Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Table of Contents
Chapter Preview
1.1 What is Science?
1.2 Studying Earth
1.3 Exploring Earth’s Surface
1.4 Topographic Maps
1.5 Safety in the Science Laboratory
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Chapter Preview Questions
1. Solar energy strikes Earth most directly at
a. the equator.
b. the North Pole.
c. the South Pole.
d. mid-latitudes.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Chapter Preview Questions
1. Solar energy strikes Earth most directly at
a. the equator.
b. the North Pole.
c. the South Pole.
d. mid-latitudes.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Chapter Preview Questions
2. Uneven heating of Earth by the sun causes
a. volcanic eruptions.
b. earthquakes.
c. wind.
d. landslides.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Chapter Preview Questions
2. Uneven heating of Earth by the sun causes
a. volcanic eruptions.
b. earthquakes.
c. wind.
d. landslides.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Chapter Preview Questions
3. The amount of heat that Earth receives from the sun
varies with latitude because
a. of fusion in the sun’s core.
b. the sun is a yellow star.
c. the sun is the closest star to Earth.
d. of the sun’s height in the sky.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Chapter Preview Questions
3. The amount of heat that Earth receives from the sun
varies with latitude because
a. of fusion in the sun’s core.
b. the sun is a yellow star.
c. the sun is the closest star to Earth.
d. of the sun’s height in the sky.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Chapter Preview Questions
4. Much of the energy on Earth is from
a. the sun.
b. Earth’s volcanoes.
c. earthquakes.
d. Earth’s core.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Chapter Preview Questions
4. Much of the energy on Earth is from
a. the sun.
b. Earth’s volcanoes.
c. earthquakes.
d. Earth’s core.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
What is one main source of energy for Earth’s natural
processes and living things?
A flashlight beam and a ball can
model how sunlight strikes
Earth. Sunlight strikes Earth’s
equator directly. But sunlight is
more spread out where it strikes
Earth’s polar regions. Explain
how this uneven distribution of
the sun’s energy affects Earth’s
atmosphere and oceans.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
High-Use Academic Words
Word
area
Definition
n. A particular part of a
place or surface
Example Sentence
In what area of the city
is your school located?
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
High-Use Academic Words
Word
factor
Definition
n. A fact to be considered
Example Sentence
In a race, one factor to
think about is the distance
you will run.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
High-Use Academic Words
Word
occur
Definition
v. To take place;
happen
Example Sentence
to
The scientist predicted that
an earthquake might occur
at the site.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Apply It!
Choose the word from the table that best completes the sentence.
1.
Keep your work ____ clean and safe during a laboratory experiment.
area
2. Accidents sometimes ____ in a science laboratory.
occur
3. Price is a(n) ____ to be considered in buying baseball tickets.
factor
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
End of Chapter
Preview
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Section 1: What Is Science?
What skills do scientists use?
What is scientific inquiry?
How do scientific theories differ from scientific laws?
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Sequoias and Fire
The graph shows the growth of
sequoia seedlings in relation to
the intensity of controlled burns.
Use the graph to answer the
questions.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Sequoias and Fire
Reading Graphs
What do the bars on the
graph represent?
Seedlings in different
locations
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Sequoias and Fire
Reading Graphs
What does the height of
each bar represent?
Percent of trees with
seedlings
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Sequoias and Fire
Interpreting Data
Which level of burn
intensity led to the most
seedling production? The
least seedling production?
High-intensity burn;
unburned site
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
The Nature of Scientific Inquiry
Scientific Inquiry refers to the many ways in which scientists
study the natural world and propose explanations based on
the evidence they gather.
Pose Questions
Communicate
Draw Conclusions
Collect and Interpret Data
Form a
Hypothesis
Design an
Experiment
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
The Nature of Inquiry Activity
Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and
access Active Art about the nature of inquiry.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
End of Section:
What Is Science?
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Section 2: Studying Earth
What are the parts of the Earth system?
How is energy transferred in the Earth
system?
What are the branches of Earth science?
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Earth as a System
The atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere together
make up the Earth system. Changes in any part of the system can
affect the other parts.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Earth as a System
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Energy Transfer
Energy can be transferred from place to place by moving objects,
by waves, or by heat flow. The different forms of energy transfer
occur around us constantly.
Moving Objects A moving object such as this baseball transfers
energy from the pitcher’s arm to the catcher—or the pitcher’s bat.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Energy Transfer
Waves When the fans cheer, sound waves transfer energy as they
move through the air.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Energy Transfer
Heat Flow Heat Flow transfers energy from the warm air into the
cold ice cream, causing the ice cream to melt.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Energy Transfer
Electromagnetic Waves Electromagnetic Waves transfer energy
as they carry the TV announcer’s voice and image to people
outside the ballpark.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
End of Section:
Studying Earth
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Section 3: Exploring Earth’s
Surface
What does the topography of an area include?
What are the main types of landforms?
How do maps represent Earth’s surface and
help find locations?
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Elevations Across California
On a trip from California’s coast to the Sierra Nevada, you would see many
changes in topography as the elevation and relief of the land changed.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Types of Landforms
There are three main types of landforms: plains, mountains,
and plateaus.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
What Is a Map?
Maps are drawn to scale and use symbols to represent
topography and other features on Earth’s surface.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Scales and Ratios
A ratio compares two numbers by division. For example, the
scale of a map given as a ratio is 1:250,000. At this scale,
the distance between two points on the map measures
23.5 cm. How would you find the actual distance?
1. Write the scale as a fraction.
2. Write a proportion. Let d represent the distance between the two
points.
3. Write the cross products.
1 x d = 250,000 x 23.5 cm
d = 5,875,000 cm
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Scales and Ratios
Practice Problem
A map’s scale is 1:25,000. If two points are 4.7 cm apart on
the map, how far apart are they on the ground?
117,500 cm or 1.175 km; (1 x d = 25,000 x 4.7 cm) or
(25,000 x 4.7 cm)
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Earth’s Grid
Distances around circles are measured in degrees.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Earth’s Grid
The equator and prime meridian divide Earth’s surface into
hemispheres.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Earth’s Grid
The lines of latitude and longitude form a grid that can be
used to find locations anywhere on Earth.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Earth’s Grid
Every point on Earth’s surface has a particular latitude
and longitude
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Links on Landforms
Click the SciLinks button for links on landforms.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Links on Latitude and Longitude
Click the SciLinks button for links on latitude and longitude.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Latitude and Longitude
Click the Video button to watch a movie about
latitude and longitude.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
End of Section:
Exploring Earth’s
Surface
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Section 4:
Topographic Maps
How do mapmakers represent elevation, relief,
and slope?
How do you read a topographic map?
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Mapping Earth’s Topography
Mapmakers use contour lines to represent elevation, relief,
and slope on topographic maps.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Topographic Map Activity
Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and
access Active Art about topographic maps.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Reading a Topographic Map
To read a topographic map, you must
familiarize yourself with the map’s scale
and symbols and interpret the map’s
contour lines.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
End of Section:
Topographic Maps
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Section 5:
Safety in the Science
Laboratory
Why is preparation important when carrying
out scientific investigations in the lab and in
the field?
What should you do if an accident occurs?
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Safety in the Lab
These safety symbols remind you to work carefully when
performing labs in this textbook series. Make sure you are
familiar with each safety symbol and what it means.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
In Case of an Accident
When any accident occurs, no
matter how minor, notify your
teacher immediately. Then listen
to your teacher’s directions and
carry them out quickly.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Links on Laboratory Safety
Click the SciLinks button for links on laboratory safety.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
End of Section:
Safety in the Science
Laboratory
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
QuickTake Quiz
Click to start quiz.