Program Flowchart
Program
A program is a list of instructions for the computer to follow to accomplish the task of
processing data into information.
Program flowchart
This graphically present the detailed sequence of steps needed to solve a programming
problem.
Logic structure – three structures are used in program flowchart to write structured
programs.
1.
Sequence – one program statement follows another.
2.
selection – selection occurs when a decision must be made, if-then-else
structure
3.
Loop – this describes a process that may be repeated as long as condition
remains true. Do-while, do-until
Flowchart symbols
Start/ Stop
Terminator
Processing
Decision
Input/output
Connector
Mohammad Naiyer
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Program Flowchart
Languages
C
Java
HTML
DHTML
XHTML
XML
WML
description
Widely used programming Language
It runs with a variety of OS
HyperText Markup Language, is a
common formatting language to present
Web pages
Dynamic HTML and improves HTML by
including animations
Extended HTML
Extensible Markup Language
Wireless Markup Language
Language Generation
Programming languages are called Low level when they are closer to the language the
computer itself uses. The computer understands 0s and 1s.
Programming languages are called high level when they are close to the language human
use. – English

First Generation language
Machine language – data represented in 1s and 0s is said to be written in machine
language

Second Generation language
Assembly language – it uses mnemonics such as ADD that are automatically
converted to the appropriate sequence of 1s & 0s. Compared to machine
languages, assembly language is much easier for humans to understand and use.

Higher-level languages are more powerful than assembly language and allow the
programmer to work in a more English-like environment. Higher-level
programming languages are divided into three "generations," each more powerful
than the last:
 Third-generation languages
 Fourth-generation languages
 Fifth-generation languages

Third-generation languages (3GLs) are the first to use true English-like phrasing,
making them easier to use than previous languages. For example: FORTAN,C ,
COBOL, C++, BASIC, Java, Pascal, ActiveX
Fourth-generation languages (4GLs) are even easier to use than 3GLs. 4GLs may
use a text-based environment (like a 3GL) or may allow the programmer to work
in a visual environment, using graphical tools. The following languages are 4GLs:
Visual Basic (VB), VisualAge etc
Fifth-generation languages (5GLs) are an issue of debate in the programming
community – some programmers cannot agree that they even exist.These high-
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Mohammad Naiyer
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Program Flowchart
level languages would use artificial intelligence to create software, making 5GLs
extremely difficult to develop. Solve problems using constraints rather than
algorithms, used in Artificial Intelligence. For example Prolog
Compiler:
A compiler converts program written in high level languages to machine language.
Mohammad Naiyer
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