I&ED Skeleton Notes




Industrialization & Economic Development
Economic Activities Review
 Primary Sector
 __________________________
 Secondary Sector
 Processing & __________________________
 Tertiary Sector
 __________________________, sales & exchanging goods
 Quaternary Sector
 Exchange of __________________________
 Quinary Sector
 High level __________________________-making & __________________________
Basic vs. Non-basic
 Basic industry – an industry critical to the health of an area’s __________________________.
 Generates revenue from __________________________the local area
 Nonbasic industry – Industries that sell their products primarily to
__________________________in the __________________________.
 Generates __________________________from within the community
 Money is circulated __________________________members of the community
 __________________________stores, __________________________, etc.
 Multiplier Effect
 For every worker in a __________________________industry, there are _____workers
in nonbasic industries
 1:2 or 1:3
Technology & Energy
 __________________________+ __________________________= factors for industry
 ________________________
 ________________________
 Industrial Revolution began in __________________________areas
 That had access to specific __________________________sources
 Factories (__________________________-production) were largely ______________________
 New __________________________& energy allowed expansion
Origins of Industrial Revolution
 Prior to the Industrial Revolution, we had the __________________________industry
 Manufacturing based in __________________________rather than in a
__________________________, commonly found prior to the Industrial Revolution.
 Northwest __________________________, mid-late __________________________
 __________________________ industry
 New technology (mechanical __________________________)
 More __________________________ = new __________________________
 New use for old energy
 __________________________ (factories built in rural areas new rivers & streams)
 __________________________ (replaced wood as the dominant energy source)
 __________________________Engine
 James Watt in 1769 (with help of toymaker & metal worker Matthew Boulton)
 Impacted many industries, including: __________________________, coal,
__________________________, __________________________, etc.





Link to __________________________
 One of the causes of __________________________shift to stage ________
 Contributing factor to __________________________growth
 New __________________________, more __________________________,
improved __________________________yield
Diffusion of the Industrial Revolution
 Industrial Revolution spread to __________________________& North
__________________________by the __________ century
 Moving those countries into stage ______ of the DTM
 Major Industrial Regions
 __________________________ (East & West), North __________________________&
__________________________Asia
 Each accounting for __________________________of total industrial output
 But not every part of the country is as __________________________
Europe
 Western
 U.K.: __________________________production
 Rhine-Ruhr Valley (Germany, Belgium, Netherlands): iron &
__________________________production (______ industrial area)
 Mid-Rhine (Germany, France): Steel, __________________________, chemical
production (______ industrial area)
 Po Basin (Northern Italy): __________________________
 NE Spain (Catalonia, esp. __________________________): Textile, automobiles
 Eastern
 Moscow: Fabrics, skilled __________________________
 St. Petersburg: __________________________
 Volga: Petroleum, __________________________gas
 __________________________: Mining, iron, steel
 Kuznetsk (Central Russia): __________________________, iron ore, steel
 Donetsk (E. Ukraine): Iron, steel
 Silesia (S. __________________________& N. Czech Republic): Steel
East Asia
 Japan: __________________________, ships, cameras, stereos, TVs
 1950s & 60s = low __________________________work
 Currently = very __________________________, high-quality _________________
 Two major regions
 __________________________-Yokohama
 __________________________-Kobe-__________________________
 China: __________________________, steel & many other products
 Many transnational organizations opened factories looking for
__________________________workers
 Three major regions
 Guangdong & __________________________
 Yangtze River valley (including __________________________)
 Gulf of Bo Hai (Tianjin to __________________________to Shenyang)
North America
 New England: Cotton textiles (__________ c.)
 Middle Atlantic: Financial, communication & entertainment industry (#1 largest U.S.
__________________________)




Mohawk Valley (Hudson River & Erie Canal): __________________________, food processing,
aluminum, paper & __________________________
 Pittsburgh-Lake Erie: __________________________ (19th c.)
 Western Great Lakes: Steel (now), __________________________
 S. California: Textile, furniture, food processing, __________________________
 SE Ontario: Steel, automobile, __________________________, paper, flour, textile & sugar
Automobiles
 Shift away from Michigan, Indiana, Ohio to __________________________Belt
 “__________________________Belt”
 More __________________________owned automobile construction plants
 Change from __________________________ownership dominance
 Why?
 Low cost labor in the __________________________ (fewer
__________________________); Right to __________________________states
 Increase in foreign owned plants to be closer to __________________________; avoid
__________________________
 North: High cost of labor, aging infrastructure, outsourcing =
__________________________
 South: lower state/local __________________________, cheap land, cheap & abundant
energy supplies, cost-efficient __________________________ (highway, rail)
Technology
 ________________________Valley (California) & Research Triangle (North _______________)
 __________________________capital
 Investors taking risks to develop new __________________________
(communications, robotics, data storage, programming, software, biotechnology)
 Labor
 Skilled __________________________, __________________________ educated
 Government
 Federal/state __________________________ for research, government support for
__________________________, communication & utility _______________________
 Agglomeration
 a process involving the __________________________or concentrating of people or
__________________________. The term often refers to
__________________________plants and businesses that benefit from close proximity
because they share __________________________-labor pools and
__________________________and financial amenities.
 __________________________cost advantages
 __________________________effects for business/personal services, labor
Energy & Technology Change
 New __________________________ new sources of __________________________ new
__________________________
 New sources of energy
 ___________________
 Solar
 Geothermal (heat from the __________________________)
 Biomass (using __________________________matter for fuel)
 Hydroelectric
 As countries become more developed, they transition through the
__________________________of the economy.



Immanuel Wallerstein
 World __________________________Theory
 Theory of a global __________________________, __________________________and
__________________________
 Economic & political
 Development occurred faster in global __________________________due to exposure to new
__________________________
 Core Periphery Model maps level of development
 __________________________countries (periphery) dependent on…
 __________________________countries (core)
 Still exists and can be spatially examined
Characteristics
 Core
 High __________________________per capita
 __________________________sector or above
 High __________________________rates
 Low __________________________
 __________________________-migration
 Gender __________________________
 ________________________
 ________________________
 Periphery
 Low __________________________per capita
 __________________________/__________________________sector
 Low __________________________rates
 High __________________________
 __________________________-migration
 Gender __________________________
 Not democratic
 __________________________/colonized
Examples
 Core
 Countries
 United States
 __________________________
 Belgium
 __________________________
 France
 __________________________
 Regions
 North __________________________
 __________________________Europe
 Periphery
 Countries
 __________________________
 Democratic Republic of __________________________
 Yemen
 North __________________________
 Afghanistan




Regions
 __________________________
Semiperiphery?
 __________________________theory called for core, periphery & semiperiphery
 Over time, the semiperiphery has __________________________, as the periphery has
__________________________
 Semiperiphery shares characteristics of both __________________________&
__________________________
 Countries: BRIC
 __________________________
 __________________________
 __________________________
 __________________________
 Others
 __________________________
 South __________________________
 __________________________
Exchanges
 Core
 From core to periphery
 Examples
 __________________________technology
 __________________________/loans
 Aid
 Technology
 __________________________culture
 __________________________Corporations
 Expensive __________________________
 Armies
 Military __________________________/arms
 Aid (e.g. __________________________supplies)
 Periphery
 From periphery to core
 Examples
 __________________________
 __________________________materials
 Cheap __________________________
 __________________________crops
 __________________________crops
 Disease
 __________________________
 Culture (e.g. __________________________)
Rostow’s Stages of Development
 1960
 Attempt to explain the stages that a country goes through as it moves from
LDC/__________________________to MDC/__________________________
 5 stages
 The __________________________society
 The __________________________for takeoff



 The __________________________
 The drive to __________________________
 The age of __________________________consumption
Problems with Rostow’s Model
 Developed in 1960s based on __________________________& __________________________
 Not applicable __________________________
 Ignores impact of __________________________on development (transportation,
__________________________) in LDCs
 Ignores __________________________differences that may affect development
 Ignores many outside __________________________to influence development
 War, __________________________, culture,
__________________________organizations __________________________geography
& climate, outside influences of __________________________
 Automatically connects advanced development with
__________________________consumption
 __________________________, in particular, dispute this
 More development can lead to more awareness about the dangers of mass consumption
 Does not account for __________________________
 Process by which companies move industrial jobs to other regions with cheaper
labor, leaving the newly deindustrialized region to switch to a service economy
and to work through a period of high unemployment.
Factors of Industrialization
 Many factors in where industrialization takes place
 Technology & energy
 Site Factors
 __________________________, labor, __________________________
 Capital – the monetary __________________that a business possesses.
 Must have access to __________________________
 Must have access to __________________________
 Site factors need to minimize __________________________costs
 Cheap __________________________, cheap __________________________,
cheap __________________________
 Situation factors
 Must be close to __________________________
 Physical geography
 Not all business can exist EVERYWHERE (__________________________)
Theories of Industrialization
 __________________________Theory
 A logical attempt to explain the locational pattern of an
__________________________activity and the manner in which its producing areas are
__________________________.
 __________________________
 Least-Cost Theory
 Model developed by Alfred __________________________according to which the
location of __________________________establishments is determined by the
__________________________of three critical expenses: labor, transportation, and
__________________________.
 Alfred Weber was a German economist, geographer, sociologist and theoretician of
culture who invented the __________________________Theory.




Varignon frame
 A system of weights and pulleys used by geographers to help determine optimum
location. For example, the weights might represent the relative cost of
__________________________particular goods to or from a particular location, to help
a firm decide the most cost effective site to locate a prospective
__________________________facility.
Least Cost Theory
 Must weigh the cost of transportation, labor & advantages of agglomeration
 Transportation
 Must account for transportation of __________________________materials &
__________________________product
 Based on weight
 Bulk-__________________________industry
 Finished product __________________________than
__________________________parts
 Locate close to __________________________
 __________________________
 Bulk-__________________________industry
 Finished product __________________________than input parts
 Locate close to __________________________
 __________________________ ________________________
Varignon frame
 Pierre Varignon
 French mathematician
 Locational triangle
 Balance the cost between the _________________& two ________________________
Economic Indicators
 Gross __________________________Product (GDP)
 Total value of goods & __________________________within the borders of a
__________________________during a specific time period, usually one year
 Per capita = Latin “__________________________;” average per __________________
 U.S GDP = $15.09 trillion; per capita = $__________________________
 China GDP= $7.3 trillion; per capita = $__________________________
 Gross National Income (GNI)
 Total value of __________plus net receipts of primary income from
__________________________ (calculated in much the same way as Gross
__________________________Product [GNP])
 The __________________________now uses GNI rather than GNP
 Net National Product
 Measure of all goods & services produced by a country during a specific time period,
usually one year, including production from its __________________________abroad,
minus loss of __________________________ (or degradation of natural
__________________________) as a result of __________________________
 __________________________Power Parity (PPP)
 Monetary measurement of development that takes into account what money buys in
__________________________countries
 Can be __________________________ (e.g. ox cart)
 U.S. GDP (PPP) = $__________________________trillion
 China GDP (PPP) = $__________________________trillion





Gini Coefficient
 A measure of income __________________________that varies from 0 to 1 (lower = greater
__________________________)
 “__________________________income” can be misleading if incomes are highly
__________________________
 __________________________– the entrenchment of the colonial order, such as
__________________________and __________________________, under a new guise.
Human Development Index (HDI)
 Measure of __________________________conducted by the UN in 1990
 Measures development in terms of __________________________ rather than money
 3 dimensions (four indicators)
 Health
 Life __________________________at birth
 Education (__________________________of two indices)
 __________________________years of schooling (at 25)
 __________________________years of schooling (at start of schooling)
 Living Standards
 __________________________ (NOT GDP)
HDI by Region
 MDCs
 __________________________: 0.96
 __________________________: 0.95
 __________________________: 0.93
 __________________________: 0.90
 __________________________: 0.73
 LDCs
 __________________________: 0.82
 __________________________Asia: 0.77
 __________________________Asia & __________________________: 0.74
 __________________________Asia: 0.73
 __________________________Asia: 0.70
 __________________________Asia: 0.61
 __________________________African: 0.51
Worldwide HDI Trends, 1970-2010
 The fastest progress has been in __________________________Asia and the Pacific, followed
by South Asia, then the Arab States.
 All but 3 of the 135 countries have a higher level of human development today than in 1970—
the exceptions are
 __________________________
 __________________________
 __________________________
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
 Established in 2000, deadline by __________________________
 _______ Goals (_______ targets & _________ indicators)
 Eradicate Extreme __________________________& __________________________
 Achieve Universal __________________________Education
 Promote ______________________Equality and Empower _______________________
 Reduce Child __________________________
 Improve __________________________Health




 Combat ________________________, _______________________, and other diseases
 Ensure __________________________Sustainability
 Develop a Global Partnership for __________________________
Other Development Indicators:
 __________________________-__________________________Ratios
 __________________________Rates
 __________________________per 10,000
 __________________________Beds per 10,000
 Percent __________________________
 Life __________________________
 __________________________Mortality
 __________________________Increase
 __________________________Rate
Brandt Line
 Also known as the __________________________divide
 Divides the more developed North (“_______________________,”
“______________________,” “____________________Countries,”
“____________________Developed Countries”) with the less developed South
(“____________________,” “____________________,” “_____________________Countries”)
 Major notes of division:
 Separates U.S. & __________________________
 All __________________________former Soviet republics are south of the Brandt line,
while __________________________and __________________________European
former republics are north
 __________________________& __________________________are “north” of the
Brandt line, though geographically that isn’t the case
 Some maps include South Korea as “__________________________” of the Brandt line,
while North Korea is “__________________________”
 Not always the case. In other cases the entire Korean peninsula is
__________________________of the Brandt line
Variations in Levels of Development
 Within a region
 Korean Peninsula: _______________________vs. __________________________Korea
 Europe: __________________________vs. __________________________
 Africa: Extreme __________________________& __________________________vs.
__________________________ (Sub-Saharan)
 Within a country
 Brazil
 __________________________, __________________________areas more
developed than interior
 Mexico
 __________________________areas more developed then southern
 China
 __________________________, __________________________areas more
developed than interior
Deindustrialization
 Deindustrialization – process by which companies move __________________________jobs to
other regions with cheaper labor, leaving the newly deindustrialized region to switch to a





__________________________economy and to work through a period of high
__________________________.
Examples:
 __________________________Belt
Effects:
 Shift to __________________________sector
 Improved __________________________
 High __________________________ (temporarily)
Part A.
A. Identify two reasons why businesses would choose to locate their call centers in small southern
towns.
 Low __________________________
 Low tax structures, tax __________________________
 Low land costs (__________________________factor)
 Low __________________________costs
 Large __________________________pool
 “Right to __________________________”
Part B.
B. Discuss three disadvantages in the use of call centers as a local economic developmental strategy
 Low wages
 Adds little to local _______________________(little _____________________income)
 Footloose Industry
 A general term for an industry that can be placed and located at
__________________________location without effect from facts such as
__________________________or __________________________.
 Not a __________________________contributor to local development
 Low __________________________effect
 Doesn’t provide goods, therefore little/no need for related ____________, supplies, etc.
 Limited labor required
 Highly __________________________, few jobs actually added
 Low skill level/part-time employment
 Basic in-house __________________________, limited upward
__________________________, limited __________________________
Maquiladoras
 Maquiladoras
 Factories built by U.S. companies in __________________________
 Close to the __________________________ (near major
__________________________/points of entry, ease/cost of
__________________________)
 Originally required to be within _______________miles of US/Mexico border
 Low-__________________________workers
 __________________________-owned factories
 Import __________________________/components (do not use
__________________________resources, beyond __________________________)
 Export __________________________goods
 Mutually beneficial
 Workers earn higher __________________________than they otherwise would
 Factories pay __________________________wages than they otherwise would
 Issue: outsourcing




A decision by a corporation to turn over much of the responsibility for production to a
__________________________.
 U.S. workers lose __________________________jobs with U.S. companies decide to
move factories to Mexico for __________________________labor
Newly Industrialized Country: Mexico
 Inexpensive labor (__________________________Division of __________________________)
 __________________________
 Weak environmental __________________________
 Tax incentives/No __________________________on imported goods
 Proximity to U.S. __________________________
 Expanding Mexican __________________________class
 U.S. shift to __________________________sector
 __________________________
 __________________________connections between U.S. & Mexico
 U.S. transportation networks
 Other NICs:
 __________________________
International Division of Labor
 International Division of Labor (a.k.a. __________________________division of labor): the
reorganization/relocation of economic activities from a __________________________to a
__________________________scale
 Features
 MDCs dependent on __________________________goods from LDCs
 Space-time __________________________leads to separation of
__________________________& __________________________
 Areas get competitive advantage by providing lower
__________________________costs (taxes, ____________________, regulations, etc.)
 __________________________of jobs
 __________________________/multinational corporations push to reduce costs to
increase __________________________
 Trade agreements (__________________________)
 __________________________teams coming from MDCs rather than local
Effect of IDoL
 U.S.
 __________________________
 __________________________
 Increase in __________________________retail positions (due to increasing demand of
__________________________products)
 __________________________migration (Rust Belt to Sun Belt)
 Decline in influence of __________________________
 Developing Countries
 More __________________________opportunities
 Improved __________________________equality as more women enter labor force
 Demand leads to __________________________labor (job opportunities discourage
further __________________________)
 Increase in “__________________________gap”
 Migration to __________________________areas
 __________________________/health problems
 Regional development (increased reg__________________________onal inequality)






EPZs

__________________________leads to culture change
__________________________processing zones (EPZs) – zones established by many countries
in the __________________________and semi-periphery where they offer favorable _______,
regulatory, and trade arrangements to attract ______________________trade and investment.
 Attempt to attract foreign business with favorable business climates
 __________________________are EPZs in Mexico
 Situated at/near the border
 Free of import __________________________
 Special Economic Zones are EPZs in __________________________
 Situated near major __________________________cities
National Development Strategies
 Self-__________________________
 __________________________Trade Approach
Self-Sufficiency
 Facts/Positives/Examples
 Spread __________________________across as many _________________as possible
 __________________________but fair
 Development more __________________________distributed
 Limits imports (limits __________________________)
 High __________________________
 __________________________on imports
 Example: __________________________& __________________________
 Most countries __________________________use self-sufficiency any more
 Problems
1. Protection of __________________________businesses
2. Need for large __________________________
International Trade Approach
 Facts/Positives/Examples
 Must identify __________________________economic assets
 Must produce better __________________________at lower
__________________________than other countries
 Examples
 Four Asian __________________________
 __________________________Peninsula countries
 Problems
1. Uneven __________________________distribution
2. Increased dependence on __________________________
3. Market __________________________
Four Asian Tigers
1. __________________________
2. __________________________
3. South __________________________
4. __________________________
 A.k.a. The Four Asian __________________________, The Four Little
__________________________, The __________________________of Four
 Pursued __________________________driven economic development in the
__________________________, which leveled off in the __________________________
 International Trade Approach






Emerging Tigers?
 __________________________
 __________________________
 Increasing __________________________& export levels are leading to rapid economic
development
Sustainable Development
 Development providing for the needs of the __________________________generation without
__________________________the options of future generations. Also the name given to the
emerging school of through in the 1990s.
 Main Ideas:
 Global __________________________change
 Environmental economics
 __________________________and development
 __________________________and development
 Real-world strategies
 Partnership with __________________________countries
 Environmental regulations
 __________________________conservation
 __________________________resources
 Loans to women & poor
 __________________________& children’s rights
 Appropriate __________________________
Gender & Development
 Gender __________________________Index (GDI)
 Gender __________________________Index
 Gender __________________________Measure (GEM)
Gender Development Index (GDI)
 Use the same indicators as the __________________________
 Compare the differences between __________________________and
__________________________
 Penalizes countries that have a large __________________________between the welfare of
men and women
Gender Inequality Index (GII)
 Health
 __________________________Mortality ratio
 Adolescent __________________________rate
 Empowerment
 Female & male population with at least __________________________education
 Female & male share of __________________________seats
 Labor Market
 Female & male __________________________force participation rate
Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)
 Measure to gauge how __________________________women are in improving their status
 Economic power
 Female __________________________as % of male income
 % of ______________________& _______________________jobs held by women
 Political power
 % of __________________________jobs held by women
 % of national __________________________that are women