Name the three major nutrient
groups and state why we need each
Define metabolic
rate
State three things that affect
metabolic rate:
Why does a person become
malnourished?
Give two signs of
malnourishment.
BMI = mass in kg
(height in m)2
Underweight <18
Normal 19-24
Overweight 25 - 29
Obese >30
What two nutrients do we
need in small amounts to
maintain good health.
What must a person do to stay
healthy?
Name two factors that
influence blood
cholesterol levels.
How does a person lose mass?
Why do people need different amounts of
energy in their diet?
.
Name
Mr X
Mass (kg)
70
Height (m)
1.90
BMI
19.4
Miss P
65
1.43
31.8
Mrs Q
54
1.74
17.8
Name a source of:
Saturated fat:
Unsaturated fat:
Slimming
method
Weightwatchers
Slim fast shakes
Rosemary
Connelly diet
and exercise
class
Atkins diet
Use the information on the left
to work out the BMI for the
following people. What dietary
and medical advice would you give
to each?
Advantages
Advice
Complete the table to
evaluate slimming
products and
programmes
Disadvantages
Name the three major nutrient
groups and state why we need each
•Carbohydrate – energy source
•Fat – energy, make hormones,
insulation
•Protein – build new cells
Define metabolic
rate
is the rate at which all
the chemical reactions
in the cells of the body
are carried out.
BMI = mass in kg
(height in m)2
Underweight <18
Normal 19-24
Overweight 25 - 29
Obese >30
What two nutrients do we
need in small amounts to
maintain good health.
Vitamins
Minerals
What must a person do to stay
healthy?
Eat a balanced diet and take
regular exercise
State three things that affect
metabolic rate:
•Activity Levels
•The ratio of fat to muscle in the body
•Genes (inherited factors)
Name two factors that
influence blood
cholesterol levels.
Diet
Genes
How does a person lose mass?
Eat less fat or carbohydrate so you take in less energy and/or
do more exercise so that you are using more energy
Why do people need different amounts of
energy in their diet?
Different people have different metabolic
rates.
Muscle needs more energy than fatty
tissue so muscular people have a higher
metabolic rate.
Men have a higher rate than women.
If you are more active or have a more
active job the amount of energy required
varies.
.
Why does a person become
malnourished?
Their diet is not balanced
Give two signs of
malnourishment.
Overweight / underweight
Deficiency disesase
Use the information on the left
to work out the BMI for the
following people. What dietary
and medical advice would you give
to each?
Name
Mr X
Mass (kg)
70
Height (m)
1.90
BMI
19.4
Advice
Healthy
Miss P
65
1.43
31.8
Obese –eat less fat and
sugar; exercise more
Mrs Q
54
1.74
17.8
Underweight – increase
calorie intake
Name a source of:
Saturated fat: Meat, dairy, eggs
Unsaturated fat: olive oil, peanuts, corn
oil, sunflower oil, oily fish, margarine
Complete the table to
evaluate slimming
products and
programmes
Slimming
method
Weightwatchers
Advantages
Disadvantages
Easy to follow
Counting points
Slim fast shakes
Convienient
May get boring and no be as filling
Promotes healthy eating and
exercise
Expensive
Rosemary
Connelly diet
and exercise
class
Atkins diet
Cheap and effective
Does not promote a balanced or
healthy diet
What is a pathogen?
Explain how vaccination works:
How can the following drugs be
used to treat disease?
Painkillers
Explain how the following make you ill:
Bacteria
Antibiotics
Viruses
What 3 diseases
does MMR vaccine
protect from?
Why can’t antibiotics be used
to kill viruses?
Explain how white blood cells protect
you from disease.
Why is overuse of antibiotics a problem?
How does the body prevent
pathogens from entering?
How can we reduce this problem?
Explain how antibiotic resistance
develops in bacteria.
What is a mutation?
Why is mutation in pathogens
problematic?
What is a sterile culture.
Give 2 reasons it is important to keep
cultures sterile. .
What temperature should
we incubate cultures at in
school and why? How does
this compare to industry?
List 4 precautions you must take when carrying out
aseptic technique to grow a sterile culture (H pg 18)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Outline the experiments carried out by Ignaz
Semmelweiss and explain the contribution of these to
modern medicine.
What is a pathogen?
Microoganism that causes disease.
Explain how the following make you ill:
Bacteria Reproduce rapidly and
produce toxins
Viruses reproduce inside e cells and
damage them
Explain how white blood cells protect
you from disease.
• Ingest pathogens (phagocytosis)
• Produce antibodies – destroy
specific bacteria or viruses
• Produce antitoxins – neutralise
toxins released by pathogens
Explain how antibiotic resistance
develops in bacteria.
Bacteria mutate by chance
Bacteria with mutation not killed by
antibiotic
These cells can survive to reproduce
And pass the gene for resistance to
their offspring – population of
resistant bacteria increases
What is a sterile culture.
Culture of only one type of microorganism.
Give 2 reasons it is important to keep
cultures sterile. .
Other microbes would use up food
resources
Other microbes may produce dangerous
toxins
Explain how vaccination works:
•Small amount of dead or inactive pathogen injected
•Stimulates memory cells to form
•Next time pathogen enters body white blood cells make
antibodies faster and in greater numbers
What 3 diseases
does MMR vaccine
protect from?
Measles
Mumps
Rubella
Why is overuse of antibiotics a problem?
Selects for antibiotic resistant bacteria to survive.
These are hard to treat.
How can we reduce this problem?
Do not use antibiotics for minor infections
Reduce use in agriculture
What is a mutation?
Change in a gene
Why is mutation in pathogens
problematic?
Creates new strains that
people have no immunity to or
are resistant to antibiotics
What temperature should
we incubate cultures at in
school and why? How does
this compare to industry?
25oC – to prevent growth of
human pathogens.
Industry higher – faster
growth rate.
How can the following drugs be
used to treat disease?
Painkillers relieve symptoms (don’t
kill pathogen)
Antibiotics Kill bacteria
Why can’t antibiotics be used
to kill viruses?
Viruses replicate inside human
cells so the antibiotic can’t
reach them or would kill the
human cell.
How does the body prevent
pathogens from entering?
Skin is a barrier .
Platelets prevent microbe
entering through cuts.
Hairs and mucus capture
microorganisms.
List 4 precautions you must take when carrying out
aseptic technique to grow a sterile cuture
1. Sterilise petri dish and culture medium before use
2. Sterilise innoculating loop by passing through a flame
3. Tape lid to prevent contamination from air
4. Work near a flame
Outline the experiments carried out by Ignaz
Semmelweiss and explain the contribution of these to
modern medicine.
Noted death rates on maternity wards much lower when
midwives delivered compared to doctors - realised
doctors were transferring disease from surgery
Encouraged use of chloride of lime to wash hands and kill
bacteria - Death rates drastically fell
Shows importance of handwashing to prevent spread of
infection
What is the function of the human nervous
system?
Internal
condition
Water
Organs involved in
controlling condition
What is a hormone?
Ion
content
What do the receptor cells in the
following organs respond to?
Eyes:
Ears:
Tongue:
Nose:
Skin:
Why do we control:
Temperature?
Blood glucose?
Hormone
Describe a simple reflex action
1.
2.
How do oral contraceptives
work?
3.
Problems with early ‘pills’:
4.
Advantages of progesterone only
pills :
FSH
Site of
production
function
LH
Oestrogen
5.
Outline the key concepts behind IVF:
Explain how plant hormones can be used as
Weedkiller?
Rooting hormones :
Advantages
Contraceptive
pill
IVF
Disadvantages
How do auxins control growth
of plant shoots in response to
light or gravity?
Part of
plant
Shoot
Stimulus
Root
Water
Gravity
Light
Gravity
Response
What is the function of the human nervous
system?
•To detect changes in the environment
•To co-ordinate and control responses
Internal
condition
Water
Organs involved in
controlling condition
Lungs (breath); Skin
(Sweat); Kidneys (urine)
Ion
content
Skin (sweat)
Kidneys (urine)
What do the receptor cells in the
following organs respond to?
Eyes: light
Ears: sound; changes in position
Tongue: taste
Nose: smell
Skin: touch, temperature, pressure, pain
Describe a simple reflex action
1. Named receptor detecst the stimulus
2.Electircal impulse travels along sensory
neurone to central nervous system
3.Chemicals diffuse across a synapse to
relay neurone
4. Chemicals diffuse across synapse to
motor neurone
5. Impulse reaches effector which responds
by contracting if it is a muscle or secreting
a substance if it is a gland
What is a hormone?
•Chemical substance secreted by a gland
•Transported in the blood to a target
cell or organ where it controls body
functions
Why do we control:
Temperature? So enzymes can work
efficiently
Blood glucose? To maintain a constant
supply of energy
Hormone
How do oral contraceptives
work? They contain oestrogen to
stop production of FSH and
progesterone to maintain uterus
liningProblems with early ‘pills’:
High dose or oestrogen =side
effects
Progesterone only pills : less side
effects but less effective
FSH
Site of
production
Pituitary
LH
Pituitary
Ovulation
Oestrogen
Ovaries
Inhibits production of
FSH
Explain how plant hormones can be used as
Weedkiller? Give lots of auxin: plant grows out of control
Rooting hormones Give a little auxin – stimulates roots
Advantages
Disadvantages
Contraceptive
pill
99% effective
Easy to take
Side effects
Can forget
IVF
Allow people to
have children
Uses own
sperm and eggs
Multiple births
Expensive
Painful
Low success
rate
How do auxins control growth
of plant shoots in response to
light or gravity?
Stimulus causes auxin to
distribute unevenly - build up
on side away from light /
nearest gravity
Side with more auxin grows
more
Plant bends
function
Maturation of egg;
Release of oestrogen
Outline the key concepts behind IVF:
•Mother given FSH to stimulate several
eggs to mature and LH to stimulate eggs to
be released
•Eggs collected from mother and fertilised
by father’s sperm in a petri dish
•Embryo implanted into womb
Part of
plant
Shoot
Stimulu
s
Light
Gravity
Response
Positive phototropism
Negative geotropism
Root
Water
Gravity
Positive hydrotropism
Positive geotropism
QWC: 6 Mark questions
•
In these questions you will be assessed on using good English, organising information clearly and using
specialist terms where appropriate.
Q1: An adult male wishes to start a more healthy lifestyle. Describe how he could become healthier. Give
reasons for the steps you describe.
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Q2: Evaluate advantages and disadvantages of being vaccinated against a particular disease.
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Q3 Evaluate the use of plant hormones as weedkillers and to encourage the rooting of plant cuttings.
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Diet Programmes
Rosemary Conley
• The "Amazing Inch Loss Plan"
is Rosemary Conley's low
fat, calorie controlled diet
and exercise plan. If you
attend a Rosemary Conley
class you don't just get a
weigh-in and an informative
talk, you also get a 45 minute
workout.
• The diet is for all shapes and
sizes and, although it's
predominantly followed by
women, Rosemary Conley
says they also have many men
attending.
Atkins Diet
• Drastically restricting
carbohydrates c
• causes the body to go into a state
of ketosis, which means it burns its
own fat for fuel.
• When the body is in ketosis, you
tend to feel less hungry, and thus
you're likely to eat less than you
might otherwise.
• However, ketosis can also cause
a variety of unpleasant effects
(such as unusual breath odor
and constipation) in a small
number of people.
• Your body changes from a
carbohydrate-burning engine into a
fat-burning engine. The result:
weight loss.
Diet Programmes
Weight Watcher´s
• regular meetings
• monitoring and
encouragement,
• The dieter aims for a target
weight or BMI (body mass
index) of between 20 and 25
• Food is given points and dieter
has an allowance of point per
day and per week.
• Exercise is encourage and you
can gain further points for
doing exercise
Slim Fast
• 3 Snacks
• Pick 3 nourishing snacks a day—
Slim-Fast® 100-calorie Snack Bars,
Snack Bites, nuts, fruits and/or
veggies.
• 2 Shakes Or Meal Bars
• Choose 2 Slim-Fast® Shakes or
Meal Bars. Giving breakfast a
break, leaving lunch behind or
simplifying dinner is easier when
you replace a meal with your
choice of Slim-Fast®Shakes
• 1 Balanced Meal
• Enjoy 1 balanced meal per day.
500-calorie recipes specifically
designed by our test kitchens for
delicious meals you can enjoy at
home.