World History
Unit 3
An Age of Exchange and Encounter:
500 to A.D. 1500
Chapter 10
The Muslim World,
600 - 1250 A.D.
Section 1
The Rise of Islam
CHAPTER
10
The Muslim World,
600–1250
Time Line
762 Muslim capital
moves to Baghdad.
1000s Muslim scholars, who
preserved Greek medical works,
share them with Europeans.
600
1250
632 Muhammad
returns to Mecca after
making the Hijrah to
Medina.
800s Al-Khwarizmi
writes the first
algebra textbook.
1100s Muslim
literature
flourishes.
The Rise of Islam
•
•
•
•
Objectives
To describe Arabia and its people in the period
before the rise of Islam.
To explain how Muhammad became the Prophet
and how he began to unify the Arabian Peninsula
under Islam.
To identify the basic beliefs and practices of
Islam.
Vocabulary: Allah, Muhammad, Islam, Muslim,
Hijrah, Qur’an, mosque, hajj, Sunna, shari’a
Arabian Peninsula
Geography
– mostly desert
– agriculture in south; oasis
• deserts
– Bedouins
• clans
• 1st Arabian settlements
• core of Muslim armies
Trade
– trade between Byzantine and
Sasanid Empires
– Mecca
• Ka’aba - pilgrimage site
• caravan route
4:23
The Rise of Islam
Allah
– “the god” in Arabic
Muhammad
– 570 AD in Mecca
– married Khadijah
– revelations
• Islam
– “submission to the will of Allah”
• Muslim
– “one who has submitted”
• Hijrah
– migration to Yathrib in 622 AD
– Medina - “city of the prophet”
– umma
The Faith
4:44
Islam
Qur’an
– Islamic holy book
– true word of God in Arabic
Five Pillars - Muslim duties
1. Faith
- one god: last prophet
2. Prayer
- 5 times facing Mecca
3. Alms
- charity: religious tax
4. Fasting
- Ramadan
5. Pilgrimage
- hajj to Mecca
Islam
Islam
– no priests
– ulama - scholar class
Muhammad’s Mission
– receive the Qur’an from Allah
– apply it to life
– Sunna
• Muhammad’s example for living
a proper Muslim life
– shari’a
• system of Islamic law
• regulates all aspects of life
• same god as Christians and
Jews
• ancestry to Abraham
3:29
The Rise of Islam
Section
1
Assessment
1. Write at least three details about each of the
following categories: (1) events in the life of
Muhammad; (2) beliefs of Islam; and (3) sources of
authority.
Islam
Events in the Life of
Muhammad
divine revelations;
Hijrah to Medina;
Mecca captured
Beliefs of Islam
Sources of Authority
one God, Allah;
Five Pillars;
rules for personal life;
tolerance of Jews and Christians
Allah;
Qur’an;
Sunna
Chapter 10
The Muslim World,
600 - 1250 A.D.
Section 2
The Spread of Islam
The Spread of Islam
•
•
•
•
Objectives
To describe how Muhammad’s successors spread
Islam.
To list sources of conflict within the Umayyad
Muslim state.
To explain how Muslim lands were split among
rival groups.
Vocabulary: caliph, Umayyads, Shi’a, Sunni, Sufi,
Abbasids, al-Andalus, Fatimid
The Spread of Islam
Islamic Succession
Caliph
– ‘successor’ or ‘deputy’
– 1st four – “rightly guided”
•
Abu-Bakr
– Muhammad’s successor
• reigned in renegades
• upheld the sunna
Caliphate
– rule of Muhammad’s successors
Military Success
– faith of Muslim soldiers
• well disciplined; good command
– weakness of others
– religious intolerance
• No forced conversion
Internal Conflict
Assassination – 656 AD
– 3rd caliph Uthman
– civil war
• Ali chosen 4th caliph
– Assassinated – 661 AD
Umayyads – 661 – 750 AD
– hereditary succession
– capital to Damascus
– wealth
Split in Islam
– Sunni – followers of sunna
– Shi’a – party of Ali
– Sufi – poverty; devotion to
spiritual path
Abbasid Caliphate
al-Andalus
– Berber rule in southern Spain
• Jabal Tariq - Gibralter
Abbasids – 750 – 1258 AD
– Capital to Baghdad
– Elephant Diplomacy
• Charlemagne
• Fatimid Dynasty
– N. Africa independent state
• Ties: religion, language, trade
– dinar, sakks (checks)
• Cosmopolitan
– Very large cities
– Muslims, Christian, Jews
The Spread of Islam
Section
2
Assessment
1. For each group of rulers, identify the period of
their rule and at least two developments that
affected the growth or strength of Islam during that
period.
Rulers
Period of
Rule
Developments in Islam
Rightly Guided
Caliphs
632-661
Spread of Islam east and west,
tolerance of Jews and Christians
Umayyads
661-750
Split between Sunni and Shi’a,
development of Sufi movement
Abbasids
750-1258
Shift of capital to Baghdad,
growth of Muslim trade network
Chapter 10
The Muslim World,
600 - 1250 A.D.
Section 3
Muslim Achievement
Muslim Achievement
•
•
•
•
Objectives
To describe Muslim society during the Abbasid
caliphate.
To explain how Muslims worked to preserve
scientific learning.
To give examples of Muslim advances in the
sciences.
Vocabulary: House of Wisdom, calligraphy
Muslim Society
Abbasid Caliphate
– luxurious cities
• Damascus, Cairo, Cordoba
• Baghdad
– support for sciences
– preservation of knowledge
Class System
–
–
–
–
Muslim birth
converts
“protected people”
slaves
Women
– equal as believers
– men as managers
Muslim Scholarship
Preservation of Knowledge
– Roman decline
House of Wisdom
– library
– academy
– translation center
• Medicine
– Al-Rhazi’s Comprehensive Book
• Math
– Observation / experimentation
– Al-Khwarizmi – algebra (al-jabr)
– Optics
• Rays from object, not eyes
Islamic Literature
Qur’an
– standard for all literature
– Sufi poetry
• “The Thousand and One
Nights”
• Architecture
– greatest cultural blending
of the Muslim world
• Art
– calligraphy
• Art of beautiful handwriting
Muslim Achievement
Section
3
Assessment
1. The key elements of Muslim culture were
science and math, urban life, arts and literature,
and society. Write three aspects about each of
these elements.
Science and Math
House of Wisdom;
medical advances;
growth of math and
astronomy
Urban Life
Cities like Baghdad and
Córdoba; home to learning
centers; linked to other cities
by trade
Muslim Culture
Arts and Literature
No pictures of the prophet;
calligraphy as an art form;
poetry highly valued
Society
Four classes; protection of
women’s legal rights;
tolerance of other religions
and customs