The Civil War
1850-1865
Preparing for War Objectives
► Explain
how the ceded land of Mexico led to
debates in congress.
► Explain the Compromise of 1850 and the
Kansas-Nebraska Act.
► Describe the political views of John C.
Calhoun and Daniel Webster.
► Analyze the rise of Lincoln and the election
of 1860.
Slavery in the U.S.
► Existed
for more than 200 years
► At one time in every colony
► 1790 – 90% of slaves were in the south
► Missouri Compromise 1820 had banned
slavery in most of the new terr. in the north
► 1850 California applied for statehood –
balance was about to change
Controversy of New Land
►
►
►
The US added 500,000 sq miles of land
ceded by Mexico after the Mexican War
Would the new states that would form from
this land ban slavery or allow it?
Three distinct groups developed.
1. Some wanted the land to be free
2. Some wanted to allow slavery
3. Others wanted Popular sovereignty to rule
The Debate
► Senator
Henry Clay introduced a Compromise
in 1850, when California applied for statehood.
► Daniel Webster (Mass) for the compromise v.
John C. Calhoun (SC) against
► After the death of Calhoun and President
Taylor. The senate passed the Clay’s
Resolution.
Daniel Webster
► 1782-1852
► Senator
from Mass.
► Leading Whig during
Antebellum period
► Promoted Nationalism,
preserving the Union,
Abolition.
► Ran for President
three times.
John C. Calhoun
► 1782-1850
► Leading
politician from
South Carolina during
Antebellum
► Promoted States
rights, nullification, and
slavery
► Vice President under
JQ Adams and
Jackson
Compromise of 1850
►
The compromise was a relief, but each
side disliked certain aspects
1.
California would enter as a free state
Fugitive Slave Act was made much more
strict
Utah and New Mexico terr could decide for
themselves about slavery (popular
Sovereignty)
2.
3.
Henry Clay takes the floor in the Senate. Fillmore
presides while Calhoun and Webster look on.
Compromise of 1850
Harriet Beecher Stowe
► 1811-1896
► Wrote
“Uncle Toms Cabin” in
1852
► Depicted slave life as
horrible
► Reenergized Abolition in the
North and anger toward
South
Kansas-Nebraska Act
► Introduced
by Stephen Douglas (senator
from Illinois)
► Repealed Missouri Compromise allowing
popular sovereignty in Nebraska and
Kansas Terr.
► Many Abolitionist were outraged
► This was all over a railroad to the Pacific
Shifts in Politics
► Many
Northerners quit the Democratic Party
after many Southern Democrats supported
the Kansas-Nebraska Act
► The Whig party were also split over the
issue of slavery: Conscience Whigs v.
Cotton Whigs.
► After the deaths of Clay and Webster the
Whig party fell.
Republican Party Born
– Abolitionist, “Free Soilers”,
Conscience Whigs and Northern Democrats
joined forces and formed the Republican
Party
► The main goal of the Republican Party was
to defeat the Southern Democrats—
descended from Jackson, and get rid of
slavery
► One Whig who joined the party during this
time was a man by the name of Lincoln
► 1854
The “Know Nothings” revived
► Many
Republicans worked with the
American Party or “Know Nothings” to get
candidate elected.
► The Know Nothings were the Nativist Party
or Anti-Immigration
► Even though many Republicans didn’t agree
with the Know Nothings they wanted to
defeat the Jacksonian Democrats
Bleeding Kansas
► May,
1856 - Struggle over slavery erupted in
a civil war inside of Kansas
► By Sept 1856 – Federal Troops ended the
war.
► Fighting however, continued in the form of a
guerrilla warfare
► Deepened the split in Congress over
Slavery
Election of 1856
► Democratic
Party chose James Buchanan, a
former Senator from Penn.
► Republican Party chose John Fremont who
helped seize Cal. During Mexican War
► Buchanan won because of large number of
immigrants going against “Know Nothings”
and because some Republican were viewed
as extremist on issue of slavery (John Brown)
James Buchanan
►
►
►
►
►
1791-1868
15th President Dem.
Life long bachelor (possible
homosexual)
Buchanan's opinion was that
secession was illegal, but that
going to war to stop it was also
illegal; hence, he remained
inactive.
His handling of the crisis
preceding the Civil War has
led to his consistent ranking by
historians as one of the worst
Presidents, and frequently the
worst, in American history
Dred-Scott Decision
► A slave
Dred Scott sued for his freedom
► He lived on land that became free so he
said he should be free
► 1857 The supreme court ruled against Scott
stating the rights of property holders over
human rights
► The court also ruled that slaves could be
transported anywhere and remain slaves
► South happy/North angry
John Brown’s Raid
► Brown
wanted to take action to free slaves
and set up a free colony in Appalachian Mts.
► He led a raid on a US arsenal at Harpers
Ferry, Virginia.---He was finance by leading
abolitionist
► Robert E. Lee and the Marines surrounded
and captured Brown and executed him
► Many and the North praised what Brown
had done; Southern fears rose.
John Brown
►
►
►
►
1800-1859
led the Pottawatomie Massacre in
1856 in Bleeding Kansas and
made his name in the
unsuccessful raid at Harpers
Ferry in 1859
He was tried for treason against
the state of Virginia, the murder of
five proslavery Southerners, and
inciting a slave insurrection and
was subsequently hanged
Major figure in increasing tensions
in Civil War
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
►
The Lincoln–Douglas Debates of 1858 were a series
of seven debates between Abraham Lincoln, the
Republican candidate, and the incumbent Stephen A.
Douglas, a Democrat, for an Illinois seat in the United
States Senate
► After losing the election for Senator in Illinois, Lincoln
edited the texts of all the debates and had them
published in a book. The widespread coverage of the
original debates and the subsequent popularity of the
book led eventually to Lincoln's nomination for
President of the United States by the 1860 Republican
National Convention in Chicago.
Stephen A. Douglas
► 1813-1861
► Politician
Illinois
► Constructed the
Kansas-Nebraska Act
► Lost to Lincoln during
the election of 1860.
Abraham Lincoln
► 1809-1865
► Illinois
politician
► 16th President
► Preserved Union during Civil
War
► Emancipation Proclamation –
ending slavery
Election of 1860
1.
2.
3.
4.
Southern Democrats – John C. Breckenridge
(Pro Slavery)
Northern Democrats – Stephen Douglas
(Popular Sovereignty)
Republican – Abraham Lincoln (Anti-Slavery)
Constitutional Union Party – John Bell
(Senator Tenn.)
Election of 1860
– Lincoln v. Douglas
► South – Breckinridge v. Bell (Lincoln didn’t
even appear on the ballot in the south)
► Lincoln won the North, Bell and Breckinridge
split the south
► The split allowed Lincoln to win with less
than 40% of popular vote
► North
1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart?!
1860
Election
Results
New President
► Abraham
Lincoln is
elected President of
the Untied States.
During the election,
he had spoken out
strongly against the
spread of slavery
and hoped that one
day it would end.
Civil War Objectives
► Describe
the Union and Confederate goals
and strategies for the war.
► Explain the significant battles of the Civil
War.
► Analyze how the Emancipation
Proclamation affected the war and the US.
► Discuss why the Union was victorious.
Secession!
13 1860 – South Carolina Secedes – with
Declaration of Independence from US
► Many southern states followed example
► Nov.





Mississippi – Jan. 9 1861
Florida - Jan 10 1861
Alabama – Jan 11 1861
Georgia, Louisiana and Texas – Feb. 1 1861
Virginia, Tennesse, Arkansas, and N. Carolina
threatened to secede if Fed gov. tried to stop any
state.
Major Reasons for Succession
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Compromise of 1850
Uncle Toms Cabin (1852)
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858)
Raids of John Brown (1859)
Election of Lincoln as President (1860)
Forming the Confederacy
► Delegates
from seceded states met in
Montgomery, Alabama in Feb 1861
► Choose Jefferson Davis as President
► Drafted Constitution similar to Articles of
Confederation
► They named new Nation the Confederate
States of America (Confederacy)
Sectionalism
The Fall of Fort Sumter
Carolina - April 12, 1861 – first fighting
► Fort Sumter was controlled by Union. Davis
called on the fort to surrender, as many other
forts did in S. Carolina.
► Lincoln pledged to only send nonmilitary aid
► Jefferson decided to attack
► April 12, Confederate artillery began firing
► April 14, the US flag was replaced with a
Confederate flag
► S.
The war begins - the firing on
Fort Sumter
Fort Sumter
The first States secede
Rush to War
► In
response to the fall of Fort Sumter, Lincoln
called for 75,000 volunteers to serve for 90
days to put down rebellion
► Forced other southern states to secede
including Arkansas
► Border states – Delaware, Kentucky,
Maryland, and Missouri (both sides fought)
Strategies
► North
 Developed by
General Winfield
Scott
 Blockade South’s
Ports
 Ships down Miss.
River to divide
Confederacy
 Many disapproved of
plan—taking too long
► South
 Cotton Diplomacy – to
convince France and
Britain to help
 Defensive Strategy
Advantages
► North
 Double the
population
 Double the
railroads
 Five times as
many factories
► South
 Better leaders
 Defending is
easier than
attacking
 Fighting for their
cause (passion)
Confederate
Union
Major Battles
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
First Battle of Bull Run 1861 Manassas,
Virginia Confederate Victory
Shiloh 1862 Tennessee Union Victory
Second Battle of Bull Run 1862 Virginia
Confederate Victory
Antietam 1862 Maryland Union Victory
Vicksburg 1863 Mississippi Union Victory
Gettysburg 1863 Pennsylvania Union
Victory
Petersburg 1864-1865 Petersburg, Virginia
Union Victory
Civil War Technology
http://www.old-picture.com/civil-war/Artillery-Civil-War-001.htm
Telegraph
http://w1tp.com/perkcol.htm
http://www.sonofthesouth.net/leefoundation/civil-war/1863/january/telegraph.htm
Telegraph wagon
http://www.civilwarhome.com/telegraph.htm
Railroads
http://updatecenter.britannica.com/art?assemblyId=8341&type=A
http://www.old-picture.com/civil-war/Soldiers-railroad-cannon-small.htm
•http://faculty.umf.maine.edu/~walters/web%20103/outline%2014%20umf%20103_06.htm
http://www.anselm.edu/academic/history/hdubrulle/WarandRevolution
Rifled musket
http://www.marstar.ca/gf-armisport/ArmiSport-Civil-War-US-rifles.shtm
Accuracy of
Smoothbore Muskets vs. Rifle-muskets
Distance
from Target
Smoothbore Shots Rifle Shots that
that Hit Target
Hit Target
100 yards
74.5%
94.5%
200 yards
42.5%
80%
300 yards
16%
55%
400 yards
4.5%
52.5%
http://www.littlestregular.com/blog/2007_02_01_archive.html
Rifled Cannon
The Whitworth designed cannon could fire a shell over 6 miles.
http://www.andrewspages.dial.pipex.com
Repeating rifles
http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/gabrmetz/gabr001b.htm
Hand grenades/rockets
http://grenadelauncher.com/
Ironclads/gunboats
http://www.flickr.com/photos/
Iron clad (plated) boats
Submarines
http://news.webshots.com/photo/1195793651015913979KyvkEV
http://www.sonofthesouth.net/leefoundation/civil-war/1861/november/submarine.htm
Balloons
http://www.sonofthesouth.net/leefoundation/civil-war/1861/october/civil-war-balloons.htm
http://www.old-picture.com/civil-war/Professor-military-Virginia-balloon.htm
http://www.kidport.com/RefLib/UsaHistory/CivilWar/Communication.htm
Photography
http://howardlanham.tripod.com/photography.html
http://www.flickr.com/photos/canfielddave/931936429/
http://wigwags.wordpress.com/the-artists/
http://www.rbhayes.org/hayes/civilwar/display.asp?id=362&subj=civilwar
http://www.littlestregular.com/blog/labels/civil%20war%20photographs.html
http://www.sonofthesouth.net/leefoundation/antietam-dead.htm
Embalming
http://www.old-picture.com/civil-war/Embalming.htm
Emancipation Proclamation
1, 1863 – Freed slaves in all areas in
rebellion to the Union.
► Lincoln hoped this would weaken south
► Mixed reactions
► Abolitionist were angered it didn’t free all
slaves
► Some in north were scared about competition
for jobs
► Encouraged emancipated slaves to join war
► Jan
It freed the
slaves only in
states that have
seceded from the
Union.
It did not free
slaves in border
states.
African Americans the Military
►After
William Carney
the Emancipation
Proclamation blacks
began to join the Union
Army
►Initially they were only
used for manual labor
►Eventually, Blacks saw
live combat
►54th regiment out of
Massachusetts
African Americans in the Civil War
► About
10 % of the Union
forces were made up of
African Americans after
the Emancipation
Proclamation
► Their valor on the field of
battle proved their worth.
Clara Barton
► teacher,
nurse and
humanitarian
► Organized “Red Cross”
during the Civil War to
distribute supplies to
wounded soldiers
Battle of Bull Run
► General
Thomas Jackson stopped Union
advance – “Stone Wall Jackson”
► Union troops began to fall back
► Ended hopes for a quick victory for the
Union
Military historians consider
Jackson to be one of the
most gifted tactical
commanders in United
States history. He excelled
at the First Battle of Bull
Run (where he received
his famous nickname
"Stonewall"), Second Bull
Run, Antietam, and
Fredericksburg.
Battle of Antietam
1862 – 70,000 Union v. 40,000 Con.
► Maryland
► Bloodiest single day battle of the Civil War
and in American History
► 23,000 Union and Confederacy died
► Union Victory
► Sept.
Confederate Dead
Battle of Gettysburg
Penn – June 24, 1863
► Three day campaign
► Confederates push back Union troops at first,
but overextend
► Union troops eventually win the battle
► Confederate – 28,000 KIA
► Union – 23,000
► Lincoln Address – create cemetery and
remind country why we are fighting
► Gettysburg,
Gettysburg – turning point
►Gettysburg
is the largest battle in the
history of the Western hemisphere.
►Over 100, 000 people died in 3 days.
►It was the last time the South invaded
the North.
Gettysburg
Address - 1863
Gettysburg Address
► That
from these honored dead we take
increased devotion to that cause for
which they gave the last full measure of
devotion -- that we here highly resolve
that these dead shall not have died in
vain -- that this nation, under God, shall
have a new birth of freedom -- and that
government of the people, by the people,
for the people, shall not perish from the
earth.
Abe Lincoln
General William Sherman (Union)
► Invaded
Georgia and captured Atlanta 1864
► Sherman began is famous “march” to the
Atlantic Ocean
► Slaughtering/burning a 50 mile wide across
the heart of Georgia
► Captured Savannah and entered South
Carolina, then headed North
► Reinforced Grant in Richmond, Virginia
General William Sherman
Fall of Richmond
► Richmond,
Virginia
► Grants army attacks from the North
► Sherman’s army attacks from the South
► Confederates flee city as Union troops
enters
► Grant blocked Lee’s escape
► Lee surrenders at Appomattox Court House,
Virginia. April 1865
Over 618,000 military deaths during Civil War.
After four bloody years of civil war,
the South was defeated.
Lee surrendering to Grant at
APPOMATTOX COURT HOUSE
April, 1865
Causes/Effects of Civil War
► Causes
 Conflicts over
Slavery
 Lincolns Election
 Secession of South
 Attack on Fort
Sumter
► Effects
 End of Slavery
 More than 600,000
deaths
 Physical and
economic
devastation of the
South