Abstract
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is increasingly being adopted by private and public
enterprise to track and monitor Objects for location- based services (LBS) . Some of these
applications include Vehicle Tracking , person tracking , criminal tracking . The continual
miniaturization of the GPS (Global Positioning System) Chipset maens that receivers can take
the form of wrist-watches , mini mobiles and bracelets , with the ability to pinpoint the latitude
and longitude of a subjective 24X7X 365 . This paper employs usability context analuses to
draw out the emerging ethical concerns facing current human centric GPS (Global Position
System) applications . The outcome of the study is the classification of current state GPS
(Global Positioning System) applications into the context of control , convinience , and care and
a preliminary ethical framework for considering the viability of GPS (Global Positioning
System) location based service Emphasizing privacy , accuracy , property and accessibility.
GPS has the ability to calculate the position, time, and velocity of any GPS receiver. It does so
using a process of triangulation, which works on the premise that you can find any position if
the distance from three other locations is also known. Originally conceived by the U.S. Air
Force for military purposes in the 1960s, it was commercially released in 1995. In 2000,
selective availability was turned off, providing consumers the same level of accuracy as the
U.S. military. Since that time, mobile business applications based on GPS and cellular network
technologies have proliferated. The rate of innovation has been high, and the level of adoption
has been steadily increasing, showing a great deal of promise for the small start-up companies
which are targeting GPS solutions at families, enterprises, and security-related government
initiatives.
This paper is significant because in the not-to-distant future, mobile devices will have GPS
chipsets on board. Yet, the growth in the number of commercial offerings- while approved by
government regulatory bodies- have not been faced with the commensurate ethical discourse
which includes legalities and ownership. The aim of this paper is to explore current commercial
1
services based on GPS technology, with a view to identifying emerging ethical concerns and
developing an ethical framework.
In fact, it is this use which represents the simplest form of GPS tracking. The user is able,
using a portable GPS device, to keep a track of where they have been, in order to be able to
either retrace their steps, or follow the same path again in the future.When combined with other
technologies such as GPS phones, this also gives the possibility for other users of GPS to follow
in the footsteps of the initial user; which can be a useful application of GPS tracking for field
activities.
Where GPS tracking comes into its own, however, is when it is combined with other
broadcast technologies such as radio. GPS watches, for example, can be fitted with a GPS
receiver which is capable of calculating its position, whilst also broadcasting that using a
miniature radio transmitter.
The GOTO function gives GPS receievers the capability of leading a person to any specified
place.Simply enter the coordinate of desired destination into the GPS receiver as a waypoint and
then by using the GOTO function tell the receiver to guide the destination.The receiver guides
to destination using a steering screen.
Every moment is being stored.Receiver with a TRACBACK feature will allow you to reverse
your route taking you backthe same way you originally travelled.
2
Chapter 1 – Introduction
1.1 Overview
Here is a Microcontroller based system for real-time tracking of an object using Global
Positioning System ( GPS ) , a Global system for mobile Communication ( GSM ) and a webbased mapping interface .
A GPS tracking unit is a device that uses the Global Positioning System to determine the precise
location of a vehicle, person, or other asset to which it is attached and to record the position of
the asset at regular intervals. The recorded location data can be stored within the tracking unit,
or it may be transmitted to a central location data base, or internet-connected computer, using a
cellular (GPRS or SMS), radio, or satellite modem embedded in the unit. This allows the asset's
location to be displayed against a map backdrop either in real time or when analyzing the track
later, using GPS tracking software.
This is a Cheaper Solution than a two-way GPS ( Global Positioning System) communication
system wherein communication is done in both ways with GPS ( Global Positioning System)
satellites . This project uses only one GPS ( Global Positioning System) device and two-way
communication system is achieved using a GSM ( Global System for Mobile Communication)
Modem. A GSM ( Global System for Mobile Communication) modem with a SIM Card used
here implements the same communication technique as in a regular cell phone.
The System can be mounted or fitted in your object in a hidden or suitable compartment . After
this installation , you can easily track your vehicle using a mapping interface powered by
Google Maps by dialing the mobile number of the SIM attached to GSM modem. You will
automatically get the location of the vehicle in the form of an SMS and through message
channel it will processed , stored and then can located on a tracking software.
This System allows us to track our objects anytime and anywhere. Whether you own a company
with a fleet of hundreds of vehicle or you have expensive piece of equipments and you want to
3
keep an eye on them , this tracking system can inform us about the status without having
actually present on the site.
Being able to pinpoint the location of a device on planet Earth raises some interesting ideas
and applications. Primarily, GPS (Global Positioning System) was intended to be released to
the consumer market as a way to aid navigation.GPS ( Global Positioning System) is a space
based satellite navigation system . It provides location and time information in all weather
conditions , anywhere on or near the Earth . GPS (Global Positioning System) Receivers are
popularly used for navigation , positioning , time dissemination and other research purposes.
The GPS (Global Positioning System) consists of satellites that orbit the earth . These satellites
are geosynchronous with an orbital period that is the same as the Earth’s rotation period. So
they maintain exactly the same position with respect to the earth below them . All the GPS
(Global Positioning System ) satellites transmit radio signals , which are then captured by a GPS
4
(Global Positioning System) receiver and used to calculate its geographical position .However,
since the price of the GPS (Global Positioning System) technology has fallen, many companies
have found new ways to apply it. Indeed, the price of associated technologies has also fallen
dramatically since the inception of GPS, which has led to many innovations, amongst them
“GPS
Tracking”. In GPS (Global Positioning System) a minimum of four satellite may be required to
compute the four dimension of X , Y , Z ( latitude , longitude and elevation) and time. GPS
(Global Positioning System) receiver converts the received signals into position and estimates
time and some other useful information depending on the application and requirements.
GPS (Global Positioning System) determines the distance between a GPS (Global Positioning
System) satellite and a GPS (Global Positioning System) receiver by measuring the amount of
time taken by a radio signal i.e. the GPS (Global Positioning System) signal to travel from the
satellite to the receiver . To obtain accurate information , the satellites and the receiver use very
accurate clocks , which are synchronized so that they generate the same code at exactly the
same time.
It uses triangulation to determine position.When it receives signals from atleast three satellites
the receiver should be able to calculate the approx position.The position can be repoted in
latitude and longitude,UTM or other coordinate system.
The gps is not a perfect system.There are several different types of errors that can occur when
using a GPS receiver.User mistake,waypoint errors are such type of errors.
5
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite based navigation system that can be used to
locate positions anywhere on earth. Designed and operated by the U.S. Department of Defense,
it consists of satellites, control and monitor stations, and receivers. GPS receivers take
information transmitted from the satellites and uses triangulation to calculate a user’s exact
location. GPS is used on incident in a variety of ways, such as:
� To
determine position locations; for example, you need to radio a helicopter pilot the
coordinates of your position location so the pilot can pick you up.
� To
navigate from one location to another; for example, you need to travel from a lookout to
the fire perimeter.
� To
create digitized maps; for example, you are assigned to plot the fire perimeter and hot
spots.
� To
determine distance between two points or how far you are from another location.
The purpose of this chapter is to give a general overview of the Global Positioning System, not
to teach proficiency in the use of a GPS receiver. To become proficient with a specific GPS
receiver, study the owner’s manual and practice using the receiver. The chapter starts with a
general introduction on how the global positioning system works. Then it discusses some basics
on using a GPS receiver
.
1.2 How the Global Positioning System Works
The basis of the GPS is a constellation of satellites that are continuously orbiting the earth.
Thesesatellites, which are equipped with atomic clocks, transmit radio signals that contain their
exact location, time, and other information. The radio signals from the satellites, which are
monitored and corrected by control stations, are picked up by the GPS receiver. A GPS receiver
needs only three satellites to plot arough, 2D position, which will not be very accurate. Ideally,
four or more satellites are needed to plot a 3D position, which is much more accurate.
6
Figure . Three segments of GPS.
7
� Space Segment
— Satellites orbiting the earth
The space segment consists of 29 satellites circling the earth every 12 hours at 12,000 miles in
altitude. This high altitude allows the signals to cover a greater area. The satellites are arranged
in their orbits so a GPS receiver on earth can receive a signal from at least four satellites at any
given time. Each satellite contains several atomic clocks. The satellites transmit low radio
signals with a unique code on different frequencies, allowing the GPS receiver to identify the
signals. The main purpose of these coded signals is to allow the GPS receiver to calculate travel
time of the radio signal from the satellite to the receiver. The travel time multiplied by the speed
of light equals the distance from the satellite to the GPS receiver.
� Control
Segment — The control and monitoring stations
The control segment tracks the satellites and then provides them with corrected orbital and time
information. The control segment consists of five unmanned monitor stations and one Master
Control Station. The five unmanned stations monitor GPS satellite signals and then send that
information to the Master Control Station where anomalies are corrected and sent back to the
GPS satellites through ground antennas.
� User
Segment — The GPS receivers owned by civilians and military
The user segment consists of the users and their GPS receivers. The number of simultaneous
users is
limitless.
1.3 How GPS Determines a Position
The GPS receiver uses the following information to determine a position.
� Precise
location of satellites
When a GPS receiver is first turned on, it downloads orbit information from all the satellites
called an almanac. This process, the first time, can take as long as 12 minutes; but once this
information is downloaded, it is stored in the receiver’s memory for future use.
8
1.4 Distance from each satellite
The GPS receiver calculates the distance from each satellite to the receiver by using the distance
formula: distance = velocity x time. The receiver already knows the velocity, which is the speed
of a radio wave or 186,000 miles per second (the speed of light). To determine the time part of
the formula, the receiver times how long it takes for a signal from the satellite to arrive at the
receiver.
The GPS receiver multiplies the velocity of the transmitted signal by the time it takes the signal
to reach the receiver to determine distance.
Selective Availability
Selective Availability is the intentional degradation (limits accuracy of satellite signals) of the
GPS system by the U.S. Department of Defense for security reasons. At this time there is no
Selective Availability in force; however, it can be reactivated without notice to GPS users.
Correction systems
Correction systems have been designed to reduce some of the sources of error with GPS.
� Real-time
Differential GPS
Real-time Differential GPS (DGPS) employs a second, stationary GPS receiver at a precisely
measured spot, usually established through traditional survey methods (Figure 5-3). This
receiver
corrects or reduces errors found in the GPS signals, including atmospheric distortion, orbital
anomalies, Selective Availability (when it existed), and other errors. A DGPS station is able to
do this because its computer already knows its precise location, and can easily determine the
amount of error provided by the GPS signals. DGPS cannot correct for GPS receiver noise in
the user’s receiver, multipath interference, and user mistakes. In order for DGPS to work
properly, both the user’s receiver and the DGPS station receiver must be accessing the same
9
satellite signals at the same time.
10
Two positioning services are provided by GPS — the standard positioning service (SPS)
and the precise positioning service (PPS). The SPS utilizes a pseudorandom noise code (PRN)
of length 1023 bits known as the Coarse/Acquisition (C/A) Code. The period is 1 ms, which
results in a bit rate of 1.023 Mbps (f /10). As mentioned previously, each satellite is assigned a 0
unique code. SPS horizontal accuracy is 100 m (2d rms) with 50 m typical while the vertical
accuracy is 156 m (2 rms) [Federal Radionavigation Plan, 1994]. The C/A-code is transmitted
on
L only. The PPS utilizes a PRN code whose period is almost nine months at 10.23 Mbps. Each 1
satellite uses a one-week segment of the P-Code. In practice, the P-code is reset each Saturday
at midnight (GMT). The P-code signal is transmitted on both link frequencies. PPS horizontal
accuracy is 22 m (2d rms) with 10 m typical while the vertical accuracy is 27.7 m (2 rms). The
main difference between SPS and PPS is the ability to remove the intentional degradation
known.
Differential processing removes errors that are common to both the ground station and the
user. Errors that are highly correlated between the two include ionospheric group delay and
selective availability. Ionospheric errors are approximately the same for users in close proximity
[Diggle, 1994]. Selective Availability errors cancel between two users if the receivers make
simultaneous measurements. Because SA is a slow-changing error, it should be approximately
equal between the ground and air receivers even though the times of transmission are slightly
different for ground and air received signals.
11
A Global Positioning System (GPS) indicates that the system can be used everywhere on Earth,
on land, at sea and in the air and for this reason tracking devices can be used for numerous
applications including Vehicles, Persons, Aviation, Marine, Pets, Plant and Machinery – in fact
if it moves and is of value to a business or a family member then tracking is a way to protect
and monitor those important things in life.
A GPS device receives signals from satellites orbiting earth calculating the vehicles position
and telling the GPS locator in the vehicle where it is. Data transfer of the vehicle location and
onboard information is sent via General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) over a cell phone
network with regular timed updates when an event takes place, such as ignition ON/OFF it can
also record speed and fuel consumption. This information is stored on the host server (at a
12
secure remote location). This information can then be viewed by a computer where data is
updated on a continual basis over the internet providing real-time tracking, locating and detailed
reports to their users.
If accuracy is important , you need GPS (Global Positioning System) with a wide-area ,
augmentation system ( WAAS ) capability . This is a satellite service providing additional
correction information to the GPS (Global Positioning System) receiver in order to increase its
accuracy. Before purchasing a GPS (Global Positioning System) receiver , it’s good to know the
protocols supported by it. Some popular protocols for GPS (Global Positioning System)
receivers are :
NMEA 0183. An industry standard protocol common to marine applications defined by
National Marine Electronics Association (NMEA) , USA. NMEA provides direct compatibility
with other NMEA-capable devices such as chart plotters and radars.
TSIP ( Trimble standard interface protocol ). A binary packet protocol that allows the
designer to configure and control the GPS (Global Positioning System) receiver for optimal
performance in any number of application.
TAIP ( Trimble ASCII interface protocol ). Designed specifically for vehicle tracking
applications . It is a bidirectional protocol using simple ASCII commands with the associated
ASCII responses.
GSM ( Global System for Mobile Communication ) is standard set developed by the European
Telecommunications Standards institute ( ETSI ) to describe technologies for second generation
( 2G ) digital cellular networks.
The GSM standard was developed as a replacement for first generation (1G) analog cellular
networks, and originally described a digital, circuit-switched network optimized for full
duplex voice telephony. This was expanded over time to include data communications, first by
circuit-switched transport, then packet data transport via GPRS (General Packet Radio Services)
13
and EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution or EGPRS).Subsequently,
the 3GPP developed third generation (3G) UMTS standards followed by fourth generation
(4G) LTE Advanced standards, which are not part of the ETSI GSM standard."GSM" is
a trademark owned by the GSM Association. It may also refer to the initially most common
voice codec used, Full Rate.
GSM networks operate in a number of different carrier frequency ranges (separated into GSM
frequency ranges for 2G and UMTS frequency bands for 3G), with most 2G GSM networks
operating in the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands. Where these bands were already allocated, the
850 MHz and 1900 MHz bands were used instead (for example in Canada and the United
States). In rare cases the 400 and 450 MHz frequency bands are assigned in some countries
because they were previously used for first-generation systems. Most 3G networks in Europe
operate in the 2100 MHz frequency band. For more information on worldwide GSM frequency
usage, see GSM frequency bands.
Regardless of the frequency selected by an operator, it is divided into timeslots for individual
phones. This allows eight full-rate or sixteen half-rate speech channels per radio frequency.
These eight radio timeslots (or burst periods) are grouped into a TDMA frame. Half-rate
channels use alternate frames in the same timeslot. The channel data rate for all 8
channels is 270.833 kbit/s, and the frame duration is 4.615 ms. The transmission power in the
handset is limited to a maximum of 2 watts in GSM 850/900 and 1 watt in GSM 1800/1900.
GSM uses a combination of TDMA (time division multiplexing)and FDMA(frequency division
multiplexing). This means that users A and B are not only sharing the channel in time but also
frequency. This means that user A is on the channel 890Mhz for 2 seconds, then jumps to
900Mhz channel for the next to seconds, then jumps to 910Mhz for the next 2 seconds and so
on... Thus, each user is uses a different frequency at different time slots. This is called
Frequency Hopping. there are gsm 900,1200,1800,2100etc these days. We will tell you about
the gsm900.900 is the operational frequency of the GSM in mega hz. there are 125 up link
14
channel and 125 down link. uplink channel means from mobile to base station and downlink
means from base station to the mobile. 124 channel reserved for communication and 1 is used
for safe guard(100 hz in each)which provide a separation between the channel.
A GSM ( Global System for Mobile Communication ) is a specialized type of modem that
accepts a SIM card and operates over a subscription to a mobile operator just like a mobile
phone.GSM ( Global System for Mobile Communication ) modems are cost-effective solution
for receiving SMS messages because the sender is paying for the message delivery . To perform
these tasks , a GSM ( Global System for Mobile Communication ) modem must support an
extended AT command set for sending and receiving messages , as defined in the ETSI GSM
07.05 and 3GPPTS 27.005 specifications.
It should also be noted that not all phones support this modem interface for sending and
receiving SMS messages , particularly most smart-phones .
Network and switching subsystem performs main switching function of GSM.The switching
system is responsible for performing call processing and subscriber related function..Mobile
switching center is also involved in interworking function to communicate with other networks
such as PSTN and ISDN.
Home location register is a database used for storage and management of subscription. The
HLR is considered most important database as it stores permanent data about subscriber,
including a subscriber service profile,location information and activity status.Any
administrative action by the service provider on subscriber data is also performed in
HLR.Visitor location register is connected tone or more MSCs.
15
Frequency Bands and Bandwidth
• Uplink 815 – 900 MHz 25 MHz
• Downlink 935 – 960 MHz 25 MHz
• A 200 KHz carrier spacing has been chosen. Excluding
2x100 KHz edges of the band, this gives 124 possible
carriers for the uplink and downlink. The use of carrier 1
and 124 are optional for operators.
16
Chapter 2 - Literature Survey
2.1 Methodology
Principle of Temperature
Temperature is the degree of hotness or coolness of a body. When the temperature changes the
internal resistance also changes to the corresponding material.
Sensing Device:
A sensor is call transducer. The output of the transducer is in the form of voltage current,
resistance, or capacitance. The block diagram summarizes the above discussion.
Fig. 1
In this development, high temperature is calculated; temperature measurement is significant in
industry. In industry, there are different types of high temperature measurement, according to the
variety of temperature. For example, LM35 is used to measure the
temperature in the range of -55˚C to +150˚C. . The LM35 series are precision integrate-circuit
temperature sensors whose output voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius high temperature.
The LM35 hence has an improvement more than linear temperature sensors calibrated in ° Kelvin,
as the user is not required to subtract a large constant voltage from its output to obtain convenient
Centigrade scaling. If we want to measure temperature greater than 1000˚C we have to use
Thermocouples
17
2.2 Technologies and Tools Used
Embedded Systems
An embedded system is a special-purpose computer system designed to perform one or a few
dedicated functions often with real-time computing constraints. It is usually embedded as part of a
complete device including hardware and mechanical parts. In contrast, a general-purpose
computer, such as a personal computer, can do many different tasks depending on programming.
Embedded systems control many of the common devices in use today.
Since the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it,
reducing the size and cost of the product, or increasing the reliability and performance. Some
embedded systems are mass-produced, benefiting from economies of scale.
Physically, embedded systems range from portable devices such as digital watches and MP4
players, to large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers, or the systems
controlling nuclear power plants. Complexity varies from low, with a single microcontroller chip,
to very high with multiple units, peripherals and networks mounted inside a large chassis or
enclosure.
In general, "embedded system" is not an exactly defined term, as many systems have some
element of programmability. For example, Handheld computers share some elements with
embedded systems — such as the operating systems and microprocessors which power them —
but are not truly embedded systems, because they allow different applications to be loaded and
peripherals to be connected.
18
Fig. 2
Examples of Embedded Systems
Embedded systems span all aspects of modern life and there are many examples of their use.
Telecommunications systems employ numerous embedded systems from telephone switches for
the network to mobile phones at the end-user. Computer networking uses dedicated routers and
network bridges to route data.
Consumer electronics include personal digital assistants (PDAs), mp3 players, mobile phones,
videogame consoles, digital cameras, DVD players, GPS receivers, and printers. Many household
appliances, such as microwave ovens, washing machines and dishwashers, are including
embedded systems to provide flexibility, efficiency and features. Advanced HVAC systems use
networked thermostats to more accurately and efficiently control temperature that can change by
time of day and season. Home automation uses wired- and wireless-networking that can be used
to control lights, climate, security, audio/visual, surveillance, etc., all of which use embedded
devices for sensing and controlling.
Transportation systems from flight to automobiles increasingly use embedded systems. New
airplanes contain advanced avionics such as inertial guidance systems and GPS receivers that also
have considerable safety requirements. Various electric motors — brushless DC motors, induction
motors and DC motors — are using electric/electronic motor controllers. Automobiles, electric
vehicles, and hybrid vehicles are increasingly using embedded systems to maximize efficiency
and reduce pollution. Other automotive safety systems such as anti-lock braking system (ABS),
Electronic Stability Control (ESC/ESP), traction control (TCS) and automatic four-wheel drive.
Medical equipment is continuing to advance with more embedded systems for vital signs
monitoring, electronic stethoscopes for amplifying sounds, and various medical imaging (PET,
SPECT, CT, MRI) for non-invasive internal inspections.
In addition to commonly described embedded systems based on small computers, a new class of
miniature wireless devices called motes are quickly gaining popularity as the field of wireless
sensor networking rises. Wireless sensor networking, WSN, makes use of miniaturization made
possible by advanced IC design to couple full wireless subsystems to sophisticated sensor,
enabling people and companies to measure a myriad of things in the physical world and act on
this information through IT monitoring and control systems. These motes are completely self
contained, and will typically run off a battery source for many years before the batteries need to
be changed or charged.
Characteristics
1. Embedded systems are designed to do some specific task, rather than be a general-purpose
computer for multiple tasks. Some also have real-time performance constraints that must be met,
19
for reasons such as safety and usability; others may have low or no performance requirements,
allowing the system hardware to be simplified to reduce costs.
2. Embedded systems are not always standalone devices. Many embedded systems consist of
small, computerized parts within a larger device that serves a more general purpose. For example,
the Gibson Robot Guitar features an embedded system for tuning the strings, but the overall
purpose of the Robot Guitar is, of course, to play music.[2] Similarly, an embedded system in an
automobile provides a specific function as a subsystem of the car itself.
3. The program instructions written for embedded systems are referred to as firmware, and are
stored in read-only memory or Flash memory chips. They run with limited computer hardware
resources: little memory, small or non-existent keyboard and/or screen.
Simple systems
Simple embedded devices use buttons, LEDs, and small character- or digit-only displays, often
with a simple menu system.
Complex systems
A full graphical screen, with touch sensing or screen-edge buttons provides flexibility while
minimising space used: the meaning of the buttons can change with the screen, and selection
involves the natural behavior of pointing at what's desired.
Handheld systems often have a screen with a "joystick button" for a pointing device.
Many systems have "maintenance" or "test" interfaces that provide a menu or command system
via an RS-232 interface. This avoids the cost of a display, but gives a lot of control. Most
consumers cannot assemble the required cables, however.
The rise of the World Wide Web has given embedded designers another quite different option:
providing a web page interface over a network connection. This avoids the cost of a sophisticated
display, yet provides complex input and display capabilities when needed, on another computer.
This is successful for remote, permanently installed equipment such as Pan-Tilt-Zoom cameras
and network routers.
CPU platforms
Embedded processors can be broken into two broad categories: ordinary microprocessors (μP)
and microcontrollers (μC), which have many more peripherals on chip, reducing cost and size.
Contrasting to the personal computer and server markets, a fairly large number of basic CPU
20
architectures are used; there are Von Neumann as well as various degrees of Harvard
architectures, RISC as well as non-RISC and VLIW; word lengths vary from 4-bit to 64-bits and
beyond (mainly in DSP processors) although the most typical remain 8/16-bit. Most architecture
comes in a large number of different variants and shapes, many of which are also manufactured
by several different companies.
Reliability
Embedded systems often reside in machines that are expected to run continuously for years
without errors, and in some cases recover by themselves if an error occurs. Therefore the software
is usually developed and tested more carefully than that for personal computers, and unreliable
mechanical moving parts such as disk drives, switches or buttons are avoided.
21
Chapter 3 - Problem Statement
Today , Thousands of Companies are making lacs of Goods which are either huge or small ,
but as far as expensive goods are concerned , the consumer who is purchasing them , his main
concern is it’s security , means that , if it will lost then what ? The Companies are also
implementing lots of strategies for their user’s goods Security , but now also they are not at all
succeeded . For example , a Company selling cars , as cars are really costly goods ,just for one
second keeping all the feature aside , what about its security , that someday if it will be stolen ,
neither company nor the owner of that car can do anything .This same example can be for any
valuable goods also , because security really matters a lot. To get rid from this problem , a
tracker should be made .
In the previous system security lock and alarm is implemented in a car. If a burglar can break
open the lock, then it becomes easy for the burglar to steal the car. And in old security system if
the car is stolen then it is out of the owner control. User doesn’t have any awareness about the
current location of the vehicle . The Real Time GPS (Global Positioning System) Tracker , is a
device which can give a Location (Real-time) , can be used for the tracking purposes , it actually
works on the GSM (Global System For Mobile Communication) Protocol and the location
information is received in the form of an sms (i.e. Short Messaging services). These value of
Locations are nothing but the values of latitude & longitude. These Values will be
represented on a mapping interface . The Mapping Interface actually provides an easy and
precise way to represent a location.
The aim of this device is to give security to almost all goods and get rid of the worries related
to the good’s lost.
This device actually works on the NMEA & GSM Protocol . This Device may contains a GPS
receiver , which collects information about the latitude and longitude from the satellite , on the
other hand a GSM module and also a Microprocessor will be present. The Microprocessor will
provide an interface between the GPS receiver and a GSM module for Exchanging Data
between them , the GPS receiver will find the coordinates and these coordinates are transfer to
22
the GSM module through microprocessor and this GSM will transmit information to the given
mobile number in the form of an SMS (Short Messaging Services). The SMS (Short Messaging
Services) will receive by the receiving body and this informative message will pass through a
message channel and saved to the MYSQL Database and with some application this
information which is save in the database is retrieve by a software and finally located on the
GOOGLE Map. The Location represented as a circular area and can be visible in various modes
of the map.
23
Chapter 4 - Proposed Model
The RF transmitter is attached with the vehicle which has its own identification. This data will
be continuously transmitted to the RF receiver connected to the microcontroller. This GPS will
be locate the position of vehicle and transmit that data to the microcontroller.
Suppose the RF receiver not receiving signal from the transmitting unit, receiver unit send the
signal to the microcontroller, from that we can identify the theft. If the
vehicle is theft it automatically sends location of the vehicle to its owner as a SMS through
GSM modem. To achieve automatic Vehicle Location system that can transmit the location
information in real time. Active systems are developed. Real time vehicular tracking system
incorporates a hardware device installed in the vehicle (In- Vehicle Unit) and a remote Tracking
server. The information is transmitted to Tracking server using GSM/GPRS modem on GSM
network by using SMS or using direct TCP/IP connection with Tracking server through GPRS.
Tracking server also has GSM/GPRS modem that receives vehicle location information via
GSM network and stores this information in database. This information is available to
authorized users of the system via website over the internet .
24
The scope of study which is needed for the completion of
this topic involves the following criteria:
i. Architecture of GSM
ii. Microcontroller programming
iii. The study of modem functions involving AT commands.
iv. The circuitry and devices that is needed to construct the
devices and establish the necessary communication
between the devices
The system consists of modern hardware and software components enabling one to track their
vehicle online or offline. Any vehicle tracking system consists of mainly three parts mobile
vehicle unit, fixed based station and, database and software system.
1. Object Unit: It is the hardware component attached to the vehicle having either a GPS/GSM
modem. The unit is configured around a primary modem that functions with the tracking
software by receiving signals from GPS satellites or radio station points with the help of
antenna. The controller modem converts the data and sends the vehicle location data
to the server.
2. Fixed Based Station: Consists of a wireless network to receive and forward the data to the
data center. Base stations are equipped with tracking software and geographic map useful for
determining the vehicle location. Maps of every city and landmarks are available in the based
station that has an in-built Web Server.
3. Database and Software: The position information or the coordinates of each visiting points
are stored in a database, which later can be viewed in a display screen using digital maps.
However, the users have to connect themselves to the web server with the respective vehicle ID
stored in the database and only then s/he can view the location of vehicle travelled.
25
Chapter 5 - Implementation
Fig. Shows the circuit of a Realtime GPS Tracker via mapping interface system . It consists of a
microcontroller , GPS module , GSM modem and 9 V power supply ( DC ).GPS module gets
the location information from satellites in the form of latitude and longitude. The microcontroller processes this information and sends it to the GSM modem . The GSM modem then
sends the information to the owner’s mapping device.
Atmega16 microcontroller. Atmega16 microcontroller ( IC2 ) is the heart of the project that is
used for interfacing to various hardware peripherals. It is a low-power CMOS 8-bit
microcontroller based on the AVR enhanced RISC architecture.
26
ATmega16 microcontroller is interfaced serially to a GPS module and GSM modem.The GPS
module outputs many data but in this project only the NMEA data is read and processed by the
microcontroller. The processed data is sent to the mapping application through GSM modem .
This Project design implements RS-232 protocol for serial communication between the
microcontroller , GPS and GSM modem. A serial driver IC MAX232 ( IC3 ) is used for
converting RS-232 voltage levels into TTL voltage levels.
The user’s mobile number should be included in the source code written for the microcontroller.
Thus the user’s mobile number resides in the internal memory of the MCU .
iWave GPS module. In this project , we have used the iWave GPS module . GPS always
transmits the data to the microcontroller. Transmit pin TXD of GPS is connected to the
microcontroller via MAX NMEA defined an RS-232 communication standard for devices that
include GPS receivers . The iWave GPS module supports NMEA-0183 standard that is a subset
of NMEA protocol . It operates in the L1 frequency ( 1575.42 MHz ) and provides information
with accuracy of up to 10 meters in open sky. Antenna should be placed in the open space and
there should be at least 50 percent space visibility
27
GSM modem. In this project , we have used SIM300 GSM modem . GSM modem transmits
and receives the data . Modem SIM300 is a tri-band GSM/GPRS engine that works on
frequencies EGSM 900 Mhz , DCS 1800 Mhz and PCS 1900 MHz.
Transmit pin TXD and receive pin RXD of GSM modem are connected to the microcontroller (
IC2 ) via MAX232 ( IC3 ). Port pin PD0 ( RXD ) and port pin PD1 ( TXD ) of the
microcontroller Power Supply. This circuit is powered off a 9 Volt battery.7805 regulator ( IC1
) is used to convert 9V into 5V. The microcontroller and MAX232 are powered by 5V . LED1
indicates the presence of Power Supply .
are connected to pins 12 and 10 of MAX232 , respectively
28
5.2 Aurduino is easy to use yet powerful single board computer that has gained
considerable traction in the hobby and professional market. The aurduino is open source
which means hardware is reasonably priced and development software is free .It features
an Atmel ATmega328 microcontroller operating at 5v with 2 kb of RAM, 32 Kb of flash
memory for storing programs and 1 kb of EEPROM for storing parameters. The clock speed
is 16 MHz ,which translates to about executive about 300000 lines of C source code per
second. The board has 14 digital I/O pins and 6 analog input pins. There is a USB connector
for talking to the host computer and a DC power jack for connecting an external 6-20 V
power source. The aurduino programming language is a simplified version of C/C++. If you
know C programming Aurduino will be familiar.
5.3 Foundations
This page contains explanations of some of the elements of the Arduino hardware and software
and the concepts behind them.
5.4 Basics
Sketch: The various components of a sketch and how they work.
5.5 Microcontrollers
Digital Pins: How the pins work and what it means for them to be configured as inputs or
outputs.
29
Analog Input Pins: Details about the analog-to-digital conversion and other uses of the pins.
PWM: How the analogWrite() function simulates an analog output using pulse-width
modulation.
Memory: The various types of memory available on the Arduino board.
Arduino Firmware
Bootloader: A small program pre-loaded on the Arduino board to allow uploading sketches.
Programming Technique
Variables: How to define and use variables.
Port Manipulation: Manipulating ports directly for faster manipulation of multiple pins.
Digital Output
Blinking LED
Blinking an LED without using the delay()
function
Simple Dimming 3 LEDs with Pulse-Width
Modulation (PWM)
More complex dimming/color crossfader
Knight Rider example
Shooting star
PWM all of the digital pins in a sinewave
pattern
Digital Input
Digital Input and Output (from ITP physcomp
labs)
Read a Pushbutton
Using a pushbutton as a switch
Read a Tilt Sensor
30
Analog Input
Read a Potentiometer
Interfacing a Joystick
Controlling an LED circle with a joystick
Read a Piezo Sensor
3 LED cross-fades with a potentiometer
3 LED color mixer with 3 potentiometers
Complex Sensors
Read an Accelerometer
Read an Ultrasonic Range Finder (ultrasound
sensor)
Reading the qprox qt401 linear touch sensor
Use two Arduino pins as a capacitive sensor
Sound
Play Melodies with a Piezo Speaker
More sound ideas
Play Tones from the Serial Connection
MIDI Output (from ITP physcomp labs) and
from Spooky Arduino.
Interfacing with Other Software
Introduction to Serial Communication (from
ITP physcomp labs)
Arduino + Flash
Arduino + Processing
Arduino + PD
Arduino + MaxMSP
Arduino + VVVV
Arduino + Director
31
Arduino + Ruby
Arduino + C
Tech Notes (from the forums or playground)
Software serial (serial on pins besides 0 and 1)
L297 motor driver
Hex inverter
Analog multiplexer
Power supplies
The components on the Arduino board
Arduino build process
AVRISP mkII on the Mac
Non-volatile memory (EEPROM)
Bluetooth
Zigbee
LED as light sensor (en Francais)
Arduino and the Asuro robot
Using Arduino from the command line
5.3 What You Need for a Working System
1. Arduino Duemilanove board
2. USB programming cable (A to B)
3. 9V battery or external power supply (for stand-alone operation)
4. Solderless breadboard for external circuits, and 22 g solid wire for connections
5. Host PC running the Arduino development environment. Versions exist for Windows, Mac
and Linux
32
Installing the Software
Follow the instructions on the Getting Started section of the Arduino web site,
http://arduino.cc/en/Guide/HomePage. Go all the way through the steps to where you see the
pin
13 LED blinking. This is the indication that you have all software and drivers successfully
installed and can start exploring with your own programs.
Connecting a Battery
For stand-alone operation, the board is powered by a battery rather than through the USB
connection to the computer. While the external power can be anywhere in the range of 6 to 24 V
(for example, you could use a car battery), a standard 9 V battery is convenient. While you
could
jam the leads of a battery snap into the Vin and Gnd connections on the board, it is better to
solder.
Troubleshooting
If there is a syntax error in the program caused by a mistake in typing, an error message will
appear in the bottom of the program window. Generally, staring at the error will reveal the
problem. If you continue to have problems, try these ideas
Run the Arduino program again
Check that the USB cable is secure at both ends.
Reboot your PC because sometimes the serial port can lock up
If a “Serial port…already in use” error appears when uploading
Ask a friend for help
Solderless Breadboards
A solderless breadboard is an essential tool for rapidly prototyping electronic circuits.
Components and wire push into breadboard holes. Rows and columns of holes are internally
33
connected to make connections easy. Wires run from the breadboard to the I/O pins on the
Arduino board. Make connections using short lengths of 22 g solid wire stripped of insulation
about 0.25” at each end. Here is a photo of a breadboard showing which runs are connected
internally. The pairs of horizontal runs at the top and bottom are useful for running power and
ground. Convention is to make the red colored run +5 V and the blue colored run Gnd. The
power runs are sometimes called “power busses”. battery snap leads to a DC power plug and
connect to the power jack on the board.
Arduino Programming Language
The Arduino runs a simplified version of the C programming language, with some extensions
for
accessing the hardware. In this guide, we will cover the subset of the programming language
that
is most useful to the novice Arduino designer. For more information on the Arduino language,
see the Language Reference section of the Arduino web site,
http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/HomePage.
All Arduino instructions are one line. The board can hold a program hundreds of lines long and
has space for about 1,000 two-byte variables. The Arduino executes programs at about 300,000
source code lines per sec.
5.5 Creating a Program
Programs are created in the Arduino development environment and then downloaded to the
Arduino board. Code must be entered in the proper syntax which means using valid command
names and a valid grammar for each code line. The compiler will catch and flag syntax errors
before download. Sometimes the error message can be cryptic and you have to do a bit of
hunting because the actual error occurred before what was flagged.
Although your program may pass cleanly through the syntax checker, it still might not do what
you wanted it to. Here is where you have to hone your skills at code debugging. The Arduino
did
34
what you told it to do rather than what you wanted it to do. The best way to catch these errors is
to read the code line by line and be the computer. Having another person go through your code
also helps. Skilled debugging takes practice.
Fig. Aurduino board
ATmega microcontroller
Features
• High-performance, Low-power Atmel®AVR® 8-bit Microcontroller
• Advanced RISC Architecture
– 130 Powerful Instructions – Most Single-clock Cycle Execution
– 32 × 8 General Purpose Working Registers
35
– Fully Static Operation
– Up to 16MIPS Throughput at 16MHz
– On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier
• High Endurance Non-volatile Memory segments
– 8Kbytes of In-System Self-programmable Flash program memory
– 512Bytes EEPROM
– 1Kbyte Internal SRAM
– Write/Erase Cycles: 10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROM
– Data retention: 20 years at 85°C/100 years at 25°C(1)
– Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits
In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program
True Read-While-Write Operation
– Programming Lock for Software Security
• Peripheral Features
– Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescaler, one Compare Mode
– One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode, and Capture
Mode
– Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator
– Three PWM Channels
– 8-channel ADC in TQFP and QFN/MLF package
Eight Channels 10-bit Accuracy
– 6-channel ADC in PDIP package
Six Channels 10-bit Accuracy
– Byte-oriented Two-wire Serial Interface
– Programmable Serial USART
– Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface
– Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator
– On-chip Analog Comparator
• Special Microcontroller Features
36
– Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection
– Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator
– External and Internal Interrupt Sources
– Five Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-down, and
Standby
• I/O and Packages
– 23 Programmable I/O Lines
– 28-lead PDIP, 32-lead TQFP, and 32-pad QFN/MLF
• Operating Voltages
– 2.7V - 5.5V (ATmega8L)
– 4.5V - 5.5V (ATmega8)
• Speed Grades
– 0 - 8MHz (ATmega8L)
– 0 - 16MHz (ATmega8)
• Power Consumption at 4Mhz, 3V, 25 C
– Active: 3.6mA
– Idle Mode: 1.0mA
Pin Descriptions
VCC Digital supply voltage.
2 GND Ground.
3 Port B (PB7:0) XTAL1/XTAL2/TOSC1/TOSC2
Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit).
The Port B output buffers
have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port
B pins that are
externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port B pins
are tri-stated when a
reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.
37
Depending on the clock selection fuse settings, PB6 can be used as input to the inverting
Oscillator amplifier and
input to the internal clock operating circuit.
Depending on the clock selection fuse settings, PB7 can be used as output from the inverting
Oscillator amplifier.
If the Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator is used as chip clock source, PB7...6 is used as
TOSC2...1 input for the
Asynchronous Timer/Counter2 if the AS2 bit in ASSR is set.
4 Port C (PC5:0)
Port C is a 7-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The
PC5...0 output buffers
have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port
C pins that are
externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port C pins
are tri-stated when a
reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.
5 PC6/RESET
If the RSTDISBL Fuse is programmed, PC6 is used as an I/O pin. Note that the electrical
characteristics of PC6 differ
from those of the other pins of Port C.
If the RSTDISBL Fuse is unprogrammed, PC6 is used as a Reset input. A low level on this pin
for longer than the
minimum pulse length will generate a Reset.
6 Port D (PD7:0)
38
Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit).
The Port D output buffers
have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port
D pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated.
The Port D pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not
running.
7 AVCC
AVCC is the supply voltage pin for the A/D Converter, PC3:0, and ADC7:6. It should be
externally connected to VCC,
even if the ADC is not used. If the ADC is used, it should be connected to VCC through a lowpass filter. Note that
PC6...4 use digital supply voltage, VCC.
8 AREF
AREF is the analog reference pin for the A/D Converter.
9 ADC7:6 (TQFP and QFN/MLF Package Only)
In the TQFP and QFN/MLF package, ADC7:6 serve as analog inputs to the A/D converter.
These pins are powered
from the analog supply and serve as 10-bit ADC channels.
Errata ATmega168A
The revision letter in this section refers to the revision of the ATmega168A device.
Rev. E
• Analog MUX can be turned off when setting ACME bit
39
• TWI Data setup time can be too short
1. Analog MUX can be turned off when setting ACME bit
If the ACME (Analog Comparator Multiplexer Enabled) bit in ADCSRB is set while MUX3 in
ADMUX is '1'
(ADMUX[3:0]=1xxx), all MUX'es are turned off until the ACME bit is cleared.
Problem Fix/Workaround
Clear the MUX3 bit before setting the ACME bit.
TWI Data setup time can be too short
When running the device as a TWI slave with a system clock above 2MHz, the data setup time
for the first bit after ACK may in some cases be too short. This may cause a false start or stop
condition on the TWI line.
Problem Fix/Workaround
Insert a delay between setting TWDR and TWCR.
Errata ATmega168PA
The revision letter in this section refers to the revision of the ATmega168PA device.
Rev E
• Analog MUX can be turned off when setting ACME bit
• TWI Data setup time can be too short
1. Analog MUX can be turned off when setting ACME bit
40
If the ACME (Analog Comparator Multiplexer Enabled) bit in ADCSRB is set while MUX3 in
ADMUX is '1'
(ADMUX[3:0]=1xxx), all MUX'es are turned off until the ACME bit is cleared.
Problem Fix/Workaround
Clear the MUX3 bit before setting the ACME bit.
2. TWI Data setup time can be too short
When running the device as a TWI slave with a system clock above 2MHz, the data setup time
for the first bit after ACK may in some cases be too short. This may cause a false start or stop
condition on the TWI line.
Problem Fix/Workaround
Insert a delay between setting TWDR and TWCR.
10.7 Errata ATmega328
The revision letter in this section refers to the revision of the ATmega328 device.
10.7.1 Rev D
• Analog MUX can be turned off when setting ACME bit
• TWI Data setup time can be too short
1. Analog MUX can be turned off when setting ACME bit
If the ACME (Analog Comparator Multiplexer Enabled) bit in ADCSRB is set while MUX3 in
ADMUX is '1'
(ADMUX[3:0]=1xxx), all MUX'es are turned off until the ACME bit is cleared.
41
Problem Fix/Workaround
Clear the MUX3 bit before setting the ACME bit.
2. TWI Data setup time can be too short
When running the device as a TWI slave with a system clock above 2MHz, the data setup time
for the first bit
after ACK may in some cases be too short. This may cause a false start or stop condition on the
TWI line.
Problem Fix/Workaround
Insert a delay between setting TWDR and TWCR.
10.7.2 Rev C
Not sampled.
10.7.3 Rev B
• Analog MUX can be turned off when setting ACME bit
• Unstable 32kHz Oscillator
1. Analog MUX can be turned off when setting ACME bit
If the ACME (Analog Comparator Multiplexer Enabled) bit in ADCSRB is set while MUX3 in
ADMUX is '1'
(ADMUX[3:0]=1xxx), all MUX'es are turned off until the ACME bit is cleared.
Problem Fix/Workaround
Clear the MUX3 bit before setting the ACME bit.
2. Unstable 32kHz Oscillator
The 32kHz oscillator does not work as system clock. The 32kHz oscillator used as
asynchronous timer is inaccurate.
Problem Fix/ Workaround
None.
42
10.7.4 Rev A
• Analog MUX can be turned off when setting ACME bit
• Unstable 32kHz Oscillator
1. Analog MUX can be turned off when setting ACME bit
If the ACME (Analog Comparator Multiplexer Enabled) bit in ADCSRB is set while MUX3 in
ADMUX is '1'
(ADMUX[3:0]=1xxx), all MUX'es are turned off until the ACME bit is cleared.
Problem Fix/Workaround
Clear the MUX3 bit before setting the ACME bit.
Mapping Application
In this project , we have developed a mapping software or web based mapping application. This
mapping application is developed in PHP ( Preprocessor Hypertext ) platform . The coordinates
transmit through GSM modem are received by another GSM modem Connected to the
monitoring system. Through the SMS channel Gateway it will stored in the MYSQL database .
With the help of PHP application these records are retrieved and located on a map which is
powered by GOOGLE
43
44
Chapter 6 - System Requirement
Semiconductor
IC1
-
IC2
IC3
LED1
Resitors (all ¼-watt , ± 5%
carbon)
R1
R2
Capacitors
C1
C2 , C3
C4-C8
Miscellaneous
S1
Xtal
BAtt.
GSM modem
GPS module
-
7805 , 5V regulator
ATmega 168/328
microcontroller
MAX232 converter
5mm light-emitting diode
-
680 Ω
10 kΩ
-
0.1µF ceramic
22pF ceramic
10µF , 16 V electrolytic
-
Tactile Switch
12 MHz Crystal
9V PP3 battery
SIM300
iWave
Present project is designed using ATmega16 microcontroller in this Project it is proposed to
design an embedded system which is used for tracking and positioning of any object by using
Global Positioning System (GPS) and Global system for mobile communication (GSM). In this
project ATmega16 microcontroller is used for interfacing to various hardware peripherals. The
current design is an embedded application, which will continuously monitor a moving Object
and report the status of the Object on demand. For doing so an ATmega16 microcontroller is
interfaced serially to a GSM Modem and GPS Receiver. A GSM modem is used to send the
position (Latitude and Longitude) of the vehicle from a remote place. The GPS modem will
continuously give the data i.e. the latitude and longitude indicating the position of the vehicle.
45
The GPS modem gives many parameters as the output, but only the NMEA data coming out is
read and displayed on to the LCD. The same data is sent to the mobile at the other end from
where the position of the vehicle is demanded. An EEPROM is used to store the mobile
number. The hardware interfaces to microcontroller are LCD display, GSM modem and GPS
Receiver. The design uses RS-232 protocol for serial communication between the modems and
the microcontroller. A serial driver IC is used for converting TTL voltage levels to RS-232
voltage levels.
In the main they are easy to steal, and the average motorist has very little knowledge of what it
is all about. To avoid this kind of steal we are going to implement this project which provides
more security to the vehicle. When the request by user is sent to the number at the modem, the
system automatically sends a return reply to that mobile indicating the position of the vehicle in
terms of latitude and longitude from this information we can track our vehicles.
This information is then feed into a mapping application developed in PHP platform. In thi
application we have used PHP 5.3.0 and the Apache server of version 2.2.11 . These values are
stored in PHP and Apache integrated MYSQL database of version 5.1.36 .The values of latitude
and longitude are in the degree minutes format . But our mapping application and most of the
mapping application understand the decimal degrees format . So to get the location we should
convert degrees minutes unit to degrees decimal format .For converting this we have used
certain logics and some conversion formulas .
DDD° MM' SS.S"
32° 18' 23.1" N 122° 36' 52.5" W
This is the most common format used to mark maps. It's also the most cumbersome to work
with. It's a lot like telling time…
46
There are sixty seconds in a minute (60" = 1') and
There are sixty minutes in a degree (60' = 1°).
Keeping in mind a few easy conversions between seconds and decimal minutes will help when
working with maps that use degrees, minutes and seconds.
15 seconds is one quarter of a minute or 0.25 minutes
30 seconds is one half of a minute or 0.5 minutes
45 seconds is three quarters of a minute or 0.75 minutes
DDD° MM.MMM'
32° 18.385' N 122° 36.875' W
This is the format most commonly used when working with electronic navigation equipment.
47
Chapter 7 - Expected Outcomes
During Testing Following points should be remember:
1)
Connect the circuit to GPS and GSM modem as shown.
2)
Switch on the circuit and we will see LED1 glow.
3)
Switch on the GPS module and wait for 10-15 minutes for initialization.
4)
Switch on the GSM modem.
5)
Dial the mobile number in the GSM modem. After two rings , the ringing stops
automatically. Wait for a few seconds. You will get an SMS alert in your GSM modem
connected to your system.
6)
The SMS will move to the SMS channel via GSM modem connected to the system.
7)
Check your SMS inbox and you will see the coordinates in the form of SMS.
8)
The SMS from SMS channel is now stored in MYSQL database through PHP Processing.
9)
And on the mapping application front end these values are feed into the Google Map API
as the value of Latitude and longitude and the mapping application shows the satellite position
of that object.
AT
48
Chapter 8 - Limitations
Since satellite transmission power is low, certain geographical conditions may cause problems
with a GPS receiver’s ability to record location data:
Terrain – Signals can become degraded and the receiver system may not provide location
information if the view of the sky is severely limited. This situation can occur in deep canyons,
or under dense vegetation.
Urban Canyons – Large or tall buildings grouped closely together can cause large multi-path
and fading errors that may affect the ability to track offenders.
Vehicles – Signals can be lost when an offender is riding in a car or other enclosed means of
transportation if the receiver is not placed near a window within the vehicle.
Weather – Signal strength can become degraded by moisture such as rainfall, fog, or snowfall.
GPS tracking is not invincible and no GPS hardware will be able to guarantee position logs
100% of the time. GPS devices rely on being able to communicate with the satellites in space
and so in highly built up areas or underground car parks reception can be blocked.
Another limitation is GPS bouncing or drifting. This is when the location fix seems to ‘bounce’
around on the map even though the asset is in one place. It tends to happen if the asset is located
in an insulated area such as a car park or garage and is something that can affect all GPS devices
to varying degrees.
Employees may try and remove or unplug the device or the antenna to prevent it from tracking
(or even use illegal GPS jammers). Many GPS trackers (including AVS GPS devices) have
measures in place that detect tamper or power loss in the device.
49
Because of these factors, it is difficult to ensure complete or thorough GPS coverage at all
times. However, with the ongoing advancements in technology, certain system components and
features are now available that improve the equipment capabilities. For example, omnidirectional antennas enable tracking devices to pick up GPS coverage in virtually any
orientation. Flat patch antennas are not as advanced and must maintain an upright position to
receive coverage. Reliable radio frequency (RF) technology, cellular towers and Advanced
Forward Link Trilateration (AFLT) can also be paired with GPS to enhance system accuracy.
Due to the types of individuals normally being supervised with GPS by community corrections
professionals (i.e. higher-risk offenders on parole/probation, pre-trial defendants, etc.),
equipment reliability is imperative. Community safety is a concern if faulty or sub-standard
equipment is used to supervise individuals that may otherwise be in detention, jail or prison.
Affordable and effective alternatives to incarceration are available and agencies must consider
the benefits as well asthe system limitations and liabilities that exist with all GPS products.
50
Chapter 9 - Application
1.
Stolen vehicle recovery.
2.
Field service management.
3.
It is used for food delivery and car rental companies
4.
: Artwork is valuable and often irreplaceable, and it is unfortunately a prime target for
thieves. With a GPS device owners can quickly learn the location of a stolen piece and recover
it immediately.
5.
By installing a tracking device on a vehicle, the location of it can always be known. The
vehicle can be easily recovered, but the device will also act as a deterrent for thieves. This will
prevent the nightmare of having a car stolen from occurring in the first place. (And there are
countless great stories about GPS devices leading car owners, and the police, right to the car and
thieves’ location.)
6.
That include the ability to place emergency calls. They can call emergency services in
case they fall and can’t get up or because of health issues and be helped quickly.
7.
Police can benefit by attaching tracking devices to vehicles during investigations, allowing
them to easily track movement and come up with solid evidence.
8.
Hikers often venture into uncharted areas. With a GPS device, hikers who get lost can be
recovered quickly should they ever come up missing.
9.
Some areas are dangerous for a woman by herself. If a woman is alone, a tracking device
in her purse can be a lifesaver if the unthinkable should happen.
10.
Similar to hikers, camping enthusiasts who bring a tracking device with them are less
likely to get lost without being rescued. They can also track where they’ve been and where they
want to go, enabling them to easily experience new camping spots.
11.
Using the devices for fleet tracking lets companies manage their the routes of their fleets.
This cuts back on wasted time and fuel, increasing the overall efficiency of a company.
12.
A tracking device can be easily embedded under a pet’s skin. If they ever get lost,
searching for the pet then becomes a lot easier. (And all the dog owners out there know that all
it takes is the possibility of food down the street for dogs to abandon ship.)Just like with the
elderly, a disabled person who uses tracking services that offer emergency calls can be quickly
helped in case of an emergency.
51
Chapter 10 - References
i)
Electronics for you
ii)
http://blog.satguide.in/gps-tracker/top-10-uses-of-gps-tracking-devices/
iii)
Muruganandham , P.R.Mukesh “Real Time Web based Vehicle Tracking using GPS” ,
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology in 2010.
iv)
Ambade Shruti Dinkar and S.A Shaikh “Design and Implementation Of Vehicle Tracking
System Using GPS”, Journal of Information Engineering and Applications, Vol 1, No.3, 2011,
www.iiste.org
v)
Dr. Kamal Jain and Rahul Goel “GPS Based Low Cost Intelligent Vehicle Tracking
System (IVTS)”, 2012 International Conference on Traffic and Transportation Engineering
(ICTTE 2012), IPCSIT vol. 26
vi)
Adnan I. Yaqzan, Issam W. Damaj, and Rached N, Zantout“GPS-based Vehicle Tracking
System-on-Chip, International Journal of Electrical & Computer Sciences IJECS-IJENS Vol: 10
No: 04
vii) http://trinitycctv.co.nz/gps-tracking/gps-tracking-questions-and-answers/
http://www.mecs-press.org/ijisa/ijisa-v5-n9/IJISA-V5-N9-10.pdf
52