1.
The actual **** was created in 1947 as Eastern Pakistan. Since 1950s independent aspirations were solved
in bloody revolts towards the Western part, until the 26th of March 1971 when the Popular Republic of
**** was declared an independent country.
The social and economic problems brought from the past administration, multiplied by the war and by a
series of catastrophic floods and famines, resulted in a crisis of the new State combined with growing
violence and disorders. After the proclamation of the national emergency (1974), the constitutional reform
of 1975 transformed **** in a single party Presidential Republic with wide power to the president.
During the eighties and nineties, the country suffered a long period of political instability due to the dire
social and economic situation combined with violence and riots, which was the cause of many overthrown
at the top of the state.
In January 2014 consultations to renew the Parliament took place in a climax of deep tension and mass
disorders. The results showed the granted, wide victory of the main party ruled by Hasina Wazed, who
was reconfirmed for the position.
The economy of **** is still dependent from agriculture, from the remit of emigrants, and in smaller
amount from international aid. More than half of active population work in agricultural sector, but provide
only a fifth of the of GNP; therefore productivity rates per personnel are very low, even if many progresses
have been made in cultivation techniques and in water distribution bringing the country to food autonomy.
The industrial structure (13% of workers) is weak, but it shows interesting trends. Small retailers and public
sector mainly represent tertiary sector, but advanced activities are in development stage.
Source: Treccani Encyclopaedia
3.
2.
Since its independence from France in 1956, **** was a regime ruled by the president Habib Bourguiba
France
conquered
the territory
at thecitizens’
end of the
eighteenth
Untilcivil
the rights,
1940s,women
the country
was
for 31 years.
Bourguiba
tried to relief
living
conditionscentury.
giving them
included,
ruled
by
a
brutal
slavery
regime,
when
local
population
started
organizing
in
parties
and
trade
unions.
never allowed in any other Arab country in the region, but it was done in an authoritative way, without
the support
of labour parties. The lack of legal opposition to the regime contributed to the emersion of
th
On
the 13
of August
1960,
the country
The authoritarian methods of the new
Islamist
groups
that found
consensus
in thebecame
poorestindependent.
classes of society.
regime and a difficult economic situation created a wide dissatisfaction among the population, that in 1966
embraced
the1987,
coupBen
d’état
givingover
the Bourguiba
leadershipthanks
of theto
country
Jean-Bédel
Bokassa.
to the
the
In November
Alì took
a coupto
d’état
supported
by theThanks
army and
support
of France,byinterested
in the
uranium of
fields
of the
region, Bokassa
repression
elites concerned
the growing
consensus
Islamic
opposition.
Duringimplemented
the 19 years aofbloody
his government,
towards
political
opponents
until
1979,
when
we
was
removed
from
his
charge
during
a
visit
in
Libya.
if on the economic side significant improvements have been made thanks to tourism and the
liberal
policies towards the European Union, on the democratic side **** population is still waiting for some
From 1981, consequently to the umpteenth coups d’état the power moved to the army and only after
progresses.
twelve years a new civil government was established. The new president, though, was not interested to
the
catastrophic
economic
situation
of the
country, mandate
as he distributed
and country
ruling positions
On the
14th of January
2011
Ben Ali’s
presidential
is over. favours
He left the
escapingwithin
from
his
clan.
popular demonstrations due to the high cost of living. In December of the same year, Moncef Marzouki
was elected President of the Republic.
Since 2006, 5 million of civilians left the North-western area of the country due to the fights between the
army
and the
rebel groups.
On the
20thhas
of January
2014,agricultural,
Catherine Samba-Panza
was elected
President of
Economy
is quite
diversified.
****
significant
mining, energy
and manufacturing
the
transition
phase
of
the
****
thanks
to
the
votes
of
the
parliament.
resources, and tourism is becoming another important source of wealth, considerably contributing to the
development of the country. A process of privatization of manufacturing activities is ongoing over the last
The
economy
of theofcountry
hasstill
been
affected
by so many
years of instability: most of manufacturing
ten years,
but most
them are
under
administrative
control.
activities moved beyond the borders in countries where more stability was guaranteed. New
administration
priorities are: to put infrastructures back in order and provide incentives to agriculture as
Source: PeaceReporter
coffee and cotton cultivations and wood exportation are flourishing. Fundamental for the State is to keep
under control diamonds extradition from smuggling. The inflation rate was reduced and in 2004 the
country registered an economic growth of 2,5%, while in the past year it lost -7,2%. Despite of this, the
majority of the population still live with less than a dollar per day.
Source: PeaceReporter
4.
Current **** is composed by the historical regions of Walachia and Transylvania. Walachia’s region got
independence from the Ottoman Emperor in 1878, while only after Balkan wars and the 1° World War
**** reached a dimension similar to these days.
As many other countries of Central-East Europe **** belonged to Warsaw Pact and more in general to the
soviet influencing system during the cold war. Between 1965 and 1989, the country was ruled by Nicolae
Ceauşescu, who established one of the most repressive regimes among the satellite countries of Moscow
centralizing all the power in the hands of his family, until when he was overthrew and executed in
December 1989.
At the end of bipolar era, **** position in the international context was towards Euro-Atlantic dynamics,
becoming member of NATO in 2004 and entering together with Bulgaria to the European Union (EU) three
years later.
After the fall of the communist regime, **** passed through a transition phase characterized by a deep
economic recession followed by a phase of growth during the nineties and a new crisis over the last ten
years. Since 2001, the economy has constantly grown of 6,3% annually, until 2009 when due to the
international crisis it fell of 9% during 2009. In 2011-12, growth restarted with slower rhythms than before
the crisis.
Source: Treccani Encyclopaedia – Geopolitical Atlas
5.
****, situated in western Balkans, is a country formed in 1991 after declaring independency from
Yugoslavia. This event, among others, triggered the conflicts at the beginning of 1990s in the Balkan region.
Like Bosnia-Erzegovina, but in smaller measure, **** was subject to the invasion of the Serbian army on
its territory.
Government’s priority over the past ten years was to create the conditions to be admitted in the European
Union. In order to reach this goal **** has implemented deep social, political and economic reforms that
contributed to the stabilization of the country. From the 1st of July 2013 **** is the 28th country of the
Union.
The economy of the country is based tertiary sector, but in the same time, agriculture is still a quite
relevant sector, even if nowadays the country is not self-sufficient in terms of food production having to
import many goods. Furthermore, **** is poor of row materials and energy, consequently it is dependent
to import almost two/thirds of the energy consumed.
Tourism represents one of the main incomes of the country thanks to its wide seacoast and islands on the
Adriatic sea.
Source: Source: Treccani Encyclopaedia – Geopolitical Atlas
6.
From 1517 **** was integrated into the Ottoman emperor, until 1922, when after the I° World War the
emperor collapsed and the country got the formal independence, even if de facto it was under Great
Britain’s control.
After the II° World War **** became one of the leading countries of the Arab world. The history of the
country from 1950s until today has been dominated by three characters: Nasser, Sadat e Mubarak. Nasser
had a key role in the coup d’état that in 1952-53 brought to the downfall of the monarchy and to the
establishment of the republic. His successor, Sadat, promoted an effective economic and political
liberalization process, mainly characterized for his attempts to smoothen, following another war in 1973,
the fight with Israel. This attempt was linked to a pro-western foreign policy culminated with the
agreements of Camp David in 1978. Sadat was killed in 1981, isolated in the Arab world. His successor
Mubarak, keeping moderated positions, managed to mend the relationships with the Arab world.
2011 and 2012 were two fundamental years of political transformation: after 30 years ruling the country,
in February 2011 Hosnī Mubārak was forced to resign due to the massive demonstrations that shocked
the country since the 25th of January. On the 17th of June 2012 the first democratic presidential elections
gave the victory to Mohammed Mursi representative of the Muslim brotherhood, the main political party
able to gather enough consensus to guarantee a stable government for the new political and institutional
course.
On 30 June 2013, massive protests were organised across Egypt against Morsi's government, leading to
the ousting of Morsi by the military on 3rd July 2013, when the army removed Morsi from power with a
coup d'état and installed an interim government.
On 4th July 2013, the 68-years old **** judge Adly Mansour was sworn in as acting president over the
new government following the removal of Morsi.
On 18th of January 2014, the interim government institutionalised a new constitution following a
referendum in which 98.1% of voters were supportive. Participation was low with only 38.6% of
registered citizens voting although this was higher than the 33% who voted in a referendum during
Morsi's tenure. On 26th of March 2014 Abdel Fattah el-Sisi the head of the **** Armed Forces, who at
this time was in control of the country, resigned from the military, announcing he would stand as a
candidate in the 2014 presidential election. The poll, held between 26th and 28th May 2014, resulted in a
resounding victory for El-Sisi.
Among Arab countries **** is the third biggest economy following Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates.
From 2006 to 2008 the economy grown of 7% average speed, thanks to internal demand, increase of
private investments despite the reduction of public ones, raise of income from the Channel of Suez and
growth of touristic and export sectors.
Source: Source: Treccani Encyclopaedia – Geopolitical Atlas
7.
In 1946, an institutional referendum brought to life the Republic and in 1948, a new Constitution got in
force. Following the massive electoral results of 1948’s elections, that signed the defeat of communist
and pro-Soviets, Christian Democrats applied a moderated approach to national policies, ruling the
country until 1962 with different governments based on coalitions of centre, while in foreign policies
consolidated the alliance with the United States of America.
Over 1950s a huge industrial development took place, called “economic miracle”. In 1957 **** joint the
European Single Market establishing the basis of European integration.
In 1967 social and political demonstrations rose with the support of students and workers that lasted till
the following year (sixty-eight) bringing important reforms such as the regional judicial structure and the
law introducing divorce.
At the beginning of the nineties, the political system created after the war was over due to both the
collapse of Communism and the action of magistrates (operation Clean Hands) against the wide public
corruption that involved many politicians and entrepreneurs. The introduction of bipolar electoral system
in 1993 brought to the establishment of two political caucus, centre-right and centre-left infighting against
each other.
According to the World Bank in 2012 **** represents the eight economic power of the world based on
absolute nominal GNP. It’s member of G7 and G8. As most of the advanced economies, **** is strongly
oriented towards services sector. The manufacturing sector is mainly composed by small and medium
enterprises. Bigger companies are managed by founding families or in some cases by foreign companies.
In 1999, the country adhered to euro.
In 2000s, **** has experimented much lower inflation rates than the years before, but problems like fiscal
evasion, high public debt and racketing are an obstacle towards economic growth.
Source: Wikipedia
8.
At the end of II° World War **** was included among winning nations. The IV Republic was proclaimed
on the 27th of October 1946, but it went through serious difficulties with the colonial emperor, before in
Indochina and then in Algeria, beyond the decolonization through negotiates. Despite political instability,
the country actively participated into the creation of the European Coal and Steel Community in 1950
and the signature of the Treaty of Rome in 1957 as founding member of the single market.
The Constitution of the V° Republic was adopted on the 4th of October 1958 strengthening political
stability. From 1950 to 1973 **** economy had an unpredictable development, followed by a sequence
of economic crisis and periods of slow growth with frequent turnover of power.
It is the 5th world economy, the economy today is mainly based on tertiary sector that hires about 70% of
active population. **** is the first agricultural producer of the European Union: viticulture occupies a
special place as **** is the first world producer of wine and alcohol. Manufacturing sector is particularly
developed in agribusiness, automotive, construction industry and public investments, chemical industry,
railways, aeronautic, aerospace, energy, pharmaceutical and cosmetic sectors.
Transportation benefits of high tech road and railway networks. New technologies exploitation support
big and small companies. **** is well known also for luxury and tourism sectors as it is the first touristic
country of the world.
Source: Wikipedia
9.
The 12th of February 1912 with the abdication of Pu Yi the plurisecular history of the Emperor under Qing
dynasty was over and the Republic was established.
Two civil wars between pro-American nationalists of Chiang Kai-shek (or Jiang Jie-Shi) and communists of
Mao Tse-tung (or Mao Zedong) (1927-1937 and 1945-1949), Japanese invasion (1937-1945) concluded
with the proclamation of the Popular **** Republic of Mao on the 1st of October 1949 and the National
Republic of *** on the island of Formosa.
The new government unified the territory and gave a socialist economic structure to the country
nationalizing industries, creating communes and redistributing nesters’ lands to peasants through political
and economic initiatives that were paid with the life of millions of people.
During the second half of the twentieth century, soviet style economic choices and the experiments of
alternative paths brought to the disaster of the Great Leap. Red Guards provoked billions of deaths through
repression, forced work, Cultural Revolution and famine.
Following the multiple famines of the country and internal political fights within the Party seen the
affirmation of Deng Xiaoping, who reorganised the economy recognizing private property in the
Constitution and opening the market to foreign investments. The protests of Tian An Men didn’t stop the
Communist Party’s policies putting **** as one of the main global economies.
With the introduction of the economic reform based on capitalism in 1978, **** has become the fastest
growing country of the world, the first exporter (2008) and the first importer of goods (2010). Fast
industrialization has reduced poverty rate from 53% of 1981 to 8% of 2001.
The Popular Republic of **** is now facing a set of problems, such the fast ageing of population caused
by the only child policy, the widening of rural-urban centres, the economic inequalities among coastal and
internal regions, environmental degradation.
Source: Wikipedia
10.
**** is the biggest Latin-American country and is part of G20, the group of the 20 most industrialised
countries of the world. Former Portuguese colony becomes independent in 1822.
From 1930 to 1945, Getulio Vargas was the President, followed by twenty years of military governments
(from 1964 till 1985). Only in 1989, new direct democratic elections were announced. From 2002 to 2010
the President of **** is Luis Ignacio Lula da Silva, leader of Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT). His election
created huge expectations especially among poorer social classes. Even though efforts were made to
implement policies aiming to reduce poverty in the country, the gap between rich and poor is still wide
and the problems afflicting the country are not solved.
Lula’s government adopted Fame Zero and other programmes aiming to socio-economic development,
that have certainly improved living conditions of population. It is still unsolved the basic problem of ****
economy: an agricultural reform that allow a more equitable redistribution of the lands, able to give back
freedom and dignity to rural populations of ****.
On the 31st of October 2010 Dilma Rousseff has been elected as the first woman President of the country
with the support of PT party.
Over the past years, **** has become one of the main global economies becoming part of BRIC (****,
Russia, India, China) that have a fast developing economy, many inhabitants, wide natural resources and
a fast growth of GNP. The most developed sectors are agricultural, mining industry, manufacturing, and
services sector. **** is also one of world’s countries with the richest environmental heritage and a huge
biodiversity threaten by deforestation, illegal trading of wood and environmental degradation.
Source: Mani Tese association
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BAGLADESH
CENTRAL AFRICA REPUBLIC
TUNISIA
ROMANIA
CROATIA
EGYPT
ITALY
FRANCE
CHINA
BRASIL