NAVEDTRA 43904-C
SEABEE COMBAT
WARFARE
COMMON CORE
Unit 101
GENERAL SAFETY
FUNDAMENTALS
GENERAL SAFETY
FUNDAMENTALS
• References:
- OPNAVINST 5100.23G, Navy Occupational Safety
and Health (NAVOSH) Program Manual
- COMFIRSTNCDINST 5100.2B, Naval Construction
Force Occupational Safety and Health Program
- 29 CFR Part 1926, Construction Safety Standards
- NAVEDTRA 14026, Construction Electrician Basic
- NAVEDTRA 14167, Naval Safety Supervisor
- OPNAVINST 3500.39B, Operational Risk
Management
GENERAL SAFETY
FUNDAMENTALS
• PQS Question 101.1: Explain the responsibilities of the
following personnel as applied to safety:
a. Commanding Officer
b. Executive Officer
c. Safety Officer
d. Department Head
e. Division Officer
f. Work Center Supervisor
g. Safety Petty Officer
h. All Hands
Reference:
NAVEDTRA 14167, Chapter 1
Commanding Officer
– Responsible for the safety and health of all military and civilian
personnel, the safe use and condition of equipment, and the
protection of all government property
– Ensures compliance with established procedures and work
practices
– Ensures OSH councils and committees are formed at appropriate
command levels
– Ensures compliance with current instructions and regulations
– Ensures all work places receive a safety inspection at least
annually
– Establishes a Hazard Abatement Program
– Establishes NAVOSH education and training programs
– Coordinates occupational health support with the cognizant Naval
Hospital or Regional Medical Center
– Reviews and signs the Annual Safety Report
Executive Officer
– Chairman of Occupational Safety and
Health (OSH) Counsel, assumes the duties
of C.O in his/her absence
– Acts as Chairman for the OSH Policy
Committee Meeting
– Enforces the CO’s safety policies and
procedure
Safety Officer
– Advises the CO on matters pertaining to safety, manages
the command safety program, investigates mishaps,
monitors projects, shops, and special evolutions for
compliance with safety standards
– Organizationally on the immediate staff of the CO. A full
time assignment.
– Maintains complete and accurate records on the accident,
injury, occupational illness rate of unit and submits monthly
mishap summaries to Division
– Develops accident prevention and loss of control measures
and programs
– Conducts safety and accident investigations, analyzes
reports of occupational injuries and or property damage to
identify factors or trends
– As required, prepares specific safety rules and regulations
for approval by the CO
Safety Officer
– Instruction verification
– Reviews and approves all project general and specific safety plans
– Organizes and conducts safety inspections and surveys to identify
violations, hazards, and deficiencies in operations, facilities, and equipment
– Records safety and health violations through an aggressive Hazard
Abatement Program
– Coordinates actions and follows up on corrective measures taken
– Maintains liaison with planning and design officials
– Assists supervisors in developing and conducting safety training. Provides
consultation services, advice, and guidance
– Technical authority in the procurement of PPE
– Conducts hazard analysis of project/shop operations and develops safe
working standards and conditions
– Consults and maintains liaison with key personnel during various planning
evolutions
– Submits minutes of OSH Policy and Safety Supervisor committee meetings
to the CO for review
– TRAINS, EDUCATES, TRACKS, INSPECTS, FOLLOWS UP
Department Head/
Divison Officer
– Responsible for safety within their areas of responsibility enforces
safety standards. Are assigned as members of the OSH Counsel
– Ensures all safety regulations are complied with
– Promotes and strengthens the safety program through all levels of
supervision by establishing internal training procedures
– Plans all work with regards to safety and the safety related
equipment or materials needed
– Supervises and monitors staff to ensure full compliance with all
safety rules and regulation
– Picks the right person for the job at hand and ensures they are
trained
– Reviews work procedures and takes positive action to correct all
hazards
– Ensures proper tracking of all training and the complete thorough
investigation of all mishaps with timely submissions
Work Center Supervisor
– Responsible for the safety of their personnel, develop safety plans,
enforce safety standards, ensure adequate PPE is available
– Be familiar with safety rules and regulations for jobs and facilities in
your area
– Enforces safety rules immediately corrects any unsafe act or noted
deficiency
– Inspects jobs and work areas for hazards and unsafe work habits
– Educates and trains personnel, sets the example
– Reports all mishaps in a timely manner
– Investigates all mishaps, determines the basic causes, and takes
corrective actions to prevent repetitive mishaps
– Ensures PPE is available and properly being worn at all work sites
– Knows personnel limitations, assigns the right person to the task at
hand
– Posts appropriate signs and warnings
Safety Petty Officer
– Monitors safety within their
Company/Department/Detail. Initiate
preliminary mishap investigation within
their area of responsibility
– Principle advisor to Company
Commander/Department Head/Det OIC
• Normally an E-6 or above, must have
attended the Safety Managers Course
All Hands
– Responsible for their own safety and the safety of their
“Shipmates”. Everyone should be aware of the hazards to
which they are exposed and precautionary measures to
prevent personal injury or property damage
– Reports to work well rested and emotionally prepared for the
task at hand
– Understands and follows safety and health precautions
pertinent to work areas
– Reports to immediate supervisor any unsafe conditions or
acts
– Cautions those who may be endangered by suspected,
known, unusual or developing hazards
– Reports any mishaps to your immediate supervisor
– Uses all PPE required to complete the task
Safety Council
Enlisted Safety Committee
PQS Question 101.2 Explain the functions
of the Safety Council and the Enlisted Safety
Committee.
Reference:
NAVEDTRA 14167
[ch. 1, pp. 1 thru 9]
Safety Council
Enlisted Safety Committee
•
•
Safety Council
– The Safety Council convenes quarterly to develop
recommendations for policy in safety matters and to analyze
progress of the overall safety program. The council consists of the
commanding officer or executive officer (chairperson), the unit
safety officer (recorder), and safety representatives from each
department.
Enlisted Safety Committee
– The Enlisted Safety Committee makes recommendations about the
command’s safety program to the Safety Council. The safety
committee convenes to exchange information; improve
communications; review conditions, mishaps, and injuries; and
suggest improvements. It makes written safety recommendations to
the Safety Council and the commanding officer. These meetings
convene monthly to enhance interdepartmental communication in
mishap prevention at division and work center levels.
MISHAP Investigation
PQS Question 101.3: Discuss the purpose of a
mishap investigation and who’s responsible for
conducting the investigation:
Reference: NAVEDTRA 14167
Chapter 4, p. 4-1
MISHAP Investigation
• The purpose of a mishap investigation is to determine the primary and
contributing causes of the mishap. From those causes we can then
plan corrective action to prevent a recurrence of the mishap. To limit
mishap losses, we must analyze the frequency of potential mishaps
and identify mishap causes. Investigation of mishaps is the
responsibility of all levels of supervision, from the first-line supervisor
to the commanding officer. Division officers, department heads, or
representatives appointed by the commanding officer usually
investigate serious injury or major property damage mishaps. Firstand second-line supervisors investigate non-disabling injury or minor
property damage mishaps.
Eye Protection
PQS Question 101.4 Explain when different types of eye
protection are required and where you can find the
standards for design, construction, testing and use:
Reference: OPNAVINST 5100.23G
Chapter 20, pp. 19-2 thru 20-2
Eye Protection
• All Navy activities that expose personnel to eye
hazards shall have a sight conservation program
with the following as a minimum:
• Identification and evaluation of eye hazard
• Prescription protective eye wear program
• Procurement and maintenance of safety glasses
• Training for employees
• Effective program enforcement
Eye Protection
•
•
Types of Eye Protection
– Goggles
– Safety glasses
– Permanent walls
– Temporary/moveable shields
– Signs must be posted in all eye hazard areas
Different types of eye protection and uses
– Safety goggles: protect from flying particles and dust
– Chemical goggles: Protect from splashing liquids, (acids, solvents, etc)
– Safety glasses: protect from flying particles (impact, debris)
– Welding glasses/goggles: Protect form Ultraviolet radiation (arc flash)
– Over-spectacle glasses (plano’s): Protect from flying particles and impact
worn over prescription glasses
Hearing Conservation
PQS Question 101.5: Discuss the Hearing
Conservation Program and when personnel
are required to be enrolled.
Reference: OPNAVINST 5100.23G
Chapter 18, pp. 18-1 thru 18-6
Hearing Conservation
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Intended to prevent hearing loss related to exposure to high noise levels
Noises greater than 84 dba and peak noises greater than 140 dba require
hearing protection. (ear plugs or ear muffs)
Noises greater than 104 dba require double hearing protection. (ear
plugs and muffs)
Personnel are enrolled in the Hearing Conservation Program when they
are exposed to noises greater than 84 dba for an 8-hour workweek.
Personnel enrolled in the program must have a baseline hearing test
(audiogram) and annual testing while in the program
When a person is removed from the program they must be tested for
documentation of hearing capability
Goal is to prevent occupational hearing loss and ensure auditory fitness
for duty in the military and civilian workforce
Hearing Conservation
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Meeting the goal
• Noise Measure and Analysis
• Survey work environments
• Engineering Control
• Reduction of noise at the source
• Hearing Protective devices
Single hearing protection is required when exposed to 84 dba or one time decibel
peaks of 140 dB or greater
Double hearing protection is required when exposed to steady decibel levels
exceeding 104 dB
Audiometer
Baseline completed at MEPS
Yearly testing on personnel exposed to 84db daily
Five years for personnel not exposed to 84 dB daily
Education
Every one will receive yearly training
Hearing Protection
PQS Question 101.6: Explain the different
types of hearing protection and when are they
required.
Reference: OPNAVINST 5100.23G
Chapter 18, pp 18-8 thru 18-9
Hearing Protection
• Insert type: Ear plugs, disposable foam or issued triple
flange.
• Circumaural type: Ear muffs
– Required for continuous noise levels greater than 84
dba and peak noise levels greater than 140 dba
• Combination: Ear plugs and ear muffs
– Required for continuous noise levels greater than
104 dba
PPE
PQS Question 101.7: Explain why it is necessary
to properly use and maintain Personal
Protective Equipment (PPE)
Reference: OPNAVINST 5100.23G
Chapter 20, p 20-1
PPE
• Maintenance and use of PPE
– Personnel Protective Equipment (PPE) should be maintained in
a condition that allows proper use of the equipment
– Scratched lenses, dirty, missing components, etc. can lessen
the effectiveness of the equipment and deter usage
• When PPE is not used properly people may be injured.
• Types of protection
– Head protection: protection from impact of falling and flying
objects
– Foot protection: protection of foot and toe from falling objects
such as construction material handling
– Eye protection: protection from flying particles or chips, and
splashing from liquids
PPE
– Hand protection: to protect fingers and hand from sharp objects.
Shock absorbing gloves for jack hammers
– Electrical protection: rubber protective equipment rated for
certain voltages for electrical workers
– Long sleeves: to protect arms from flying debris and sparks
– Life lines: protection from falling heights greater than 6’
– Aprons: protection from splashes or sparks at mid section
– Respiratory protection: protection from particles, fumes, mists,
dusts and vapors
Electrical Power Sources
PQS Question 101.8: State the purpose of
temporary electrical power sources and explain
source inspection and certification requirements
Reference: COMFIRSTNCDINST 5100.2B
Chapter 24 p 24-1
Electrical Power Sources
•
Types of Temporary Power:
– Generators, 5kw has to be grounded unless states as double insulated
otherwise on the generator
– Resistance level must be below 25 ohms to ground for normal set-up,
15 ohms in hazardous atmospheres and 5 ohms in explosive
atmospheres
– Existing power, checked for proper grounding
– Existing power pole, run through a spider box to reduce current. Must
also be grounded
– All temporary electrical power sources shall only be permitted during
emergencies, periods of construction, remodeling, repair to or
demolition of structures or similar activities
– All temporary sources shall be inspected, certified safe and tagged with
the inspector’s name, company, and date prior to the first uses.
Electrical Power Sources
•
– All sources shall be re-inspected every 14 days after initial inspection
and certified safe for continued use on the attached tag
– The inspection of temporary power sources shall also be kept in a
logbook. This log will contain the same information as the tag, plus it
will also contain the exact location of the tag (s).
– The primary purpose of the inspection is to ensure that proper
grounding is established and that this source can be utilized without
endangering the worker
Temporary electric power is defined as any electric power sources used for
construction, renovation, contingency, or emergency operations. Any
electric power source we use with hand tools and equipment is considered
“temporary power”.
– Temporary power sources are inspected to insure:
• Proper voltage
• Proper polarity
• Adequate ground
Electrical Power Sources
•
All generators must be grounded to earth with a minimum of 25 ohms
resistance or comply with the National Electric Code when 25 ohms or less
can not be achieved
Ground Fault Circuit
Interruption (GFCI)
PQS Question 101.9: Explain when Ground
Fault Circuit Interruption (GFCI) protection is
required
Reference: 29 CFR Part 1926, Subpart K, p 248
Ground Fault Circuit
Interruption (GFCI)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCI’s) are required to be used with all electric
hand tools (drills, saws, concrete vibrators, etc)
GFCI’s detect a change in the flow of electricity and interrupt the circuit before any
harm can be done to personnel. GFCI’s must trip at less than .5 milliampres
GFCI’s must be tested monthly to ensure proper function
GFCI’s must be plugged directly into to power source and all power drawn from
them.
All 120 colt, single phase 15 and 20 ampere receptacle outlets on construction sites
or shops shall have an approved class A, group I, GFCI unit with a trip level between
3 and 5 mili-amperes
Receptacles on two wire, single phase portable or vehicle mounted generators, rated
not more than 5 kw, where the circuit conductors of the generator are insulated form
the generator from a and all other grounding surfaces do not requires GFCI
protection
The CTR electrician shall ensure that all GFCI’s function correctly, are in good repair
and maintains a GFCI inspection log.
No repairs to GFCI are authorized
GCFI’s that are damaged or fail to function correctly will be returned to the
manufacturer for repair and/or replacement
Portable power systems
PQS Question 101.10: Explain the importance of
properly grounding portable electrical power
and distribution systems.
Reference: NAVEDTRA 14026
Chapter 3, p. 248
Portable power systems
•
•
•
•
•
All tools (electrical, power, hand, etc) will be inspected daily by the operator
prior to use. This includes PPE, extension cords, air hoses, hydraulic
components etc.
Any tool or equipment found defective or damaged must be removed from
service until repaired or replaced
Powder activated tools must be inspected monthly by a qualified technician
with inspection documented and maintained
The following tests hall be performed on cord sets, receptacle not part of
the permanent wiring of a building or structure, and cord and plug
connected equipment required to be grounded.
All equipment grounding conductors shall be tested for continuity and shall
be electrically continuous
Portable power systems
•
•
•
Each receptacle and attachment cap or plug shall be tested for correct
attachment of the equipment-grounding conductor. The equipment
grounding conductors shall be connected to its proper terminal
Required times of inspections
– Before the first use
– Before equipment is returned to service after any repair
– Before equipment is used after any incident which can be reasonably
suspected to have caused damage
– At intervals not to exceed on month
Equipment which has not met the requirements of this paragraph shall not
be issued for used and stored in CTR
Discuss Lockout/tag-out
PQS Question 101.11: Discuss lockout/tag-out
requirements for the following
- Program
- Procedures
Reference: COMFIRSTNCDINST 5100.2B, Ch 24, p 24-3
OPNAVINST 5100.23G, ch 24, p 24-2
Lockout/tag-out
•
•
•
•
•
•
All potential energy sources must be secured prior to working on equipment and
machinery
Locks and tags are installed to prevent accidental activation of the equipment or
energizing the power source while work is being performed
Damaged or unsafe equipment or machinery should be locked or tagged out of
service to prevent use until repairs are made
Only qualified personnel are authorized to perform lockout/tagout. The
lockout/tagout log is maintained in the Safety Office.
Required when you will be working on any items that will store energy as:
– Electrical equipment
– Hydraulic
– Steam
Lockout devices
– Locks
– Lockout device Tags
– Red tags (danger tags)
Confined Space
PQS Question 101.12: Define “Confined space”
and discuss the hazards associated with it.
Reference: OPNAVINST 5100.23G, ch 27, p 366
Confined Space
•Confined spaces are spaces with:
Limited access or egress (not equipped with regular doors or intended for frequent entry)
Poor to no ventilation
Potential to contain harmful gasses or vapors
Low or high oxygen concentration < 19.5% or > 23.5 %
•Hazards associated with confined spaces
Suffocation
Poisoning
Explosion
Electrocution
Entrapment
Typical injuries (cuts, abrasions, falling slipping, etc)
•Hazards
Oxygen Deficiency below 19.5 %
Flammable gases or materials
•Confined Space Program Manager
Only person who can certify a confined space entrance
Lists PPE required to enter a confined space
Constantly monitors work space during job
•Only Gas Free Engineers are authorized to certify a confined space for entry
•Once all personnel exit the space for any duration, the space must be re-certified
•All confined spaces with potential hazards require a permit for entry
Certify Confined Space
PQS Question 101.13: Explain who is authorized
to certify a “Confined Space” as safe for
entry/work.
Reference: OPNAVINST 5100.23G, ch 27, p 367
Certify Confined Space
• To render these spaces safe for entry by
personnel to perform work, a certified gas-free
engineer must conduct an inspection to ensure
safe working conditions
• A qualified gas-free engineer is the only
individual authorized to permit entry by
personnel
3 different respirators
PQS Question 101.14: Discuss the three basic
types of respirators and explain their use, care,
and selection
Reference: OPNAVINST 5100.23G, ch 15, p 192
3 different respirators
• Types of Respirators
– Supplied Air Respirator
• Used in oxygen deficient spaces or where hazardous gases
are present
– Self Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)
• Used in oxygen deficient spaces or where hazardous gases
are present. Usually when the workers will be on the move
– Air Purifying Respirators
• Used to clean the air you are breathing only. Cannot filter
out hazardous gases or provide oxygen to breathe.
Care, Cleaning & Storage
•
•
•
Care
– Inspected prior to each use.
– Cartridges shall be changed when they are no longer effective
– Disposable respirators shall be damaged to prevent further use prior to disposal
Cleaning
– Wipe after each use with alcohol swab
– Wash monthly with warm soapy water
– Maintenance
– Fixed by RPPM only
Storage
– Stored in dry, clean, labeled and air tight bag
– Stored laying flat
– Replacement criteria
• Filter replacement schedules will be determined by the RPPM.
Replacement depends on the filter type, type of chemical and exposure
level to the chemical, temperature, and humidity.
Selection
– Type of hazards you will be exposed to
– Permissible Exposure Limit as set by OSHA
– Threshold Limit Value as set by the American
Council of Government Industrial Hygienists
(ACGIH)
– MSDS sheet requirements
– NIOSH Chemical Guide handbook
– Industrial Hygienist department
recommendation
Use of Respirators
– Respirators are used in atmospheres
containing harmful fumes, vapors, and gases.
Additionally, may be used in atmospheres
without sufficient oxygen (supplied air and
SCBA)
– Respirators must be applicable to the
environments in which they are to be used.
Industrial Hygiene
PQS Question 101.15: Discuss the importance
of the Industrial Hygiene and Work Place
Monitoring Program
Reference: OPNAVINST 5100.23G, ch 8, p 126
Industrial Hygiene
•
•
•
•
•
Industrial Hygiene (IH) personnel recognized evaluates and makes
recommendations to control potential workplace hazards.
Assess potential health risks faced by Navy personnel
Establish and document historical records of exposure levels for Navy
personnel
Ensure and demonstrate compliance with NAVOSH exposure criteria
IH performs work place monitor provides:
– Descriptions of the operations, tasks and work practices which take
place in each workplace
– Lists of hazardous materials used in each work place
– Lists of the physical hazards, noise hazards, and sources of nonionizing radiation.
– Existing administrative controls, environmental controls and/or PPE
required in each shop
Industrial Hygiene
• IH workplace monitoring
– Conducted annually or when a change occurs
– Workplaces are monitored by the IH to determine levels of
exposure to hazards
– Workplaces should be re-evaluated annually to determine any
changes in hazard potential.
– Workplaces should be monitored when new equipment or
processes are introduced
Reporting Procedures
PQS Question 101.16: Discuss the basic
reporting procedures required when an
unsafe/unhealthful working condition report is
submitted
Reference: OPNAVINST 5100.23G, ch 10, p 143-144
Reporting Procedures
•
Reporting Procedures
– Report to the Chain of Command
– If Chain of Command does not resolve the problem, report to the
Safety Office.
– If you desire not to verbally report to the Safety Office, you may submit
a “Report of Unsafe/Unhealthy Working Conditions” OPNAV 5100/11.
– Once the Safety Office receives the report they have up to 72 hours to
investigate the situation.
– Alleged imminent danger situations will be investigated within 24 hours.
– The Safety Officer will reply in writing to the person submitting the
report within 10 working days.
Reporting Procedures
•
Unsafe/Unhealthful Working Conditions
– Normally conducted by the Safety Officer
• Detecting unsafe or unhealthy working conditions at the earliest possible
time, then making prompt corrections of those hazards at the lowest
possible level are essential to properly resolving unsafe or unhealthful
conditions.
• Investigation time limits
– 24 hours on IDLH, immediately dangerous to life and health
– 3 days for serious situations
– Health hazard are referred to Medical
• Response
– 10 working days to originator in writing
– List what is being done
– Who to appeal to findings to
• Appeals
– Copy of 5100/11
– Written response
– Letter stating why you are not happy with the response
Classes of Fire
PQS Question 101.17: Discuss the four general
classes of fires and what types of extinguishers
are used on each
Reference: 29 CFR Part 1925, Ch 18, p. 187
Classes of Fire
• Classes of fires
– Class A: Combustible materials such as wood, paper, clothing, etc
– Class B: Petroleum products, oil, gas, plastic, etc
– Class C: Electrical
– Class D: Metal (magnesium, phosphorous)
• Extinguishing methods
– Class A: Water, dry chemical
– Class B: Dry chemical, CO2, Foam
– Class C: Dry chemical, CO2, Halon
– Class D: No known extinguishing method, clear the area and let it
burn out
Types of Fire
•
Type of Fire
– Class A
• Fires in ordinary combustible materials such as wood, cloth, paper, rubber and
many plastics
• Use water, antifreeze, soda-acid, foam, aqueous film forming foam (AFFF),
loaded stream, multipurpose dry chemical and Halon type fire extinguishers
– Class B
• Fires in flammable liquids, oils, greases, tars, oil base paints, lacquers and
flammable gases
• Use Halon, CO2, dry chemical, foam and aqueous film forming foam (AFFF)
type fire extinguishers
– Class C
• Fires which involve energized electrical equipment where the electrical nonconductivity of the extinguishing media is of importance
• Use Halon, CO2 and dry chemical type fire extinguisher
– Class D
• Fires in combustible metals such as magnesium, titanium, zirconium, sodium,
lithium and potassium
• Use the fire extinguisher approved for each specific combustible metal hazard
Safety Stand-down
PQS Question 101.18: Discuss the purpose of a
safety stand-down
Reference: NAVEDTRA 14167, Ch 1, p. 13
Safety Stand-down
• Safety Stand-downs are to provide specific safety information and
training for specific hazards, evolutions, and activities
• Safety Stand-downs are usually before know potentially dangerous
times such as holiday seasons, prior to exercises, etc
• Additionally, Safety Stand-downs are scheduled after catastrophic
mishaps to prevent similar mishaps
• Provides a forum to release specific safety information or guidance to a
large audience
• Used to focus personnel on specific hazards of their jobs and work
conditions
• Re-enforces safety as the number one priority required in the
performance of their jobs
• Provides time for personnel to reflect on past and current work safety
practices and standards
Safety Stand-down
PQS Question 101.19: Discuss the concept of
ORM
Reference: OPNAVINST 3500.39B, encl 1, p. 1
ORM Concept
• ORM is a decision making process that enhances operational
capability. Naval Warfare Publication 1 states, "Risk management and
risk assessment are formal, essential tools of operational planning.
Sound decision making requires the use of these tools both in battle
and in training." ORM, described in enclosure (1), is a method for
identifying hazards, assessing risks and implementing controls to
reduce the risk associated with any operation.
Safety Stand-down
PQS Question 101.20: Explain the following as
they apply to ORM
- Identify Hazards
- Assessing Hazards
- Making risk decisions
- Implementing controls
- Supervising
Reference: OPNAVINST 3500.39B, encl 1, p. 2 thru 3
ORM
•
•
•
Identifying hazards
– Begin with an outline or chart of the major steps in the operation
(operational analysis). Next, conduct a Preliminary Hazard Analysis by
listing all of the hazards associated with each step in the operational
analysis along with possible causes for those hazards.
Assessing hazards
– For each hazard identified, determine the associated degree of risk in terms
of probability and severity. Although not required, the use of a matrix may
be helpful in assessing hazards described further in paragraph d).
Making risk decisions
– First, develop risk control options. Start with the most serious risk first and
select controls that will reduce the risk to a minimum consistent with mission
accomplishment. With selected controls in place, decide if the benefit of the
operation outweighs the risk. If risk outweighs benefit or if assistance is
required to implement controls, communicate with higher authority in the
chain of command.
ORM
•
•
Implementing controls
– The following measures can be used to eliminate hazards or reduce the degree of risk. These are
listed by order of preference:
• Administrative Controls - Controls that reduce risks through specific administrative actions,
such as:
– Providing suitable warnings, markings, placards, signs, and notices.
– Establishing written policies, programs instructions and standard operating procedures
(SOP).
– Training personnel to recognize hazards and take appropriate precautionary
measures.
– Limiting the exposure to a hazard (either by reducing the number of personnel/assets
or the length of time they are exposed).
• Engineering Controls - Controls that use engineering methods to reduce risks by design,
material selection or substitution when technically or economically feasible.
• Personal Protective Equipment - Serves as a barrier between personnel and a hazard. It
should be used when other controls do not reduce the hazard to an acceptable level.
Supervising
– Conduct follow-up evaluations of the controls to ensure they remain in place and have the desired
effect. Monitor for changes, which may require further ORM. Take corrective action when
necessary.
4 Principles of ORM
PQS Question 101.21: Discuss the four
principles of ORM
Reference: OPNAVINST 3500.39B, encl 1, p. 4
4 Principles
-
Identify Hazards
Assessing Hazards
Making risk decisions
Implementing controls
Supervising
•
•
•
•
Accept risk when benefits outweigh the cost
Accept no unnecessary risks
Anticipate and manage risk by planning
Make risk decisions at the right level
Hazard Severity
PQS Question 101.22: Define Hazard Severity
and Mishap Probability in relation to the Risk
Assessment Code
Reference: OPNAVINST 3500.39B, encl 1, pp. 5 thru 6
Hazard Severity
•
•
•
•
•
Hazard Severity. The hazard severity is an assessment of the worst reasonably
expected consequence, defined by degree of injury or occupational illness
which is likely to occur as a result of a hazard. The region or activities shall
assign hazard severity categories by Roman numeral according to the following
criteria:
(a) Category I - Catastrophic: The hazard may cause death.
(b) Category II - Critical: May cause severe injury or severe occupational illness.
(c) Category III - Marginal: May cause minor injury or minor occupational illness.
(d) Category IV - Negligible: Probably would not affect personnel safety or
health, but is, nevertheless, in violation of a Navy OSH standard.
Mishap Probability
•
•
•
•
•
Mishap Probability. The mishap probability is the probability that a hazard will
result in a mishap, based on an assessment of such factors as location,
exposure in terms of cycles or hours of operation and affected population. The
OSH office shall assign a letter to mishap probability according to the following
criteria:
(a) Subcategory A - Likely to occur immediately
(b) Subcategory B - Probably will occur in time
(c) Subcategory C - Possible to occur in time
(d) Subcategory D - Unlikely to occur.
RAC
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
RAC. The RAC is an expression of risk, which combines the elements of hazard severity
and mishap probability. Using the matrix shown below, the RAC is expressed as a single
Arabic number that can be used to help determine HA priorities.
Mishap Probability
Hazard Severity
A
B
C
D
– I
1
1
2
3
– II
1
2
3
4
– III
2
3
4
5
– IV
3
4
5
5
RAC
1 - Critical
2 - Serious
3 - Moderate
4 - Minor
5 – Negligible