By
ENGR. DAUDA AYANDA, MNSE
1
20-Apr-14
ISLAM AND MODERN CIVILIZATION:
A LEGACY OF UNIQUENESS
ISLAM AND THE WEST @OXFORD
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HRH Prince Charles said in 1993 “If there is much
misunderstanding in the West about the nature of Islam,
there is also much ignorance about the debt our own culture
and civilization owe to the Islamic world. It is a failure,
which stems, I think, from the straight-jacket of history,
which we have inherited. The medieval Islamic world, from
central Asia to the shores of the Atlantic, was a world
where scholars and men of learning flourished. But because
we have tended to see Islam as the enemy of the West, as an
alien culture, society, and system of belief, we have tended
to ignore or erase its great relevance to our own history”
2
ARISTOTELIANISM TRADITION OF PHILOSOPHY
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Inspiration from Aristotle
Initially rejected by Christians as heretical e.g St. Augustine
rejected science because he believed the world is illusory and
sinful.
In 1632, Galileo declared that the sun, not the earth, was at the
centre of the universe. The papal court back then screamed
heresy, and sent Galileo to papal Coventry until he died under
house arrest in 1642.
Islamic Golden Age era translated the work and others into
Arabic and develop a new knowledge from it.
Muslim philosophers such as Al-Kindi, Al-Farabi, Avicenna,
and Averroes preserved the work.
Moses Maimonides, a Jew, adopted Aristotelianism from these
Islamic scholars and became the basis of Jewish Scholastic
Philosophy
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ISLAMIC GOLDEN AGE
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Abbasid historical period beginning in the mid 8th
century lasting until the Mongol conquest of Baghdad in
1258.
 House of Wisdom known by two names – Bayt alHikmah and Dar al-Hikmah was a library, translation
institue and academy.
 Influenced by the Qur'anic injunctions and hadith such as
"the ink of a scholar is more holy than the blood of a
martyr" that stressed the value of knowledge.
 Arab world became an intellectual center for science,
philosophy, medicine and education
 Paved way for Rennaissance in Europe and subsequent
Western Industrial civilization
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4
ABU AL-QASIM AL-ZAHRAWI (ALBUCASIS)
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An Arab Muslim physician who lived in Al-Andalus , Spain
Described by many as the father of modern surgery.
His greatest contribution to medicine is the Kitab al-Tasrif, a
thirty-volume encyclopedia of medical practices.
first physician to describe an ectopic pregnancy, and the first
physician to identify the hereditary nature of haemophilia.
In Pharmacy and Pharmacology, he pioneered the preparation
of medicines by sublimation and distillation
In On Surgery and Instruments, he draws diagrams of each
tool used in different procedures to clarify how to carry out
the steps of each treatment
In the 14th century, the French surgeon Guy de
Chauliac quoted al-Tasrif over 200 times. Pietro Argallata (d.
1453) described Abū al-Qāsim as "without doubt the chief of
all surgeons"
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ALI IBN SÎNÂ (AVICENNA)
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A Persian polymath who wrote almost 450 works on a
wide range of subjects, of which around 240 have
survived.
 His most famous works are The Book of Healing, a vast
philosophical and scientific encyclopedia, and The
Canon of Medicine,which was a standard medical text at
many medieval universities
 He described the contagious nature of tuberculosis,
symptoms and complications of diabetes; how to
effectively test new medicines; benefits of exercise to
health among others.
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ALI IBN SÎNÂ (AVICENNA)……CONTD…
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He also discussed the formation of earth science; philosophy
of science and the scientific method of inquiry.
In Mechanics, he developed an elaborate theory of motion.
In optics, he was among those who argued that light had a
speed, observing that "if the perception of light is due to the
emission of some sort of particles by a luminous source, the
speed of light must be finite.“
In Chemistry, he used distillation to produce essential oils
such as rose essence, forming the foundation of what later
became aromatherapy and he explicitly disputed the theory of
the transmutation of substances commonly believed
by alchemists:
His psychology and theory of knowledge influenced William
of Auvergne, Bishop of Paris and Albertus Magnus, while his
metaphysics had an impact on the thought of Thomas Aquinas
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7
AL-HASAN IBN AL-HAYTHAM
ALHAZEN)
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(ALHACEN OR
an Arab scientist , polymath, mathematician, astronomer and
philosopher who made significant contributions to the principles of
optics, astronomy, mathematics, meterology, visual perception and
the scientific method.
Described as the father of modern Optics, Ophthalmology,
Experimental Physics and Scientific Method and the first Theoretical
Physicist.
author of a monumental book on optics—the mathematical theory of
vision, Kitâb al-Manâ zir (De aspectibus).
wrote a treatise entitled Finding the Direction of Qibla by
Calculation, in which he discussed finding the Qibla,
where Salat prayers are directed towards, mathematically
His understanding of pinhole projection from his experiments appears
to have influenced his consideration of image inversion in the eye and
the early analysis of device called Camera Obscura
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AL-HASAN IBN AL-HAYTHAM
ALHAZEN) …….CONTD…
(ALHACEN OR
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His research in catoptrics (the study of optical systems
using mirrors) centred on spherical and parabolic mirrors
and spherical aberration.
 He made the observation that the ratio between the angle
of incidence and refraction does not remain constant, and
investigated the magnifying power of a lens.
 showed through experiment that light travels in straight
lines,
and
carried
out
various
experiments
with lenses, mirrors, refraction, and reflection.
 Alhazen's most original contribution was that after
describing how he thought the eye was anatomically
constructed, he went on to consider how this anatomy
would behave functionally as an optical system.
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AL-HASAN IBN AL-HAYTHAM
ALHAZEN) …….CONTD…
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In Mathematics, he developed analytical geometry and the
link between algebra and geometry; His contributions
to number theory include his work on perfect numbers; solved
problems involving congruences using what is now
called Wilson's theorem and Chinese Remainder theorem
Ian P. Howard argued in a 1996 Perception article that
Alhazen should be credited with many discoveries and
theories which were previously attributed to Western
Europeans writing centuries later
Influenced medieval European scientists and philosophers
such as Roger Bacon, Robert Grosseteste, Witelo, Leonardo
Di Vinci and Christian Huygens. But the book came into its
own later, when it attracted the attention of mathematicians
like Kepler, Descartes, and Huygens, thanks in part to
Friedrich Risner’s edition published in Basel in 1572.
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(ALHACEN OR
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IBN KHALDUN
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Wrote Al-Muqaddima in the 14th century
built the foundation for Economics, Sociology and
Anthropology
He developed the dichotomy of sedentary life versus nomadic
life as well as the concept of a "generation", and the inevitable
loss of power that occurs when desert warriors conquer a city.
On Economic growth, he stated that businesses owned by
responsible and organized merchants shall eventually surpass
those owned by wealthy rulers
The British philosopher Robert Flint wrote the following on
Ibn Khaldun: "as a theorist of history he had no equal in any
age or country until Vico appeared, more than three hundred
years later. Plato, Aristotle, and Augustine were not his peers,
and all others were unworthy of being even mentioned along
with him".
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AL-KHWARIZMI
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A Persian Mathematician, Astronomer and Geographer
who greatly influenced mathematics in Europe.
 algebra, deriving from the title of his AD 820 book Hisab
al-jabr w’al-muqabala, Kitab al-Jabr wa-l-Muqabala
("The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion
and Balancing") are themselves Arabic loanwords
 "Algebra" is derived from al-jabr, one of the two
operations he used to solve quadratic equations
 Latin
translations of his work on the Indian
numerals introduced the decimal positional number
system to theWestern world
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AL-KHWARIZMI (CONTD…)
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Algorism and algorithm stem from Algoritmi,
the Latin form of Al-Khwarizmi - his name. His name is
also the origin of (Spanish) guarismo and of
(Portuguese) algarismo, both meaning digit.
 work consisting of approximately 37 chapters on
calendrical and astronomical calculations and 116 tables
with calendrical, astronomical and astrological data, as
well as a table of sinevalues
 Al-Khwārizmī's Zīj al-Sindhind also contained tables for
the trigonometric functions of sines and cosine
 He
also wrote two books on using and
constructing astrolabes
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THE MISSING LINKS
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Glubb (1969) states ‘the indebtedness of Western Christendom
to Arab civilization was systematically played down, if not
completely denied. A tradition was built up, by censorship
and propaganda, that the Muslim imperialists had been mere
barbarians and that the rebirth of learning in the West derived
directly from Roman and Greek sources alone, without any
Arab intervention’.
Draper (1875) noted ‘the systematic manner in which the
literature of Europe has contrived to put out of sight our
scientific obligations to the Muhammadans (Muslims)
injustice founded on religious rancour and national conceit
cannot be perpetrated forever….The Arab has left his
intellectual heritage on Europe as, before long, Christendom
will have to confess ’
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THE MISSING LINKS (CONTD…)
Wickens (1976) said ‘In the broadest sense, the West’s
borrowings from Middle East form practically the whole basic
fabric of civilization. Without such fundamental borrowings
from the Middle East’, he adds, ‘we should lack the following
sorts of things among others (unless, of course, we had been
quick and inventive enough to devise them all for ourselves):
agriculture; the domestication of animals, for food, clothing
and transportation; spinning and weaving; building; drainage
and irrigation; road-making and the wheel; metal-working,
and standard tools and weapons of all kinds; sailing ships;
astronomical observation and the calendar; writing and the
keeping of records; laws and civic life; coinage; abstract
thought and mathematics; most of our religious ideas and
symbols’, And he concluded that, ‘there is virtually no
evidence for any of these basic things and processes and ideas
being actually invented in the West’
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MISSING LINKS (CONTD…)
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Scott (1904) said ‘In Paris there were no pavements until the
13th century; in London none until the 14th; the streets of both
capitals were receptacles of filth, and often impassable; at
night shrouded in inky darkness; at all times dominated by
outlaws; the haunt of the footpad, the nursery of the
pestilence, the source of every disease, the scene of every
crime’
Draper (1875) said ‘as late as 16th century England, there were
highwaymen on the roads, pirates on the rivers, vermin in
abundance in the clothing and beds…The population, sparse
as it was, was perpetually thinned by pestilence and want…’
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ISLAMOPHOBIA
1996, the Runnymede Trust established the
Commission on British Muslims and Islamophobia,
chaired by Professor Gordon Conway stated 8
views:
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Islam is seen as a monolithic bloc, static and
unresponsive to change.
 It is seen as separate and "other." It does not have
values in common with other cultures, is not affected
by them and does not influence them.
 It is seen as inferior to the West. It is seen as
barbaric, irrational, primitive, and sexist.
 It is seen as violent, aggressive, threatening,
supportive of terrorism, and engaged in a clash of
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civilizations.
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ISLAMOPHOBIA (CONTD…)
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It is seen as a political ideology, used for
political or military advantage.
Criticisms made of "the West" by Muslims are
rejected out of hand.
Hostility towards Islam is used to justify
discriminatory practices towards Muslims and
exclusion of Muslims from mainstream society.
Anti-Muslim hostility is seen as natural and
normal.
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HARVARD LAW SCHOOL EXPRESSION OF
JUSTICE
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posted a verse of the Holy Quran at the entrance of its
faculty library in early 2013, describing the verse as one of
the greatest expressions of justice in history.
“O you who have believed, be persistently standing firm in
justice, witnesses for Allah, even if it be against yourselves
or parents and relatives. Whether one is rich or poor,
Allah is more worthy of both. So follow not [personal]
inclination, lest you not be just. And if you distort [your
testimony] or refuse [to give it], then indeed Allah is ever,
with what you do, Acquainted” – Surat Al-Nisai verse 135
Quotations were selected from a pool of over 150
contributions from law school faculty, staff and students.
Librarians at the Law School Library researched the
historical context and authenticity of each quotation and
developed a website to share this research with visitors to 19
the art installation.
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ISLAMIC BANKING IN THE WEST
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The Vatican newspaper Osservatore Romano in
2009 voiced its approval of Islamic finance that
banks should look at the rules of Islamic finance
to restore confidence amongst their clients at a
time of global economic crisis.
 According to Gatestone Institute in 2011, the
European Union is emerging as a major center of
Islamic finance, based on Islamic Shariah law.
 "I want London to stand alongside Dubai and
Kuala Lumpur as one of the great capitals of
Islamic finance anywhere in the world." — UK
Prime Minister David Cameron, addressing the
World Islamic Economic Forum in London on
October 29, 2013.
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SHARIAH IN WEST
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Lord Phillips of Worth Matravers, the Lord Chief
Justice, strongly backed Rowan Williams, the
Archbishop of Canterbury, over his suggestion
earlier in 2008 that aspects of sharia should be
adopted in Britain. The archbishop's remarks
sparked a national debate and led to calls for his
resignation.
 The official story of adoption of Sharia in UK
came up about 2 weeks ago (March – April, 2014)
whereby it was revealed that The Law Society -the body which represents and advises solicitors
in England and Wales -- has drawn up guidance
for its members on how to draw up wills in
accordance with Islamic law.
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HIJAB IN THE WEST
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"Edmonton police set to unveil official hijab that Muslim officers
can wear on duty": The headscarf will be black, worn underneath
the standard police cap, affixed with tear-away snaps, and designed
so as not to get in the way during a struggle. The Canadian military
already offers a hijab option. (November 24, 2013)
On July 1, 2012, the Norwegian Defense Ministry began allowing
uniformed soldiers to wear religious headgear such as hijabs, turbans
and kippahs. In addition to headgear, soldiers are now also allowed
to wear armbands containing religious symbols that have been
engraved or mounted.
"Police adopt uniform hijab": The Leicestershire Constabulary in
Great Britain have incorporating a hijab into the police uniform for
female officers on patrol in the hopes that more Muslim women will
apply to the force. The hijab is plain black and made out of flameretardant material. It is to be worn below a standard police hat.
Leicestershire appears to be the third U.K. police force to take this
step, after the Metropolitan and Thames Valley. (January 31, 2009)
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BREASTFEEDING
“And the mothers should suckle their children for two
whole years for him who desires to make complete the
time of suckling; and their maintenance and their
clothing must be– borne by the father according to
usage; no soul shall have imposed upon it a duty but
to the extent of its capacity; neither shall a mother be
made to suffer harm on account of her child, nor a
father on account of his child, and a similar duty
(devolves) on the (father’s) heir, but if both desire
weaning by mutual consent and counsel, there is no
blame on them, and if you wish to engage a wet-nurse
for your children, there is no blame on you so long as
you pay what you promised for according to usage;
and be careful of (your duty to) Allah and know that
Allah sees what you do.” [Q2:233].
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BREASTFEEDING (CONTD…)
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Scientists discovered recently that the child’s complete
nutrition is from her mother’s breast milk, as it is not
completed unless the mother suckled her child for two
complete years!
World Health Organization recommends exclusive
breastfeeding for the first six months of life, after which
“infants should receive nutritionally adequate and safe
complementary foods while breastfeeding continues up to two
years of age or beyond ” as reported in WHO (2003) Global
Strategy for Infant and Young Child Feeding, Geneva.
Yet, a new medical conference came with a conclusion that the
ideal period of sucking is two years, because in this age the
child is in urgent need of immunity elements to develop
immunity systems which are only found in mother’s milk.
Why did it take the turn of millennium before WHO, Academy
of Pediatrics, US Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
etc to align their scientific reasoning with what Almighty
Allah has revealed to Prophet Muhammed (through Angel
Gabriel) in 14 hundred centuries ago?
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UNIVERSALITY OF ARABIC LANGUAGE
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Arabic languages are Central Semitic languages, most
closely related to Aramaic, Hebrew, Ugaritic and
Phoenician..
 Official language of United Nation and UNESCO
 Second official language in Israel next to Hebrew
 Widely spoken language in Nazareth, Galillee and
Jerusalem
 Official language in Yorubaland, Hausaland, Western and
Northern Africa before the advent of colonialists
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ENGLISH LANGUAGE LOANWORDS FROM
ARABIC
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Common words like caliber, camphor, candy, chemistry,
coffee, café, cotton, fanfare, admiral, adobe, alkali,
arsenal, average, almanac, azure, hazard, lemon, lime,
lute, giraffe, guitar, magazine, mattress, mafia, orange,
scarlet, safari, sugar, syrup, tarriff, typhoon, vizier, zenith,
zero
Botanical names entered medieval Latin texts from Arabic.
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Azadirachta, Berberis, Cakile, Carthamus,Cuscuta, Doronicum,
Galanga, Musa, Nuphar, Ribes, Senna, Taraxacum, Usnea, Physal
is alkekengi, Melia azedarach, Terminalia bellerica, Terminalia che
bula,Cheiranthus cheiri, Piper cubeba, Phyllanthus emblica, Pegan
um harmala, Salsola kali, Prunus mahaleb, Datura metel, Daphne
mezereum, Rheum ribes, Jasminum sambac,Cordia sebestena, Oper
culina turpethum, Curcuma zedoaria
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ISLAM IN YORUBALAND
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According to Akinjogbin (1971), Islam had come to the
ancient Yoruba kingdom of Oyo by the 14th century through
the trans-Saharan trade.
The origin of the word ‘Yoruba’ has been traced to Arabic
writers such as Ahmad Baba (1627 in his mi’raj al-su’ud) and
Muhammed Bello (1837 in his infaq al-maysur) both of whom
were reported among the earliest to name the people in Oyo
‘yariba’, ‘yaruba’, ‘yarba’ at a time when they are still
referring to themselves by their diverse ethnic identities
(Ogunbiyi, 2003).
According to Ade-Ajayi (1960), the first and the only literacy
in Yorubaland before the arrival of Christianity in the
nineteenth century was in Arabic
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ISLAM IN YORUBALAND (CONTD…)
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Kenneth Dike said (1965) ‘Arabic is in many respects the
classical language of West Africa’
Kenneth Dike (1965) ‘As a historian myself, I have taken the
keenest interest in this development, for it is through the aid
of these Arabic documents and those written in African
languages in Arabic scripts that the scholar will be aided. It
had been a revelation to the whole world of scholarship to
realize for the first time that Africa before the European
penetration far from being a “dark continent” was in fact a
continent where the light of scholarship shone brightly as the
Arabic works now being discovered bear testimony….’
Hunwick (2006) refers to Arabic as the Latin of Africa in view
of the role it has played in West Africa and some parts of
Africa over the past millennium as Latin did in Europe in the
medieval era.
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ISLAM IN YORUBALAND (CONTD…)
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First mosque built in Oyo-Ile in 1550 AD
 Islam was established in Iwo in 1655AD
 Islam spread to Iseyin in 1760AD
 First mosque in Lagos is 1774AD
 Saki in 1790, Oshogbo in 1889
 Ibadan, Abeokuta, Ijebu-Ode, Ikirun and Ede knew about
Islam before Fulani Jihad (Gbadamosi, 1978)
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YORUBA LOANWORDS FROM
ARABIC
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Olohun i.e. God or Deity rendered from Allahu (Ar.
(‫إسم الجالل – هللا‬
Alaafia i.e. Good, Fine Or Health(y) from derivative
Al-Aafiah (Ar. (‫العافية‬
Baale i.e. husband or spouse derived from Ba'al (Ar.
(‫بعل‬
Sanma i.e. heaven or sky adopted for Samaa` (Ar.
(‫السماء‬
Alubarika i.e. blessing used as Al-Barakah (Ar. (‫البركة‬
Wakati i.e. hour or time formed from Waqt (Ar. (‫وقت‬
Asiri i.e. Secrete or Hidden derivative of As-Sirr (Ar.
(‫السر‬
Others include Woli, Adua, Alebu, keferi, kadara, Yigi
etc
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FASTEST GROWING RELIGION IN THE WORLD
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2014 saw the publication of the 30th Annual Status of Global
Mission in the International Bulletin of Missionary Research.
In this, the latest edition, the researchers estimate Islam is the
fastest growing religion in the world: 1.81% per year vs.
1.53% for the 20 million Sikhs and 1.29% for Christianity.
According to Gatestone Institute, 2011, "Islam is the fastestgrowing religion in England and Wales, according to new
census data that the British government says "describes the
defining characteristics of the population, who we are, how
we live and what we do."
According to the Guinness Book of World Records, Islam is
the world’s fastest-growing
religion
by number
of conversions each year.
According to the Carnegie Endowment for International
Peace, the World Christian Database as of 2007 has Islam as
the fastest-growing religion in the world
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WHAT ORIENTALISTS SAY ABOUT ISLAM
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Thomas Carlyle in his book “Heroes and Hero Worship”, stated:
“How one man single-handedly, could weld warring tribes and
wandering Bedouins into a most powerful and civilized nation in
less than two decades…..The lies (Western slander) which wellmeaning zeal has heaped round this man (Muhammed) are
disgraceful to ourselves only”
Mahatma Gandhi, statement published in 'Young India,'1924. I
wanted to know the best of the life of one who holds today an
undisputed sway over the hearts of millions of mankind.... I became
more than ever convinced that it was not the sword that won a place
for Islam in those days in the scheme of life. It was the rigid
simplicity, the utter self-effacement of the Prophet the scrupulous
regard for pledges, his intense devotion to his friends and followers,
his intrepidity, his fearlessness, his absolute trust in God and in his
own mission. These and not the sword carried everything before
them and surmounted every obstacle. When I closed the second
volume (of the Prophet's biography), I was sorry there was not more
for me to read of that great life.
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WHAT ORIENTALIST SAYS ABOUT ISLAM
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20-Apr-14
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Dr Laura Veccia Vaglieri wrote “Apologia dell’ Islamismo” translated into
English as “Interpretation of Islam” (pp. 33-34).
she wrote “Thanks to Islam, paganism in its various forms was defeated. The
concept of the universe, the practices of religion and social customs were
each liberated from all the monstrosities which had degraded them, and
human minds were made free from prejudices. Mankind finally realized its
dignity and humbled itself before the Creator, the Lord and Master of all
mankind…Man became the servant of Allah alone and towards another free
man. Each Muslim was distinguished from other Muslims not by reason of
birth or any other factor not connected with his personality, but by his greater
fear of God, his good deeds, his morals and intellectual qualities”. She also
stated “It was, therefore, neither by means of violence of arms nor through
the pressure of obtrusive missionaries that caused the great and rapid
diffusion of Islam, but above all, through the fact that this book (Qur’an)
presented by the Muslims to the vanquished, with the liberty to accept it or
reject it, was the Book of God, the Word of Truth, the greatest miracle
Mohammed could show to those in doubt and to those who remained
stubborn. The strength of this message was its crystal clear simplicity and
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marvelous easiness. For Islam reached out to the soul of the people without
having recourse to long explanations or involved sermons”
LEGACY OF UNIQUENESS
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Rev. Bosworth Smith said in his book, Mohammed
and Mohammedanism, published in London, that “AlQuran as a miracle of purity of style, of wisdom and of
truth, it is the one miracle claimed by Mohammed, his
standing miracle, he called it, AND A MIRACLE
INDEED IT IS!”
New Catholic Encyclopedia. In an article under the
subject of the Qur'an, the Catholic Church states:
"Over the centuries, many theories have been offered
as to the origin of the Qur'an... Today no sensible man
accepts any of these theories!!" Now here is the ageold Catholic Church, which has been around for so
many centuries, denying these futile attempts to
explain away the Qur'an.
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ISLAM AND THE WEST @OXFORD
HRH Prince Charles said in 1993 "... Islam can teach us
today a way of understanding and living in a world
which Christianity itself is poorer for having lost. At the
heart of Islam is its preservation of an integral view of
the universe. Islam refuses to separate man and nature,
religion and science, mind and matter, and has preserved
a metaphysical and unified view of ourselves and the
world around us... . But the west gradually lost this
integrated vision of the world with Copernicus and
Descartes and the coming of the scientific revolution ."
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THANK YOU ALL
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FURTHER STUDY
1001 Inventions: Muslim Heritage in our World. Foundation for Science,
Technology
and
Civilisation,
UK,
2nd
Edition,
2007.
(www.muslimheritage.com)

BBC 2 (16 February 2004) What the Ancients Did for Us: The Islamic
World.

Burnett, Charles (2004) Arabic
(www.MuslimHeritage.com).

Charles M. Falco (2007) “Ibn al-Haytham and the Origins of Computerized
Image Analysis”. The 2007 International Conference on Computer
Engineering & Systems (ICCES'07) Cairo, Egypt. November 27-29,
2007 (Available online for download.)

FSTC (2001) Pharmacology in the Making (www.MuslimHeritage.com).

Islamic Radicalism and Multicultural Politics. Taylor & Francis.
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Lindberg, DC (1996) “The Western Reception of Arabic Optics”, in R
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Medicine
in
the
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Mediterranean
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Vartan Gregorian, "Islam: A Mosaic, Not a Monolith", Brookings Institution
Press, 2003, pg 26–38 ISBN 0-8157-3283-X
Wikipedia
on
AL-HAYTHAM,
Available
online
at
<
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhazen>
Wikipedia
on
AL-KHWARIZMI,
Available
online
at
<
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muḥammad_ibn_Mūsā_al-Khwārizmī>
Wikipedia
on
AL-ZAHRAWI,
Available
online
at
<
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Qasim_al-Zahrawi >
Wikipedia on ISLAMIC GOLDEN AGE, Available online at <
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age>
Sir John Glubb: A Short History of the Arab Peoples, Hodder and
Stoughton, 1969, pp.289
J.W. Draper: A History of the Intellectual Development of Europe;
2 Vols: London, 1875; revised ed; Vol2; p.42.
G.M. Wickens: ‘What the West borrowed from the Middle East,’ in
Introduction to Islamic Civilization, edited by R.M Savory,
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S.P. Scott: History of the Moorish Empire; in 3 vols; The Lippincot
Company; Philadelphia; 1904
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S. Zaimeche: Aspects of the Islamic Influence on Science and Learning in
the Christian West (12th-13th Century), Foundation for Science Technology
and Civilization, 2003
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I. A. Akinjogbin, “The Expansion of Oyo and the Rise of Dahomey 16001800,” in History of West Africa, 2 vols., ed. J. F. Ade-Ajayi and M.
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I. A. Ogunbiyi: The Search For A Yoruba Orthography Since The 1840s:
Obstacles To The Choice Of The Arabic Script, Sudanic Africa, 14, 2003,
77-102
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J.F. Ade-Ajayi: How Yoruba was reduce to writing, Odu 8
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K. Dike: Opening Remarks in Hunwick J. O. Report of a Seminar on the
Teaching of Arabic in Nigeria, Ibadan and Kano, 1965.
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J. Hundwick: West Africa, Islam and the Arab World Studies in Honour of
Basil Davidson. Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers, 2006.

T.G.O. Gbadamosi: The Growth of Islam among the Yoruba, 1841 – 1908.
London: Longman Group (Ltd.), 1978.
39
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Islamic Banking

<http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-24722440>

<http://www.presstv.com/detail/2013/10/29/331882/british-pm-to-unveil-islamicbond-plan/>

Shariah

<http://rt.com/news/sharia-law-uk-legal-713/#.UzDlpko3RdQ.twitter >

<http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/2242340/Muslims-in-Britain-should-beable-to-live-under-Sharia-law-says-top-judge.html>.

<http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2587215/Sharia-Law-enshrined-Britishlegal-lawyers-guidelines-drawing-documents-according-Islamic-rules.html>

<http://www.gatestoneinstitute.org/4246/uk-sharia-law>

Harvard
University
expression
of
http://library.law.harvard.edu/justicequotes/explore-the-room/west/
justice
40
FURTHER STUDY (CONTD…)
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Hijab
<http://www.edmontonjournal.com/news/Edmonton+police+approve+n
ewly+designed+uniform+hijab+female+officers/9257918/story.html>
< http://www.gatestoneinstitute.org/3561/europe-hijab>
<http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2008/03/25/AR2008032502295.htm>
<http://www.modernghana.com/news/502343/1/hijab-persecutingnigerian-muslim-women.html>
Conversion to Islam
< http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/8238812/Surge-inBritons-converting-to-Islam.html>
http://www.christianvoice.org.uk/index.php/islam-growing-atastronomical-rate-in-uk/
http://voiceofrussia.com/news/2013_05_17/In-10-years-Islamcould-be-new-Christianity-in-UK-census-analysis/
<http://realtruth.org/articles/253-wice.html>
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