AUDIO-VISUAL MEDIA
Video motion
AV Media

Audiovisual
education
or
multimedia-based
education
(MBE) is instruction where
particular attention is paid to the
audio and visual presentation of
the material with the goal of
improving comprehension and
retention.

The success of creating a video
is when viewers are able to
grasp the information the video
author tries to convey. This is
also true when students are
able
to
understand
the
particular content of lesson
through the use of motion
media.
Content
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Television
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Broadcast Transmission
Satellite Transmission
Microwave Relay Station
Cable Transmission
Closed-Circuit Television
Film
Video
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8mm Video Formats
Beta Format
DV Video
DVD Video Format
HDTV
LaserDisc Video Format
M Format
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Video
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8mm Video Formats
Beta Format
DV Video
DVD Video Format
HDTV
LaserDisc Video Format
M Format
VHS Format
Material eXchange Format (MFX)
QuickTime
Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG)
Flash Video Format
RealPlayer
Windows Media Video
DIVX
Television
Television is a widely used telecommunication medium
for transmitting and receiving moving images. It may
specifically refer to television set, television programs
or television transmission. Television set now is
frequently being used for viewing recorded material
from video cassettes, laser discs, DVS discs and Bluray discs. If a television set do not provide for tuning
and broadcast signals, and its purpose is just a
display device, then it is not called a television. It is
just a monitor instead.
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Broadcast Transmission
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Satellite Transmission
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Satellite television is television delivered by the means of communications
satellite and received by a satellite dish and set-top box
Microwave Relay Station
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It is a transmission of powerful electromagnetic waves through the air.
Microwave relay stations are tall towers that receive television signals,
amplify them, and retransmit them as a microwave signal to the next relay
station.
Closed-Circuit Television
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CCTV refers to transmission of television images directly from a camera to a
nearby television display by means of a cable
Five Types of delivery system for television
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Cable Transmission
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Cable television uses a mater antenna that receives the signal then
redistributed to areas by coaxial cable or, more recently, by fiber-optic cable
Television for Instruction
• There are television programs
carried on public TV such as
documentaries, dramas, news
public affairs features, musical
performances, science programs,
etc. that can be used as an add
on to instruction. There are also
programs that are customized to
meet specific objects in a
curriculum.
• Cable and
satellite TV programs can also aid
instruction
and
be
more
advantageous
than
public
broadcasts due to availability of
multiple
channels
offering
specialized programs such as
Animal Planet, ESPN, or Music
Channels. They can also provide
flexibility since there are several
programs repeated at different
hours that allow teachers to match
their classroom schedules.
Film
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Film refers to the celluloid material
on which a series of still images
are
chemically
imprinted.
Traditionally films are made up of
a series of individual images
called frames. When these images
are shown rapidly in succession, a
viewer has the illusion that motion
is occurring.
Film
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Today
film
encompasses
individual motion pictures, the
field of film as an art form,
and the motion picture
industry. Films are produced
by recording images from the
world with cameras, or by
creating
images
using
animation
techniques
or
special effects.
Film formats typically depends
on its size. Common film
sizes are the following:
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35mm 4-perf
35mm 8-perf
65mm 5-perf
65mm 10-perf
65mm 15-perf (IMAX)
The figure below illustrates common film formats showing the
name, width, scale, and perforations
Aspect Ratio Test
(Should appear
circular)
4x3
16x9
Video
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Video refers to several storage
formats for moving eye pictures:
digital video formats, including
DVD, QuickTime, and MPEG-4;
and analog ideotapes, including
VHS and Betamax format that
employs a cathode-ray screen
to display moving images.
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Video can be recorded and
transmitted in various physical
media: in magnetic tape when
recorded as PAL or NTSC
electric signals by video
cameras, or in MPEG-4 or DV
digital media when recorded
by digital cameras.
Video formats
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8mm Video Formats
Beta Format
Digital Video
DVD Video Format
HDTV
LaserDisc Video Format
M Format (Matsushita Format)
Windows Media Video
Xvid
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VHS Format
MXF Format (Material
eXchange Format)
QuickTime
Moving Picture Experts Group
Flash Video Format
RealPlayer
DIVX
H.264
Tips in Shooting Videos
1.
2.
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9.
Use manual focus if your camcorder has it.
Set white balance at every location.
When shooting outdoors, keep the sun behind
you.
Plan your shoot.
Use a tripod or other image stabilization
device.
For handheld stability, imagine that your
camcorder is a very full cup of hot coffee.
Use the zoom to compose your shot. Avoid
zooming while the tape is rolling.
Move the camcorder only when necessary.
Shoot to edit.
10.
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16.
Keep your average shot length between 5 and 10
seconds.
Keep the shot steady (no zoom or pan) for at least 10
seconds.
While shooting, be as inconspicuous as possible to best
capture the true behavior of your subject.
Make sure there’s adequate lighting when recording
digital movies
Shoot close-ups because the video will be viewed in a
small window on the computer
Experiment with different compression options to obtain
the best quality at the smallest file size
Check copyright restrictions on video segments, specially
for material that will be used outside the classroom
Advantages of Motion Media
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Manipulation of Space –events in microcosm and
macrocosm
Motion media allows us to witness a phenomenon at
an extremely close range or from a vast distance.
Events in a microspic level such as unicellular
organisms’ reproduction or celestial events at macro
scale can be viewed and reviewed when possible.
Alteration of Time- slowing down, reversing, or
stopping time
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Motion media permits us to move through space
in an altered time. It allows us to move through
time at a faster rate like a video of a human
development. Such event would take several
years to follow at normal space and time
Compression of Time. In motion media a subject
is captured at a rate much slower than it will be
played back. This refers to Time-lapse
photography that when replayed at normal
speed, time appears to be moving faster and
thus lapsing.
Advantages of Motion Media
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Processes that would normally appear subtle to
the human eye, such as the motion of the sun
and stars in the sky, become very pronounced.
Time-lapse is the extreme version of the
cinematography technique of undercranking,
and can be confused with stop motion
animation.
Some classic subjects of timelapse photography
include:
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cloudscapes and celestial motion
plants growing and flowers opening
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fruit rotting
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evolution of a construction project
people in the city
Expansion of Time. This is an effect in film-making
whereby time appears to be slowed down known
as Slow motion or slowmo. It was invented by
Austrian August Musger. Typically this style is
achieved when each film frame is captured at a
rate much faster than it will be played back. When
replayed at normal speed, time appears to be
moving more slowly.
Slow motion is ubiquitous in modern filmmaking. It is
used by diverse directors to achieve diverse
effects. Some classic subjects of slow motion include:
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Athletic activities of all kinds, to demonstrate skill and style.
To recapture a key moment in an athletic game, typically
shown as a replay.
Natural phenomena, such as a drop of water hitting a
glass.
Advantages of Motion Media
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Animation
Animation is a technique in which the filmmaker
gives motion to otherwise inanimate objects. Time
and space can be manipulated by animation.
Actualization of concepts are simplified and made
easy through animation especially when real
subjects that cannot possibly be taken.
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Safe observation
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Skill observation and learning
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Dramatization
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Affective Learning
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Problem Solving
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Cultural Understanding
Limitations of Motion Media
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Fixed Pace
Motion media runs at a fixed pace although it
can be stopped during discussion. In a video
viewing for a class students may not be able
to follow through on segments they are unable
to understand.
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Still Phenomena
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There are just some objects
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Misinterpretation
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Cost
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Logistics
Utilizing Motion Media for Instruction
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Motion media in the classroom can be
very advantageous if properly used.
Below are steps that will help attain
instructional objectives through motion
media:
1.
Conduct preview
Watch the motion media you are to utilize for instruction
first before using it in the classroom. This would help you
identify which part of the motion media you are to show
and allows you to prepare activities for your students
after the viewing.
2.
Prepare environment
Prepare the environment where you are to conduct the
viewing. Check the equipments to be used, the tapes or
discs if they are in proper condition. Check the lighting
and ventilation including the seating arrangements. All this
will help you avoid delays as some motion media may
take longer viewing time.
Utilizing Motion Media for Instruction
3.
4.
Prepare audience
Prior to showing of motion media, prepare
your students by giving them a brief
overview of what they will be watching and
informing them what is expected of them
after watching the movie. You may ask
students to do some prework activities such
as conducting a background check or
research on the history of the subject matter
at hand when necessary. You may also tell
them what they should take notice of and or
give them guide questions to follow.
Present the material
Present the material. Remind students
regarding the rules to follow while viewing.
Make sure students are paying attention and
you are observing strictly the schedule.
Require learner participation
Right after the viewing session, conduct
follow-up activities to ensure students
learn from the material and to clarify
any misinterpretations. Do not leave any
lesson topic in hanging in midair.
6.
Evaluate
Evaluate if the motion media shown is
able to achieve its purpose of helping
attain instructional objectives. Otherwise
another instructional media may be used
or further discussion by the teacher is
needed.
5.
Zalsos, Elmer Lyle V.