Plant Science
 In
this unit you will learn about:
• Plant and animal cells
• Structure of a plant (leaf, stem , root, etc)
• Photosynthesis, Respiration, Osmosis, Translocation,
Active Transport, etc.
• Sexual Reproduction in a flowering plant.
• Plant hormones
• Food Biomolecules and their tests.
Plant Cells
 Has a cell Wall
 Has a large Vacuole
 Has Chloroplasts
Animal Cells
 Has no cell wall
 Has small
vacuoles
 Has no
Chloroplast
 Photosynthesis
 Transpiration
 Gaseous
Exchange
 Food Storage
Stomata- Gaseous Exchange
 Lenticels-Gaseous
Exchange in Stems
 State
3 differences between plant and animal
cells.
 Give 4 functions of a leaf.
 Where does gaseous exchange take place in the
leaf?.
 Where does gaseous exchange take place in the
stem?.
 Is
the loss of water vapour from the surface of the
leaf of the plant
 The
movement of food around the plant.
 Phloem tissue
 In both directions
 Sugar is transported from the leaf to the root.
Beet root.
Vascular Tissue
 Xylem- transports water and minerals.
 Phloem- transports food.
 Parenchyma
Cells-Photosynthetic Cells
 Schlerenchyma Cells- Strengthening Cells
 Collenchyma Cells- Strengthening Cells
 Meristematic Tissue- cell Division
 Ground Tissue- bulk of cell. Photosynthesis takes
place here.
 Vascular Tissue- Transport tissue
 Xylem- Transports Water and Minerals
 Phloem- transports food
 State
the balanced chemical equation for
photosynthesis.
 Define the term Transpiration.
 Define the term Translocation.
 Name 2 types of vascular tissue and give their
functions.
 Name the cells responsible for strengthening?
 Name the cells where photosynthesis takes
place?
 Name the cells responsible for cell division
 1.
Transports water, minerals from the roots.
 2.
Transports food from the leaf
 3.
Supports the aerial part of the plant
 4.
Stores food e.g. potatoes
 T.S.
Monocot
 T.S.
Dicot
 Functions
 Food
Store
 Anchorage
 Is
the movement of water from an area of high
concentration of water to an area of low
concentration of water across a semi permeable
barrier
 Is
the movement of gases from an area of high
concentration to an area of low concentration.
 Is
the movement of substances from an area of
low concentration to an area of high
concentration. It requires energy.
 Give
functions of the root
 Give functions of the stem
 Define osmosis, active transport and diffusion.
 Compare Monocots to Dicots.
 Is
the transfer of pollen from the anther of one
plant to the stigma of another plant
 Self Pollination – when pollination occurs
between flowers on the same plant.
 Cross
Pollination- when pollination occurs
between flowers of the same species but on
different plant.
 Insect
Pollinated

 Lily

 Large

Flowers
 Scented
 Brightly coloured
 Male and female parts
inside flower
 Sticky pollen grains
 Small pollen grains





Wind pollinated
Grass
Smaller flowers
Not scented
Not brightly coloured
Male and female parts
outside the petals
Smooth Pollen grains
Large amount of
pollen
 Is
the fusion of the male
gamete with the female
gamete.
 It forms a Zygote





The zygote divides repeatedly until it forms the
embryo that will contain:
1 or 2 cotyledons with a food store
Plumule
Radicle
The ovary becomes the fruit
 Is
the transfer of the seeds/fruit away from the
parent plant
 Wind
 Water
 Animal
 Self
 Where
a plant suspends all growth and
metabolism
 Shortage of hormones
 Low temperature
 Growth inhibitors
 Maximises
growth of the plant.
 Allows for seed dispersal
 Ensures survival
 Is
the regrowth of a plant after a period of
dormancy
 Conditions necessary
 Water
 Oxygen
 Warmth
 Name
the male and female parts of the flower.
 What is a calyx and a corolla.
 Define pollination, fertilisation, dormancy and
germination.
 Differentiate between self and cross pollination.
 Compare wind pollinated flowers to insect
pollinated flowers.
 What does a plumule and a radicle develop into?
 Define Dormancy
 List the conditions necessary for germination.
 Describe Epigeal and Hypogeal germination
using examples.

If the cotyledons absorb the endosperm the seed
is NON-ENDOSPERMIC= Broad Bean

If the cotyledons absorb only some of the
endosperm the seed is ENDOSPERMIC = Maize.
 Annuals/perennial-
Complete their lifecycle in
one year
 Biennials- it takes 2 years to complete their lifecycle.
In the first year the plant grows leaves, stems, and roots (vegetative
structures), then it enters a period of dormancy over the colder
months. During the next spring or summer, the stem of the biennial
plant elongates greatly, The plant then flowers, producing fruits and
seeds before it finally dies.
 Naturally
produced in the root and shoot tip.
 It promotes cell elongation
 Stimulates fruit development.
 Promotes root development.(rooting agent)
 Control apical dominance
 Its used in seedless fruits: Parthenocarpic fruit
 IAA



Encourages cell elongation
Promotes seed germination
Cytokinin. Used as a herbicide by massively
increasing rate of growth and the plant cannot
produce enough food and it dies!
A
growth response to a stimulus.
 Phototropism- A growth response to light
 Geotropism- a growth response to gravity
 Thigmotropism- a growth response to touch
 Chemotropism- A growth response to chemicals
 Hydrotropism- A growth response to water
 Thermotropism- A growth response to
temperature.
Clinostat
.
 What
is a tropism.
 What is phototropism and geotropism?
 What piece of apparatus is used to show
geotropism?
 Define Aerobic respiration
 Give a balanced chemical equation for aerobic
respiration.
 An
indicator species is a species that shows the
conditions in habitat.
 Examples
• Wet: rushes, moss, buttercup.
• Dry/Sandy: Thistle.
• Low in lime (acidic): Plaintain/rhododendron
• Rich in Lime (alkaline) : Clovers, Chickweed.
Starch
Protein
Reducing
Sugar
Vitamin C % Sugar
Reagent
Iodine
Biurets
Benedicts
Reagent
DCPIP
Refractometer
Source
Potato,
Starch
solution
Peas, Milk
Glucose
Solution
Orange
Grass, beet,
etc.
Initial
Colour
Golden
Brown
Blue
Blue
Blue
Positive
Colour
Blue Black
Purple
Brick Red
Yellow