4 types of implementing
information systems
•Direct
•Phased
•Pilot
•Parallel
Direct implementation:
New replaces
old in one go
Change over
done in one
operation
Done on set date,
usually at a quiet
period
Phased implementation:
If first phase
is successful,
then second
phase
started
System
brought into
company in
stages
Leading onto
final phase
when new
system
replaces old
System
replaces in
one
operation,
but on a
small scale
Pilot implementation:
A pilot is sometimes
tried in one branch,
or in one location,
then implemented
across the company
The pilot is
extended
until it
replaces the
old system
Parallel running implementation:
The old and the new
systems run
alongside each other
If it goes well, the old
system is stopped
Both operate
independently
Implementation methods Scenario 1
• Scenario – A local GP surgery
has recently had a new
computerised system install
to replace the outdated paper
based record keeping system.
• Taking in to account the variables listed on the
next slide; in groups of two discuss which of the
implementation methods outlined earlier would
be most suitable to use during the
implementation stage for this system.
The Variables
• The staff are off mixed ability and ranging in age from
late 20’s to early 50’s.
• Some of the latest booking made have not been
inputted in to the new system.
Exam Style Question
• A company which produces gardening tools
such as spades, forks, rakes, hoes and
wheelbarrows is installing a new computerbased system in its company warehouses to
help load goods onto lorries more efficiently.
• Describe two different methods the company
could use to install this new system.
The role of reviews during the life of a
computer-based information system
Planning
Implementation
Testing
Evaluation
Constant Review
and
Evaluation
The role of reviews during the life of a
computer-based information system
Planning: Explain how the importance of
designing a system model that matches
closely to the user's mental model.
The role of reviews during the life of a
computer-based information system
Implementation: Describe the content of the
design in relation to the specification.
The role of reviews during the life of a
computer-based information system
Testing: Describe the purpose of testing data,
the importance of testing and test plans.
The role of reviews during the life of a
computer-based information system
Evaluating: Create relationship diagrams, flow
charts. Constantly review and evaluate the
systems effectiveness.
Summary
Planning
Implementation
Testing
Evaluation
Constant Review
and
Evaluation
System Maintenance
Quick Task
Maintenance
• What does maintenance mean?
You have 30 seconds to write down a
definition
Definitions of Maintenance
Suggestions of the definition of maintenance are:
a) the state of being maintained
b) the act of maintaining
c) means of upkeep, support or subsistence
d) care or upkeep, as of machinery or property
e) the work of keeping something in proper
condition
The three types of maintenance...
Maintenance
• Perfective
• Adaptive
• Corrective
Perfective
Adaptive
Corrective
20%
25%
55%
Perfective
• Perfective maintenance is around 55% of the
total maintenance performed
• Perfective maintenance involves improving
systems to meet the needs of its users;
including enhancing the system to keep it up
to date and adding additional features.
Perfective
• Perfective maintenance includes:
–
–
–
–
Software upgrades
Scheduled maintenance
Preventative maintenance (cleaning up of code)
Fulfilling the requests of users
What examples can you think of? Think about systems
you have came across in school or at work?
Adaptive
• Adaptive maintenance is around 25% of the
total maintenance performed
• Adaptive maintenance keeps the system up to
date with rules, regulations and legislation
changes
Adaptive
• Adaptive maintenance includes:
– Changes to the system to adhere to new health and
safety regulations
– Changes to the system due to the installation of new
hardware or software
What examples can you think of? Think about systems
you have came across in school or at work?
Corrective
• Corrective maintenance is around 20% of the
total maintenance performed
• Corrective maintenance encompasses
rectifying malfunctions and failures within the
system
Corrective

Corrective maintenance includes:
◦ Fixing errors
◦ Removing viruses
What examples can you think of? Think about systems you have
came across in school or at work?