobs were cut, so
soldiers were unable to find work.
3. W HAT
U.S. COMPANIES
PLANTS ? W HY ?
THREE
BUILT BRANCH

Ford

General Motors

General Electric

built in Canada to avoid the tariff, or
tax, on products imported into
Canada.
4. H OW
WERE THE
M ARITIMES
DIFFERENT THAN THE REST OF THE
COUNTRY ?

The Maritimes were different than the
rest of the country in that their
economy had been based on
shipbuilding. This had been on the
decline and no other industry was
there to replace it. The ports of
Halifax and Saint John could not
compete with Montreal, which had
received federal money to help with
its expansion.
5. W HY
DID HYDROELECTRICITY
DEVELOP SLOWLY IN THE

M ARITIMES ?
Hydroelectricity developed slowly in
the Maritimes because less money
was available to invest in it.
6. W HY
DID THE PULP AND PAPER
INDUSTRY DEVELOP SLOWLY IN THE
1920’ S ?

The pulp and paper industry develop
slowly in the 1920’s because the lack
of electrical power meant that
companies were not able to take
advantage of the new technologies.
L IFESTYLE AND T ECHNOLOGY
1. E XPLAIN
THE CONCEPT OF AN
INSTALLMENT PLAN .

The concept of an installment plan is
that people who were not able to fully
pay for a product at the time could
purchase it on credit then pay later.
The payments made at a later date
would also gain interest, meaning
people had to pay more for a product
if they purchased it on credit.
2. H OW
DID TELECOMMUNICATIONS
CHANGE IN THE

1920’ S ?
Telecommunications changed in the
1920’s with telephones becoming
more popular. This allowed for
communication between people in
isolated areas or in different regions of
the country.
3. N AME
TWO OF THE GROUPS THAT
DID NOT BENEFIT FROM THE
PROSPERITY IN THE

1920’ S .
Two groups that did not benefit from
the prosperity in the 1920’s were the
working poor and women.
4. H OW
DID CONDITIONS CHANGE FOR
WOMEN AFTER THE WAR ?

Conditions change for women after
the war as they were no longer
allowed to work. They were to return
to being housewives and mothers.
Educated women were to become
teachers.
5. H OW
DID THE GOVERNMENT
MISTREAT THE
F IRST N ATIONS
G ROUPS ?

The government mistreated the First
Nations Groups by trying to assimilate
them into mainstream culture.
6. H OW
DID THE GOVERNMENT
ASSIMILATE THE
F IRST N ATIONS
G ROUPS ?

The best way for the government to
assimilate the First Nations Groups was to
make it compulsory for all First Nations
children aged 7-15 to attend school. It
was believed that residential school would
remove children from the influence of
their parents. They were uprooted from
their homes and forbidden to speak their
own languages, wear their own clothes,
or participate in their own cultural
celebrations.
7. H OW
IMPROVE
F RED L OFT ATTEMPT TO
C ANADIAN F IRST N ATIONS
G ROUPS
AND HOW DID THE
DID
GOVERNMENT RESPOND ?

Fred Loft attempted to improve Canadian
First Nations Groups by founding the
League of Indians in 1918. He wanted to
improve the standard of education. He
encouraged bands from across Canada to
join the league.

The government responded in 1927 by
amending the Indian Act to make it illegal
for First Nations to organize politically or
to hire lawyers to represent them in any
claims against the government.
8. W HAT
WERE TWO NEW LEISURE
ACTIVITIES IN THE

1920’ S ?
Two new leisure activities in the
1920’s were listening to the electric
radio and attending motion pictures.
9. H OW
DID SPORTS CHANGE FOR
WOMEN DURING THE
G OLDEN A GE
(1920’ S )? P ROVIDE
AN EXAMPLE .

Sports changed for women during the
1920’s as women began to take an
active role in organized sports.

In 1928, women were able to compete
in track and field at the Olympics for
the first time.
10. D ESCRIBE
WERE .

WHO THE FLAPPERS
The flappers were one group of
women that many considered
offensive. These young urban women
took pleasure in rebelling against
conventions. They did things that
were traditionally male activities, like
drinking alcohol and smoking.
C AUSES OF THE G REAT
D EPRESSION
1. W HAT
CRITICAL EVENT MARKED THE
END OF THE

1920’ S ?
The critical event that marked the end
of the 1920’s occurred on October
29th, 1929. On this date, known as
Black Tuesday, New York’s stock
market crashed.
2. D EFINE
DIVIDEND .
STOCK , SHARE AND

Stock: the capital of a company divided into
portions or shares of uniform amount that can be
bought and sold.

Share: one of the parts into which the ownership
of a company is divided. Shares in a company can
be bought or sold on the stock market.

Dividend: money to be shared by those to whom
it belongs. If a company makes a profit, it
declares a dividend to the shareholders, or
owners, of the company.
3. W HY
CRASH ?
DID THE STOCK MARKET

The roots can be traced back to the spending and buying habits
during the 1920s.

Manufacturers borrowed money or sold stocks to pay for
expensive new equipment.

People became greedy and bought stocks on credit.

Companies began to produce more goods than consumers wanted
and farmers continued to grow large crops of wheat even after the
demand had peaked.

Canada’s economy was closely linked to the US, so as the US
economy slowed, Canada lost much of that trade.

Canada depended heavily upon trade with the rest of the world.
By 1932, international trade dropped. Many people around the
World had lost their jobs and tariffs on imports had also increased.

Many banks in the US failed, wiping out the savings of thousands
of people.

Unemployed workers could not pay for purchases they bought on
credit.
4. L IST THE CAUSES OF THE
D EPRESSION – CHAIN OF EVENTS
The stock market crashed because during the
First World War people were encouraged
to buy victory bonds. These were
guaranteed certificates that were used to
raise money for the war. After the war,
these bonds could be cashed in for the
purchase price plus an additional interest.
This experience encouraged people to buy
stock. During the good times of the
1920s, stock prices just kept rising.
People ignored the risk associated with
investing in stocks – the value fluctuates it
is not a guaranteed investment.

On Thursday, October 24th, 1929 share prices
began falling dramatically on the New York Stock
exchange. Shares became worth less and less
money.

Shares continued to drop on the Friday and the
following Monday.

By Tuesday, October 29th, thousands of
investors crowded the NYSE frantically trying to
sell their stocks before they lost even more
money.

No one wanted to buy them, and prices fell even
more. Without the confidence of investors, the
stock market crashed.
CHAPTER 7 : C ANADA AT WAR
T HE R OAD TO WAR
1. W HAT
WAS ONE INTERPRETATION
FOR THE CAUSE OF

WWII?
One interpretation suggests that WWII
was caused by the Treaty of Versailles.
The Treaty punished Germany for
starting the First World War by taking
away land and forcing it to pay
reparation to the victors.
2. W HAT
PARTY WAS
A DOLF H ITLER
THE LEADER OF ?

Adolf Hitler was the leader of the
National Socialist Party.
3. W HAT
WAS ANOTHER NAME FOR
THIS PARTY ?

Another name for this party was the
Nazis.
4. O N WHAT
P OLAND ?

DAY DID
H ITLER
ATTACK
Hitler invaded Poland on September 1,
1939.
5. W HAT WAS THE RESPONSE
B RITAIN AND F RANCE ?

OF
Britain and France declared war
against Germany two days later,
September 3, 1939.
6. W HAT WAS THAT DATE THAT
C ANADA DECLARED WAR ON
G ERMANY ?

Canada officially declared war on
Germany September 10, 1939.
P HASES OF THE WAR – PART 1
1. W HAT
WERE THE EARLY STAGES
OF THE WAR CALLED ?

W HY ?
The early stages of the war has been
called the “phony war” because little
happened in Western Europe
immediately after Germany invaded
Poland.
2. W HO
WERE THE ALLIES ON EACH
SIDE DURING
P HASE 1?

France, Britain, and the
Commonwealth.

Germany, Italy, and Japan.
3. W HAT
1?

WERE THE DATES OF
P HASE
The dates of Phase 1 were September
1939 to June 1940.
4. W HAT

WAS THE
BCATP? E XPLAIN .
The BCATP is the British
Commonwealth Air Training Plan.
Canada’s air force would train Allied
pilots and air crew in Canada. The
program trained over 131 000 aircrew.
5. W HAT WAS THE NRMA?
( WRONG ACRONYM IN BOOK !)
E XPLAIN .

The NRMA was the National
Resources Mobilization Act passed by
the Parliament. This moved Canada
from a limited role in the war to a
total commitment to the war effort.
This was after May 1940 when Britain
was left alone to face Hitler with only
Commonwealth countries as allies.
6. W HAT
2?

WERE THE DATES OF
P HASE
The dates of Phase 2 were June 1940
to July 1943.
7. D ESCRIBE THE TWO DEFEATS THAT
THE C ANADIAN ARMY SUFFERED .

The first defeat that the Canadian army
suffered was in Hong Kong. In November
1941, Canadian forces were sent to
reinforce the British garrison. Japan
attacked Hong Kong on December 7, 1941.
By Christmas Day 1941, the Japanese had
defeated the British and Canadians. The
second defeat was the attack on Dieppe in
1942. More than 6000 Allied soldiers took
part, including 4963 Canadians. Over 900
Canadians were killed and more than 1900
P HASES OF THE WAR – PART 2
1. W HAT

WERE THE DATES OF
P HASE 3?
The dates of Phase 3 were July 1943 –
June 1944.
2. D ESCRIBE C ANADA’ S
PARTICIPATION IN I TALY.

Canada’s participation in Italy were
the battle for the city of Ortona in
1943, and the city of Cassino in 1944.
The Canadian fighting force had
expanded from a single division to a
full army.
3. W HAT WERE
P HASE 4?

THE DATES OF
The dates of Phase 4 were June 1944
to September 1945.
4. W HAT IMPORTANT BATTLE WAS
C ANADA PART OF ON J UNE 6,
1944?

The important battle that Canada took
part in on June 6, 1944 was Operation
Overlord.
5. W HAT
THERE ?

WAS
C ANADA ‘ S
ROLE
Canada’s role was to assist the British
and US forces in liberating France
from the Germans on the coast of
Normandy. They aided the Allies in
the capture of the city of Caen.
Canada’s beach was code-named
Juno.
6. W HAT
AFTER THE

C ANADA HAVE
CAPTURE OF FALAISE ?
TASK DID
After the capture of Falaise the
Canadian Army was assigned the task
of clearing the coastal areas and
opening the ports. They captured the
port of Antwerp, Belgium, in the
battle of Scheldt.
7. W HERE
THERE ?

DID THEY GO TO FROM
From there the Canadian Army was
given the task of liberating the
Netherlands.
8. W HEN

DID THE WAR END ?
The war ended on May 8th, 1945
9. W HAT WAS THE POPULATION
C ANADA AT THIS TIME ?

OF
The population of Canada at this time
was 11.5 million.
10. H OW
WAR ?

MANY
C ANADIANS
WENT TO
Over one million men and women
from Canada went to war.
WAR IN THE PACIFIC
1. H OW
MANY
C ANADIAN
SOLDIERS
VOLUNTEERED TO JOIN THE WAR IN
1945?

80 000 Canadian soldiers volunteered
to join the war in 1945. Before these
soldiers had time to take part in the
Pacific war it ended abruptly in
September 1945.
2. D ESCRIBE THE M ANHATTAN
P ROJECT. B E SURE TO EXPLAIN
THE
BENEFITS AND DRAWBACKS OF ITS
USAGE .

The Manhattan Project refers to the
American project to develop the atomic
bomb. This bomb had explosive powers.
It was obvious that many civilians would
be killed if it were used. The purpose of
dropping the atomic bomb was to destroy
the ability of the Japanese to continue to
wage war. The use of the bomb would
save the lives of the thousands of US and
Allied soldiers and sailors who would die in
battle if Japan had to be invaded.
3. W HERE
4. W HEN ?
WERE THE BOMBS USED ?

The atomic bombs were dropped on
the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

The first was on August 6, 1945 and
the second was three days later on
August 9, 1945.
5. D ESCRIBE

THE RESULTS .
The cities were devastated, and about
100 000 to 140 000 people died
immediately in the initial explosion
and firestorm. Approximately the
same number died later from
exposure to radiation.
T HE H OLOCAUST
1. W HICH
OPPRESS ?

GROUPS DID THE
N AZI ’ S
The Nazi’s oppressed the Jewish as
well as the “Roma” (gypsies), Slavs,
homosexuals, and people who were
physically or mentally challenged.
2. D ESCRIBE H ITLER ’ S F INAL
S OLUTION .

Hitler’s Final Solution was a plan to
murder all of Europe’s Jews and any
others the Germans wanted to
eliminate.
3. I N
THE TERM

WWII, WHAT
G ENOCIDE MEAN ?
RELATION TO
DOES
In relation to WWII, the term
Genocide is the attempt to eliminate
entire groups of people. In the case
of WWII the Jews were the targeted
group.
4. W HAT
WERE THE NAMES OF TWO
OF THE DEATH CAMPS ?

The names of two of the death camps
were Buchenwald and Bergen-Belsen.
5. D ESCRIBE WHAT
D EATH C AMPS .

OCCURRED AT THE
Trains from all over occupied Europe
carried people, primarily Jews, to the
camps, where they were
systematically starved, worked to
death, shot or gassed.
6. D EFINE
THE TERM
IT APPLIES TO

H OLOCAUST
AS
WWII.
The Nazis’ slaughter of an estimated
six million Jews during the Second
World War has come to be known as
the Holocaust.
7. W HAT
IMPORTANT EVENT TOOK
PLACE AT
N UREMBURG ?

War Crimes Trials took place at
Nuremburg that lasted 9 months. The
Allies put people that were
responsible for these atrocities on trial
after WWII.
8. W HY
CASE

A DOLPH E ICHMANN ’ S
SIGNIFICANT ?
WAS
Adolph Eichmann’s case was one of
the key leaders of the Holocaust. His
case was significant as he was
captured in the early 1960’s by Israeli
agents in Argentina, put on trial in
Israel, and executed for his crimes
against humanity.
CHAPTER 8: T HE H OME F RONT
T HE WAR AT H OME
1. W HAT
CHANGE HAPPENED AS A
RESULT OF
WWII
IN RELATION TO
THE GOVERNMENT ?

After the war, the government
continued to play a greater role in the
economy. Today, the government is
expected to manage the economy for
the benefit of all Canadians.
2. L IST
THE WAYS THAT WOMEN
WERE INVOLVED IN THE WORKFORCE
AND WAR EFFORT.

In 1941 and 1942 the armed forces created
women’s branches in t he army, navy, and air
force. Between 1941 and 1946, over 46 000
women served overseas as cooks, nurses,
welders, and radar operators. One group flew
new airplanes from Canada to Britain. They were
labourers in war industries, part of the aircraft
workforce, and the arms workforce. They
worked in BC machinery depots, and in Pictou
shipyards.
3. W HAT

IS MEANT BY
“ RATIONING ”?
“Rationing” meant that the
Government controlled the
distribution of products thought to be
in short supply.
4. L IST
THE PRODUCTS THIS AFFECTED
DURING WARTIME .

coffee

tea

sugar.

gasoline

rubber

certain metals.
5. H OW DID THE AVERAGE
C ANADIAN HELP PAY FOR THE

WAR ?
Many Canadians bought Victory
Bonds to help pay for the war effort.
After the war, when there were goods
to buy, people cashed in these bonds.
The money helped bring about a postwar economic boom.
T HE WAR AT H OME – PART 2
1. W HAT
WERE TWO SOCIAL
POLICIES ADOPTED BY
THE

C ANADA
IN
1940 S ?
One of the policies was
unemployment insurance, which was
introduced in 1940. The other was
“baby bonus” or family allowance,
which was introduced in 1945.
2. D EFINE

CONSCRIPTION .
Conscription was the law that
compelled people to join the armed
forces during wartime.
3. H OW
IN THIS ?

WAS THE
NRMA
INVOLVED
The NRMA had included conscription,
but only for home defence.
4. W HAT ROLE DID
N EWFOUNDLAND PLAY
WAR ?

DURING THE
Because of it’s strategic location,
Canada and the United States
established military bases in Gander
and Goose Bay (Canada), and
Argentina and Stephenville (United
States).
5. D ESCRIBE N EWFOUNDLAND ’ S
OPTIONS AFTER THE WAR .

Join Canada.

Responsible Government (selfgoverning dominion).

Keep the commission government.
6. W HAT
WAS THE END RESULT AND
ON WHAT DATE DID THIS FINAL ACTION
HAPPEN ?

Newfoundland became part of Canada
on March 31, 1949.
E THNIC AND C ULTURAL
R ELATIONS
1. A FTER J APAN BOMBED P EARL
H ARBOUR , WHAT WAS THE FEAR OF
B RITISH C OLUMBIA RESIDENTS ?

After Japan bombed Pearl Harbour,
British Columbia residents worried
that Japan would try to attack the
west coast of North America. They
also worried that the many Japanese
Canadians who lived in British
Columbia might help the Japanese
armed forces.
2. H OW

DID THEY RESPOND ?
After much propaganda and hatemongering in the media, the federal
government decided to intern (hold
against their will) Japanese Canadians
in internment camps.
3. W HAT
CONNECTION

F REDERICTON ’ S
TO THE WAR ?
WAS
The Fredericton Internment Camp, or
Camp 70, was built near Minto, to
hold various groups considered to be
threats to the security of Canada.
4. H OW
TREATED IN

J EWISH
C ANADA ?
WERE
IMMIGRANTS
Canada allowed less than 4000 Jewish
refugees into Canada from 19311939, even after Nazi anti-Jewish
policies were well known. Some
Jewish refugees from Germany and
Austria were interned in Camp 70
because authorities believed that their
citizenship made them potential
threats.
5. W HAT
WAS ONE POSITIVE
ATTITUDE ABOUT CULTURAL
DIFFERENCES THAT CAME FROM THE
WAR ?

The war was a positive catalyst for
change in Canadian attitudes and
values. The war led to a reexamination of Canada’s ethnocentric
policies. Gradually, a number of
mainstream Canadians began to see
that the cultural differences do not
indicate either superiority or inferiority
– just differences.
6. W HICH
TWO CULTURAL GROUPS
TOOK PART IN THE WAR DESPITE THE
PREJUDICE THEY FACED ?

African Canadians and First Nations.
7. W HAT DID THE GOVERNMENT
IN THE 1950 S TO HELP ONE OF
THESE SITUATIONS ?

DO
The government prohibited
discrimination in the 1950s against the
African Canadians.
8. W HO VOLUNTEERED
C ANADA ?

TO FIGHT FOR
Over 3000 Status First Nations,
including over 70 women, volunteered
to fight for Canada.
9. W HY

DID WE HAVE
WAR A RTISTS ?
During the First World War, artists were asked to
create a visual record of Canada’s war effort. The
federal government at the time wanted visual as
well as written record, and did not entirely trust
the new medium of film. In 1943, the war art
program was reactivated for the Second World
War.
10. G IVE
A RTISTS .

THE NAMES OF TWO
WAR
Two War Artists are Alex Colville and
Charles Comfort.
11. C ONTINUE
THE CHART BELOW TO SHOW THE
C ANADA AND WHEN
GIVEN THE RIGHT TO VOTE . T HERE
5 CULTURAL GROUPS .
VARIOUS CULTURAL GROUPS IN
THEY WERE
SHOULD BE
Cultural Group
Date given the right to vote
Non-status First Nations
1939
Chinese
1947
Indo-Canadian
1948
Japanese
1948
Inuit
1950
Status First Nations
1960